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Głowno | |
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_(4).jpg) Freedom Oak at the Freedom Square | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Głowno | |
| Coordinates:51°57′51″N19°42′42″E / 51.96417°N 19.71167°E /51.96417; 19.71167 | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Zgierz |
| Gmina | Głowno(urban gmina) |
| Established | 15th century |
| Town rights | 1427-1869, 1925 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Grzegorz Janeczek |
| Area | |
• Total | 19.82 km2 (7.65 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2020) | |
• Total | 13,961 [1] |
| • Density | 704.4/km2 (1,824/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 95-015 |
| Area code | +48 42 |
| Car plates | EZG |
| Website | http://glowno.pl |
Głowno[ˈɡwɔvnɔ] is a town and community inPoland, inŁódź Voivodeship, inZgierz County,[2] about 25 km (16 mi) northeast ofŁódź. The town administratively belonged to the Łódź Voivodeship from 1975 to 1998. According to data from 2020, the city had 13,961 inhabitants.[1]
Although the first settlement at the site of present-day Głowno is thought to have appeared in the 11th century, the first town was organized in the early 15th century near atrade route from theDuchy of Masovia, a Polish fief, to the Polish Kingdom.Rawa Mazowiecka feudal lord andSochaczewpodczaszy (deputy cup-bearer) Jakub Głowiński founded Głowno's first Roman Catholic church, which was consecrated on March 11, 1420 as the Church of St. Jacob. On Jakub's request, DukeSiemowit V of Masovia granted city rights underKulm law. The city rights have been maintained until the modern day, with an interruption between the years 1870–1925.
Upon incorporation of the Duchy of Rawa into the Kingdom of Poland as a reverted fief in 1462 theRawa Voivodeship was established, which was also part of the largerGreater Poland Province of the Polish Crown. Głowno belonged to that voivodeship until 1793 or theSecond Partition of Poland. In 1504 a fire destroyed a large part of the city, whereupon KingAlexander Jagiellon suspended taxation for its inhabitants for ten years. In 1522 second fire struck and KingSigismund I the Old granted another 10 year taxation reprieve. Because of theDeluge and the rebellion underJerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, the population severely diminished, and in 1676, only 74 people lived in Głowno, but under the rule of KingJohn III Sobieski the town population recovered somewhat. During theGreat Northern War the town and church were ransacked by Saxon and Swedish troops, including a short but devastating stay by kingCharles XI of Sweden and his mounted troops in 1704, recorded by the parish priest of the Saint Jacob church. Consequently, in 1710, an epidemic struck, killing inhabitants from localnobility to town peoples, and town was almost finished. Finally the city was sold toBaltazar Ciecierski,stolnik ofDrohiczyn. After the 1730s and perhaps closer to 1750, the new owner started settlingJews there, in order to create income from textile industry. In 1741 KingAugustus III of Poland granted market privileges to Ciecierski's town, allowing the town to hold four annualfairs during a calendar year. In 1775 there were 60 tax paying households in the town.
In 1793, theSecond Partition of Poland took place, whereby the city was taken over byPrussia. With the resurgence of Polish statehood and establishment of theDuchy of Warsaw in 1806, the area was incorporated therein. In 1815, upon defeat ofNapoleon town fell to the Russians and became part of the newly formedCongress Poland.
In 1869, Russian occupying authorities took away Głowno's town rights, a strong punitive measure intended as a humiliation for its citizens' participation in theJanuary Uprising. In 1870, CzarAlexander II of Russia downgraded a large number of Polish towns to villages in all of Polish territories underRussian administration, and Głowno suffered the same fate.
In 1903, the railway connection betweenWarsaw andŁódź was built through Głowno, therewith representing a positive factor for the economy. The firstvolunteer fire department was formed in 1908. In 1924, the "Buch and Werner Norblin Brothers" company opened a factory branch in Głowno. Upon resurrection of the Polish Republic in 1918, the new Polish government reestablished the lost city status and rights in 1925.
With the outbreak ofWorld War II on September 1, 1939, the area was a scene of theBattle of Bzura and some fighting occurred in Głowno vicinity. The town was overrun by the GermanWehrmacht during the second week of September. Nazi German administration was established and Głowno became part of German administrative unit known asGeneral Government. During theoccupation numerous acts ofPolish resistance,Armia Krajowa etc., occurred in Głowno including the clandestine execution of a Roman Catholic priest who worked as an informant for the Nazi police. Nazi reprisals took the lives of many citizens, including those murdered in mass executions at the town'scemetery and inside the town's German police headquarters and also in the Nazi occupied Warsaw's infamous prisonPawiak. Many citizens were forced intoslave labor for the Germans and some were shipped to various factories and farms across Germany.
TheGerman authorities established aJewish ghetto in Głowno in May 1940,[3] in order to confine itsJewish population for the purpose of persecution and exploitation.[4] The ghetto was liquidated in March 1941, when all its 5,600 inhabitants were transported in cattle trucks toŁowicz and from there to theWarsaw Ghetto, the largest ghetto in all of Nazi occupied Europe with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of 1.3 square miles (3.4 km2), or 7.2 persons per room.[5] By the time Nazi-occupied Poland was liberated, not a single Jewish ghetto remained on Polish lands.[6]
In August 1943 and March 1944, the Germans carried out two massacres of 14 and 10Poles, respectively. During theWarsaw Uprising, in August 1944, the Germans deported 3,000 Varsovians from theDulag 121 in Pruszków [pl] inPruszków, where they were initially imprisoned, to Głowno.[7] These Poles were mainly old people and women with children, many were sent to nearby villages, while over 1,000 stayed in the town and gmina as of mid-November 1944.[7]
SovietRed Army took Głowno in January 1945, and it was then restored to Poland, however with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which then stayed in power until theFall of Communism in the 1980s.
There wasanti-communist resistance, by thecursed soldiers, in and around the town. After the war many factories have been built in town, as the population expanded schools have been built and generally town prospered until the crisis of the 1980s when along with the rest of the country town and its inhabitants suffered serious economic hardships and curtailed civil rights and freedoms, many of the numerous workers being members of theSolidarity Movement. In the 1990s, under the Third Polish Republic, town and the inhabitants at first prospered, however plagued by quality of life crimes, especially its textile and automotive factories and manufactures were expanding, but this boom suffered collapse by the end of the decade, most of the textile manufacturing inbankruptcy and factories facing closures etc. Since the joining of theEuropean Union by Poland, many town inhabitants left in search of better life in nearby capital city of Warsaw andPoznań, and especially large migration has been witnessed to theUnited Kingdom, since 2010 toGermany and some toItaly, and town's population decreased.
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Głowno is located in the Central Polish Lowlands (Nizina Polska), within the smaller geographical area of Łowicz-Błońska Plain at the confluence of three small rivers: Mroga, Mrożyca, and Brzuśnia. There are two dammed lakes with the total area of around 39 hectares, both fed by the waters of Mroga River. The city's elevation is from 119.3 to 145.9 meters, the higher number belongs to the northern part of the town, above sea level. The valleys of Mroga and Mrożyca form a natural, ecological contour of Głowno. The town area is a rather flat surface, and only the edges of the river valleys and a small chain of sand dunes in the center of the town (known as Marakan) form any variation in otherwise flat landscape. The land area of Głowno consists of 1,867 hectares, or 18.67 square kilometers. Town is located 29 kilometers northeast of Łódź and about 100 kilometers southwest of the Polish capital, Warsaw. According to 2002 data, Głowno has a surface area of 19.82 square kilometers, including 35% rural and 30% forested. The city comprises 2.32% surface of the administrative district.
Głowno is surrounded by forests ofpine,oak,birch, andfir. They are the remainder of the forests that formerly grew in the region of Łódź. They cover the area of the valley of the village of Olszowa. The northern forested part of Głowno has been declared as the Zabrzeźnia Reserve. The total area is 27.6 hectares. In the field of the reserve grows an oak-hornbeam forest. In Głowno, fir andbeech are the main objects of preservation for the Zabrzeźnia Reserve. The northern limit of the occurrence of this tree crosses through here. The forested valley of three rivers form a unique microclimate around the region of Głowno.
The yearly air temperature averages 7.5C, in the summer +10C, in the winter - 2.5C. The annual amount of rainfall varies around 500 millimeters.
Głowno was the center of the engine industry until quite lately[when?] (including, among others, the Military Motor Plant, the Ponar-Łódź Grinder Factory, Urządeń WUTECH Technical Plant, the "Chojaczki" Agricultural Repair Plant); but presently,[when?] mainly corsetry, textiles and lingerie. The JanMor yacht shipyard of the Łódź Voivodeship is located in Głowno.
Głowno is divided into districts, including Osiny, Huta Józefów, Borówka-Otwock, Kopernika, Zabrzeźnia, Cichorajka, Zakopane and Swoboda.
The localfootball team isStal Głowno [pl]. It competes in the lower leagues.
Głowno istwinned with:
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