Fuzhounese people

福州人 福州儂 (Hók-ciŭ-nè̤ng) 福州十邑儂
Hockchew women in Bible Women's Training School during a women's class inFuzhou, 1873.
Total population
10,000,000
Regions with significant populations
China  Taiwan  Japan  United States (New York City)  Australia  Canada  Malaysia (Sibu,Yong Peng,Sitiawan)
Languages
Standard Chinese,Fuzhou dialect (prestige),Gutian dialect,Ningde dialect,Fuqing dialect
Religion
Atheism,Chinese folk religions (includingTaoism,Confucianism,ancestral worship and others),Chinese Buddhism,Christianity andnon-religious
Related ethnic groups
Fuzhou Americans,Minbei people,Putian people,Fuzhou Tanka, otherChinese people

Fuzhou people (Chinese:福州人;Foochow Romanized:Hók-ciŭ-nè̤ng), also known asFoochowese,Hokchew,Hokchia,Hokchiu,Fuzhou Shiyi people (福州十邑人),Eastern Min orMindong are a subgroup ofHan Chinese of eitherFuzhou andMindong regions and theGutian andPingnan counties ofFujian province andMatsu Islands inTaiwan. Fuzhou people are a part of theMin Chinese-speaking group that speaksEastern Min or specificallyFuzhou dialect. There is also a significant overseas Fuzhou population, particularly distributed inJapan,United States (Fuzhou Americans),Canada,Australia,New Zealand,Malaysia,Indonesia and theUnited Kingdom.^[1]

Fuzhou dialect is atonal language that has extensivesandhi rules in theinitials,rimes, andtones. These complicated rules make Fuzhou dialect one of the most difficultChinese varieties.^[2]

List of dialects of the Fuzhou language (福州話的方言):

• Min county dialect (prestige) –Fuzhou andMinhou county
• Gutian dialect
• Ningde dialect
• Changle dialect
• Fuqing dialect, includesPingtan Island and parts of Changle
• Matsu dialect
• Minqing dialect福州閩清話 -Minqing county

Fuzhou throughout the 1800s had many missionaries from the West coming in and out of the city.^[3] The lack of communication between government officials and local town people led to uproar among local residence regarding missionaries.^[3] Although around 1850 five major ports were allowing foreigners to reside temporarily for missionary work, Fuzhounese people believed only their city was allowing this.^[3] Fuzhou natives were against missionaries as well as confronting Europeans in regards to business arrangements. At the same time Fuzhou had missionaries present, other cities such as Guangzhou started rebelling against foreigners. WhileDaoist people as well as monks showed hospitality towards missionaries unlike most other residents. Following the lead of Guangzhou people, Fuzhounese natives soon also rebelled. Miscommunication was a large part of misunderstanding by Fuzhounese people. During the 1800s there were five port cities that were of interest of Europeans. Shanghai and Ningbo in addition of Fuzhou, were also allowing residency for missionaries during this time. The western powers felt similar resentment towards China as China did on the West.^[4]

Throughout theMing andQing dynasties, locallineages were of high importance. The success rate regarding education throughout Fuzhou was often linked to the lineage members. As part of a lineage, it was the responsibility of a community to ensure successful education occurred. Education began as a private matter and not regulated throughout different lineages. The ability for a lineage to teach the fundamentals would determine people's later success with imperial examinations given throughout much of China. Shu-yuan were considered highly educated people who succeeded on given examinations. Many of these shu-yuan, around eighteen, were associated with Fuzhoufu throughout Ming and Qing dynasty. Some of the eighteen may have been fromSong dynasty. However, there is less evidence to back up those claims.^[5]

Although over time southeastern Fujian Province is more developed in terms of technology and resources, Fujian decided on the capital Fuzhou which is in North Fujian.^[4] Fujian has had a lower rate of urbanization in comparison to China as a whole. As a result, in provinces such as Fuzhou, the locals tend to be behind on methods in regards to agriculture and technological advancements. Fujian is rich in their ability to fish due to their location along the coastline. Fuzhou can not only participate in fishing itself but also the transporting of goods along the sea. Due to the richness of resources, the desire for migration to Fuzhou is high. As a result, people desiring to move to Fuzhou must have high education levels as well as skills necessary to contribute to the society.^[4]

Fuzhou's history of emigration began since theMing dynasty withZheng He's voyages overseas. As the result of immigration of Fuzhounese toSoutheast Asia, Fuzhou dialect is found inMalaysia andIndonesia. The city ofSibu of Malaysia is called "New Fuzhou" due to a significant wave of Fuzhounese immigration in the early 1900s. They are referred to as "Hockchiu" or "Hokchew" in Malaysia and Singapore and "Hokchia" in Indonesia.^[6]

Some Fuzhou people have moved to Japan. Conversely, many Japanese have historically been interested in Fuzhou language. During theSecond World War, some Japanese scholars became passionate about studying Fuzhou dialect, believing that it could be beneficial to the rule of theGreater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. One of their most famous works was the Japanese-Chinese Translation: Fuzhou Dialect (日華對譯: 福州語) published in 1940 in Taipei, in which katakana was used to represent Fuzhou pronunciation.^{[citation needed]}

The Hockchius and Hockchias migrated toNanyang (South-East Asia) in much smaller numbers compared to theHokkien,Chaoshanese,Cantonese,Hakkas andHainanese peoples, but achieved remarkable success. Amongst others,Robert Kuok (Hockchiu) rose to become the "Sugar King" of Malaysia and is currently ranked the richest man in South-East Asia^[7] whereas Liem Sioe Liong (Sudono Salim) who was ofHockchia origin, was once the richest man in Indonesia, controlling a vast empire in the industry of flour, cement and food manufacturing.^[8]

Fuzhounese people first started immigrating to America during the lateQing dynasty. Some of these immigrants were students who, after completing their studies returned to back to their fatherland (Fuzhou).

However, after the US passed the 1882Chinese Exclusion Act, immigration from China to the USA stopped for nearly a century. Only in 1980s with the China-USA détente and subsequentreform and opening, a wave of Fuzhounese settled in America. These new Fuzhounese immigrants set up their own separated communities such as "Little Fuzhou" inManhattan.

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• Ethnic groups in Fujian
• Ethnic groups in China
• Ethnic groups in Malaysia
• Subgroups of the Han Chinese

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