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| Fuyu Kyrgyz | |
|---|---|
| Fuyü Gïrgïs | |
| Gĭrgĭs | |
| Pronunciation | [qərʁəs] |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Heilongjiang |
| Ethnicity | 880Fuyu Kyrgyz[1] |
Native speakers | 10 (2007)[1] |
Turkic
| |
| Mongolian script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
kjh-fyk | |
| Glottolog | fuyu1243 |
| ELP | Manchurian Kirghiz |
 Manchurian Kirghiz is classified as Critically Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Fuyu Kyrgyz (Fuyü Gïrgïs, Fu-Yu Kirgiz), also known asManchurian Kirghiz, is a critically endangeredTurkic language, and asgɨr.gɨs,Gïrgïs,Kyrgysdar is an ethnonym of theTurkicunrecognized ethnic group in China.[4][clarification needed] Despite the name, the Fuyu Kyrgyz language is not closely related to theKyrgyz language, which is ofKipchak origin. The Fuyu Kyrgyz language is more similar to theWestern Yugur language and the Abakan Turkic languages.[5] The Fuyu Kyrgyz were relocated from the present dayKizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture by the Qing government nearly 200 years ago.[6]
In 1761, after the Dzungars were defeated by the Qing, a group ofYenisei Kirghiz were deported (along with some Öelet orOirat-speaking Dzungars) to theNonni (Nen) river basin inManchuria/Northeast China.[7][8] The Kyrgyz in Manchuria became known as the Fuyu Kyrgyz, but many have become merged into the Mongol and Chinese population. Chinese[clarification needed] and Oirat replaced Oirat and Kirghiz during the period ofManchukuo as the dual languages of the Nonni-based Kyrgyz.[9]
The Fuyu Kyrgyz language is now spoken in northeastern China'sHeilongjiang province, in and aroundFuyu County,Qiqihar (300 km northwest ofHarbin) by a small number ofpassive speakers who are classified asKyrgyz nationality.[10] Fuyu County as a whole has 1,400 Fuyu Kyrgyz people.[11]
In 1980, Fuyu Girgis was spoken by a majority of adults in a community of around a hundred homes. However, many adults in the area have switched to speaking a local variety ofMongolian, and children have switched toChinese as taught in the education system.[12]
Although a completephonemic analysis of Girgis has not been done,[13] Hu and Imart have made numerous observations about the sound system in their tentative description of the language. They describe Girgis as having the shortvowels noted as "a, ï, i, o, ö, u, ü" which correspond roughly toIPA[a,ə,ɪ,ɔ,œ,ʊ,ʉ], with minimal rounding and tendency towards centralization.[14] Vowel length is phonemic and occurs as a result of consonant-deletion (Girgis/pʉːn/ vs. Kyrgyz/byɡyn/ 'today'). Each short vowel has an equivalent long vowel, with the addition of/e/. Girgis displaysvowel harmony as well asconsonant harmony.[15] Theconsonant sounds in Girgis, includingallophone variants, are[p,b,ɸ,β,t,d,ð,k,q,ɡ,h,ʁ,ɣ,s,ʃ,z,ʒ,dʒ,tʃ,m,n,ŋ,l,r,j]. Girgis does not display a phonemic difference between the stop set/p,t,k/ and/b,d,ɡ/; these stops can also be aspirated to[pʰ,tʰ,kʰ] in Chinese loanwords.[16]
A song in the Fuyu Kyrgyz language:
dax diben šabim am,
dabendar baarsen γaxen jap,
γairen jaxse buurul adim (in),
γaaneng dibes dabim am?
γap diben šabim am,
γapxandar baarsen γaxen jap,
γairen jaxse buurul adim (in),
γaaneng dibes dabim am?
ib diben šabim am,
ečikter baarsen γaxen jap,
γairen jaxse buurul adim (in),
γaaneng dibes dabim am?
say diben šabim am,
sanderdar baarsen γaxen jap,
γairen jaxse buurul adim (in),
γaaneng dibes dabim am?
bulux diben šabim am,
belterdar baarsen γaxen jap,
γairen jaxse buurul adim (in),
γaaneng dibes dabim am?
γer diben šabim am,
γergestar baarsen γaxen jap,
γaren jaxse buurul adim (in),
γaaneng dibes dabim am?
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| Common Turkic |
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