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Afuture history,imaginary history oranticipatory history[1] is a fictional conjecture of thefuture used by authors ofscience fiction and otherspeculative fiction to construct a common background for stories. Sometimes the author publishes a timeline of events in the history, while other times the reader can reconstruct the order of the stories from information provided. The term can also be used to describe the subgenre of science fiction that uses this framework.[2]
A set of stories which share a backdrop but are not really concerned with the sequence of history in their universe are not considered future histories. For example,Lois McMaster Bujold'sVorkosigan Saga is not generally considered a future history. Standalone stories which trace an arc of history are rarely considered future histories.[citation needed]
Future histories differ fromalternate history, in which different outcomes are ascribed to past events, because they consist of imagined events in the writer's future.
The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction callsThe Ruins; Or, a Survey of the Revolutions of Empires, byConstantin François de Chassebœuf, comte de Volney (published in 1791) probably the first recognizable future history.[3] In it, the narrator is transported into space and sees the Earth as a whole while its history unfolds, which Volney uses to present his political and theological ideas.[4] It lists similar examples from the 19th and 20th centuries byWilliam Delisle Hay,Alfred Döblin (Berge Meere und Giganten, 1924),André Maurois, andOlaf Stapledon (Last and First Men, 1930, andStar Maker, 1937). Some of these purported to be excerpts of a history book from the future, having no personal protagonists but rather describing the development of nations and societies over decades and centuries. Other related classic works include:
The first science fiction writer to create a future history may have beenNeil R. Jones in his stories of the 1930s.[6][7] The term appears to have been coined byJohn W. Campbell, Jr., the editor ofAstounding Science Fiction, in the February 1941 issue of the magazine, to describeRobert A. Heinlein'sFuture History; the issue included a timeline of the stories.[3] However, a fan had used the term, with "history" in quotation marks, in a letter to the pulpThrilling Wonder Stories the previous year.[2]
The future projected in a "future history" can often turn out to be wildly inaccurate.
For example, in 1933H. G. Wells postulated inThe Shape of Things to Come aSecond World War in whichNazi Germany andPoland are evenly matched militarily, fighting an indecisive war over ten years; and Poul Anderson's early 1950sPsychotechnic League depicted a world undergoing a devastatingnuclear war in 1958, yet by the early 21st century managing not only to rebuild the ruins on Earth but also engage in extensive space colonization of the Moon and several planets. A writer possessing knowledge of the actual swift collapse of Poland in World War II and the enormous actual costs of far less ambitious space programs in a far less devastated world would have been unlikely to postulate such outcomes.[8]2001: A Space Odyssey was set in the future and featured developments in space travel and habitation which have not occurred on the timescale postulated.
A problem with future history science fiction is that it will date and be overtaken by real historical events, for instance H. Beam Piper's future history, which included anuclear war in 1973, and much of the future history ofStar Trek.Jerry Pournelle's "CoDominium" future history assumed that theCold War would end with the United States and Soviet Union establishing a co-rule of the world, the CoDominium of the title, which would last into the 22nd Century—rather than the Soviet Union collapsing in 1991.
There are several ways this is dealt with. One solution to the problem is when some authors set their stories in an indefinite future, often in a society where the current calendar has been disrupted due to asocietal collapse or undergone some form of distortion due to the impact of technology. Related to the first, some stories are set in the very remote future and only deal with the author's contemporary history in a sketchy fashion, if at all (e.g. the originalFoundation Trilogy by Asimov). Another related case is where stories are set in the near future, but with an explicitlyallohistorical past, as inKen MacLeod'sEngines of Light series.
In other cases, the merging of the fictional history and the known history is done through extensive use ofretroactive continuity. In yet other cases, such as theDoctor Who television series and the fiction based on it, much use is made of secret history, in which the events that take place are largely secret and not known to the general public.
As with Heinlein, some authors simply write a detailed future history and accept the fact that events will overtake it, making the sequence into ade factoalternate history.
Lastly, some writers formally transform their future histories intoalternate history, once they had been overtaken by events. For example, Poul Anderson started The Psychotechnic League history in the early 1950s, assuming a nuclear war in 1958—then a future date. When it was republished in the 1980s, a new foreword was added explaining how that history's timeline diverged from ours and led to war.
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