Fulton County was created in 1853 from the western half ofDeKalb County. It was named in honor ofRobert Fulton, the man who created the first commercially successful steamboat in 1807.[4]
After theAmerican Civil War, there was considerable violence againstfreedmen in the county. During the post-Reconstruction period, violence and the number oflynchings of blacks increased in the late 19th century, as whites exercised terrorism to re-establish and maintainwhite supremacy. Whiteslynched 35 African Americans here from 1877 to 1950; according to the Georgia Lynching Project, 24 were killed in 1906. This was the highest total in the state.[5] With a total of 589, Georgia was second to Mississippi in its total number of lynchings in this period.[6]
In addition to individual lynchings, during theAtlanta Race Riot of 1906, whites killed at least 25 African Americans; the number may have been considerably higher. Two white persons died during the riot; one a woman who died of a heart attack. The violence affected black residential and business development in the city afterward. The Georgia legislature effectively completeddisenfranchisement of African Americans in 1908, with constitutional amendments that raised barriers to voter registration and voting, excluding them from the political system[citation needed].
At the beginning of 1932, as anausterity measure to save money during theGreat Depression, Fulton County annexedMilton County to the north andCampbell County to the southwest, to centralize administration. That resulted in the current long shape of the county along 80 miles (130 km) of theChattahoochee River. On May 9 of that year, neighboringCobb Countyceded the city of Roswell and lands lying east ofWilleo Creek to Fulton County so that it would be more contiguous with the lands ceded from Milton County.
In the second half of the 20th century, Atlanta and Fulton county became the location of numerous national and international headquarters for leading companies, attracting highly skilled employees from around the country. This led to the city and county becoming more cosmopolitan and diverse.[citation needed]
In 1992, Fulton County elected the first African-American woman,Jacquelyn Harrison Barrett, to the position of Sheriff in the history of the United States.[citation needed]
According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 534 square miles (1,380 km2), of which 527 square miles (1,360 km2) is land and 7.7 square miles (20 km2) (1.4%) is water.[10] The county is located in thePiedmont region of the state in the foothills of theBlue Ridge Mountains to the north. The shape of the county resembles a sword with its handle at the northeastern part, and the tip at the southwestern portion.
Going from north to south, the northernmost portion of Fulton County, encompassingMilton and northernAlpharetta, is located in theEtowah River sub-basin of theACT River Basin (Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin). The rest of north and central Fulton, to downtownAtlanta, is located in the UpperChattahoochee River sub-basin of theACF River Basin (Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin). The bulk of south Fulton County, from Atlanta toPalmetto, is located in the MiddleChattahoochee River-Lake Harding sub-basin of the larger ACF River Basin, with just the eastern edges of south Fulton, from Palmetto northeast throughUnion Hill toHapeville, in the UpperFlint River sub-basin of the same larger ACF River Basin.[11]
A map of all the cities within Fulton County, Georgia
There are 15 cities within Fulton County. Four cities include land outside of the county (Atlanta, College Park, Palmetto, and Mountain Park) but still have their center of government and the majority of their land within Fulton County. After the formation of South Fulton in 2017, the only unincorporated part of the county is Fulton Industrial Boulevard, from roughlyFulton Brown Airport (Brown's Field) down to Fairburn Rd. (concurrent with GA-158 and GA-166)[12] This led to Fulton County becoming the first county in Georgia to suspend all city services.[13]
Fulton County, Georgia – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the U.S. Census Bureau treats Hispanic and Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics and Latinos may be of any race.
According to the2020 United States census, there were 1,066,710 people, 439,578 households, and 238,444 families residing in the county, reflecting the county's historically positive population growth with exception to the1980 U.S. census.
In 2020, the county had a racial and ethnic makeup of 42.07% Black or African Americans, 37.95% non-Hispanic whites, 0.15% American Indians and Alaska Natives, 7.56% Asian Americans, 0.04% Pacific Islander Americans, 0.60% some other race, 3.54% multiracial Americans, and 8.09% Hispanic or Latinos of any race. In 2010, its racial and ethnic makeup was 43.50% Black or African American, 40.85% non-Hispanic white, 0.17% American Indian and Alaska Native, 5.57% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.28% some other race, 1.71% multiracial, and 7.88% Hispanic or Latino of any race.
In 2010, the median income for a household in the county was $56,709 and the median income for a family was $75,579. Males had a median income of $56,439 versus $42,697 for females. The per capita income for the county was $37,211. About 12.0% of families and 15.3% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 22.0% of those under age 18 and 12.0% of those age 65 or over.[26] At the 2022American Community Survey, its median household income grew to $90,346 with a per capita income of $59,689. Among its population, 53% earned from $50,000 to $200,000 annually, and 28% earned less than $50,000. Approximately 12.7% of the county lived at or below the poverty line.[27]
TheFulton County Library System began in 1902 as the Carnegie Library of Atlanta, one of the first public libraries in the United States. In 1935, the city of Atlanta and the Fulton County Board of Commissioners signed a contract under which library service was extended to all of Fulton County. Then in 1982, Georgia voters passed a constitutional Amendment authorizing the transfer of responsibility for the Library system from the city of Atlanta to the county. On July 1, 1983, the transfer finally became official, and the system was renamed the Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System.
Under the leadership ofElla Gaines Yates, who was the first African American director of the Library System, a new Central library was opened to the public in May 1988. The building was designed by Marcel Breuer, a participant in the innovative Bauhaus movement, working side by side with his associate Hamilton Smith. The Central Library was dedicated on May 25, 1980, and Breuer would die a year later in July 1981 at the age of 81.
In 2002 after a hundred years of library service to the public, a major renovation of the Central Library was completed.
Fulton County is governed by a seven-memberboard of commissioners, whose members are elected fromsingle-member districts. They serve staggered four-year terms. The county has acounty manager system of government, in which day-to-day operation of the county is handled by a manager appointed by the board. The chairman of the Board of Commissioners is electedat-large for the county-wide position. The vice chairman is elected by peers on a yearly basis.
Atlanta is the largest city in Fulton County, occupying the county's narrow center section and thus geographically dividing the county's northern and southern portions. Atlanta's last major annexation in 1952 brought over 118 square miles (310 km2) into the city, including the affluent suburb ofBuckhead. The movement to create a city ofSandy Springs, launched in the early 1970s and reaching fruition in 2005, was largely an effort to prevent additional annexations by the city of Atlanta, and later to wrest local control from thecounty commission.
Fulton County is one of the most reliably Democratic counties in the entire nation. It has voted Democratic in every presidential election since1876 except those of1928 and1972; in the latter,George McGovern did not win a single county in Georgia. The demographic character of the Democratic Party has changed, as conservative whites, previously its chief members in the South, have mostly shifted to the Republican Party. In Fulton County, Democrats are composed primarily of liberal urbanites of various ethnicities and a growing contingent of suburban voters. Fulton is served by four Representatives in the House, withDavid Scott representing the southern suburbs,Lucy McBath representingJohns Creek, andJohn Lewis representing the core of Atlanta until his death on July 17, 2020.[31] Lewis was succeeded byNikema Williams. RepublicanRich McCormick represents most of North Fulton.
United States presidential election results for Fulton County, Georgia[32]
Geographically remote from each other, the northern and southern sections of the county have grown increasingly at odds over issues related to taxes and distribution of services. Residents of the affluent areas of North Fulton have increasingly complained that the Fulton County Board of Commissioners has ignored their needs, taking taxes collected in North Fulton, and spending them on programs and services in less wealthy South Fulton. In 2005, responding to pressure from North Fulton, theGeorgia General Assembly directed Fulton County, alone among all the counties in the state, to limit the expenditure of funds to the geographic region of the county where they were collected. The Fulton County Commission contested this law, known as the "Shafer Amendment" after Sen.David Shafer (Republican fromDuluth), in alawsuit that went to theGeorgia Supreme Court. On June 19, 2006, the Court upheld the law, ruling that the Shafer Amendment was constitutional.
The creation of the city ofSandy Springs stimulated the founding of two additional cities, resulting inno unincorporated areas remaining in north Fulton. In adomino effect, the residents of southwest Fulton voted in referendums to create additional cities. In 2007, one of these two referendums passed and the other was defeated, but later passed in 2016.
Since the 1970s, residents ofSandy Springs had waged a long-running battle to incorporate their community as a city, which would make it independent of county council control. They were repeatedly blocked in the state legislature by Atlanta Democrats, but when control of state government switched to suburban Republicans after the 2002 and 2004 elections, the movement to charter the city picked up steam.
The General Assembly approved creation of the city in 2005, and for this case, it suspended an existing state law that prohibited new cities (the only type of municipality in the state) from being within three miles (4.8 km) of an existing one. The citizens of Sandy Springs voted 94% in favor of ratifying thecity charter in areferendum held on June 21, 2005. The new city was officially incorporated later that year at midnight on December 1.
Creation of Sandy Springs was a catalyst formunicipalization of the entire county, in which local groups would attempt to incorporate every area into a city. Such a result would essentially eliminate the county'shome rule powers (granted statewide by aconstitutional amendment to theGeorgia State Constitution in the 1960s) to act as amunicipality in unincorporated areas, and return it to being entirely the local extension of state government.
In 2006, the General Assembly approved creation of two new cities,Milton andJohns Creek, which completed municipalization of North Fulton. The charters of these two new cities were ratified overwhelmingly in a referendum held July 18, 2006.
Voters in theChattahoochee Hills community of southwest Fulton (west of Cascade-Palmetto Highway) voted overwhelmingly to incorporate in June 2007. The city became incorporated on December 1, 2007.
The General Assembly approved a proposal to form a new city calledSouth Fulton. Its proposed boundaries were to include those areas still unincorporated on July 1, 2007. As a direct result of possibly being permanentlylandlocked, many of the existing cities proposedannexations, while some communities drew-upincorporation plans.[33]
Voters in the area defined as the proposed city of South Fulton overwhelmingly rejected cityhood in September 2007. It was the only remaining unincorporated section of the county until the residents voted in November 2016 to incorporate as the city ofSouth Fulton, Georgia. Prior to that vote North Fulton, which is overwhelmingly Republican, and members of the state legislature, had discussed forcing South Fulton residents to incorporate as a city in order to force Fulton County out of the municipal services business.
Some residents of suburban north Fulton have advocated since the early 2000s that they be allowed tosecede and re-formMilton County, after the county that was absorbed into Fulton County in 1932 during theGreat Depression. Fulton County, in comparison to the state's other counties, is physically large. Its population is greater than that of each of the six smallestU.S. states.
The demographic make-up of Fulton County has changed considerably in recent decades. The northern portion of the county, a suburban area, is among the most affluent areas in the nation and is majority white. It was formerly aRepublican stronghold, but has seen a shift toward the Democratic Party since the early 2010s. In 2018,Lucy McBath won the 6th Congressional District, the majority of which is in North Fulton. The central and southern portion of the county, which includes the city of Atlanta and its coresatellite cities to the south, is overwhelminglyDemocratic and majority black. It contains some of the poorest sections in the metropolitan area, but also has wealthy sections, particularly in Midtown Atlanta, many east Atlanta neighborhoods, and in the suburban neighborhoods along Cascade Road beyond I-285.Cascade Heights andSandtown, located in the southwest region of Fulton County, are predominantly affluent African American in population.[34]
The chief opponents to the proposed division of the county comes from the residents of south Fulton County, who say that the proposed separation isracially motivated. State SenatorVincent Fort, an Atlanta Democrat and a member of the Georgia Legislative Black Caucus, very strongly opposed the plan to split the county. "If it gets to the floor, there will be blood on the walls", Fort stated. "As much as you would like to think it's not racial, it's difficult to draw any other conclusion", he later added.[35]
In 2006 a political firestorm broke out in Atlanta when State SenatorSam Zamarripa (Democrat from Atlanta) suggested that the cities in North Fulton be allowed to secede and form Milton County in exchange for Atlanta and Fulton County consolidating their governments into a new "Atlanta County". South Fulton residents were strongly opposed to Fulton County's possible future division.
Fulton County has a 7% totalsales tax, including 4% state, 1%SPLOST, 1%homestead exemption, and 1%MARTA. Sales taxes apply through the entire county and its cities, except for Atlanta's additional 1% Municipal Option Sales Tax to fund capital improvements to its combinedwastewatersewer systems (laying new pipes to separatestorm sewers fromsanitary sewers), and to itsdrinking water system.[36] Fulton County has lowered its general fund millage rate by 26% over an eight-year period.
In early 2017, the state's first (and so far only) fractional-percent sales taxes took effect in Fulton. Atlanta added an additional 0.5% for MARTA and 0.4% TSPLOST for other transportation projects, while anti-transit Republican legislators from north Fulton blocked a countywide referendum on improving and extending MARTA, and instead allowed only a vote on a 0.75% TSPLOST for more roads in the areas outside Atlanta. This puts the total sales tax at 8.9% in Atlanta and 7.75% in the rest of the county, with 4% less ongroceries.[37]
Fulton County's budget of $1.2 billion funds an array of resident services. With 34 branches, theAtlanta-Fulton Public Library System is one of the largest library systems in Georgia.Human services programs include one of the strongestsenior center networks in metro Atlanta, including four multi-purpose senior facilities. The county also provides funding tononprofits with FRESH and Human Servicesgrants.
The responsibilities of the Fulton County Sheriff's Office includeprocess serving, providing security at county buildings, courtrooms, jail and other public areas, and administration of theFulton County Jail.[38] In 1992Jacquelyn Harrison Barrett was elected Sheriff, making her the first African-American woman to serve as Sheriff in the United States. However, Barrett was suspended from office in 2004 by governorSonny Perdue.[39]
Almost every major highway, and every majorInterstate highway, in metro Atlanta passes through Fulton County. Outside Atlanta proper,Georgia 400 is the major highway through north Fulton, andInterstate 85 to the southwest.
MARTA serves most of the county, and along with Clayton and Dekalb County, Fulton pays a 1% sales tax to fund it. MARTAtrain service in Fulton is currently limited to the cities of Atlanta, Sandy Springs, East Point, and College Park, as well as theairport.Bus service covers most of the remainder, except the rural areas in the far southwest and Johns Creek. North Fulton residents have been asking for service, to extend the North Line ten miles (16 km) up the Georgia 400corridor, fromPerimeter Center to the fellowedge city of Alpharetta. However, as the only major transit system in the country that its state government will not fund, there is no money to expand the system. Sales taxes now go entirely to operating,maintaining, and refurbishing the system.Xpress GA/ RTA provides commuter bus service from the outer suburbs of Fulton County, the city of Sandy Springs to Midtown and Downtown Atlanta.
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