TheShirakawa Barrier and the Nakoso Barrier were built around the 5th century to protect 'the heathens' from the 'barbarians' to the north. Fukushima became a province ofMutsu after theTaika Reforms were established in 646.[7]
In 718, the provinces ofIwase andIwaki were created, but these areas reverted to Mutsu some time between 722 and 724.[8]
On Friday, March 11, 2011, 14:46JST, amagnitude 9.0earthquake occurred off the coast ofMiyagi Prefecture.Shindo measurements throughout the prefecture reached as high as 6-upper in isolated regions ofHama-dōri on the eastern coast and as low as a 2 in portions of theAizu region in the western part of the prefecture.Fukushima City, located inNaka-dōri and the capital of Fukushima Prefecture, measured 6-lower.[10]
Following the earthquake there were isolated reports of major damage to structures, including the failure ofFujinuma Dam[11] as well as damage from landslides.[12] The earthquake also triggered a massive tsunami that hit the eastern coast of the prefecture and caused widespread destruction and loss of life. In the two years following the earthquake, 1,817 residents of Fukushima Prefecture had either been confirmed dead or were missing as a result of the earthquake and tsunami.[13]
Three of the reactors at Fukushima Daiichi overheated, causingmeltdowns that led to explosions, which released large amounts ofradioactive material into the air[14]
In the aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami that followed, the outer housings of two of the six reactors at theFukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant inŌkuma exploded followed by a partial meltdown and fires at three of the other units. Many residents were evacuated to nearby localities due to the development of a large evacuation zone around the plant. Radiation levels near the plant peaked at 400 mSv/h (millisieverts per hour) after the earthquake and tsunami, due to damage sustained. This resulted in increased recorded radiation levels across Japan.[15] On April 11, 2011, officials upgraded the disaster to a level 7 out of a possible 7, a rare occurrence not seen since theChernobyl disaster in 1986.[16]Several months later, officials announced that although the area nearest the melt down were still off limits, areas near the twenty kilometer radial safe zone could start seeing a return of the close to 47,000 residents that had been evacuated.[17]
Topographic map of Fukushima PrefectureMap of Fukushima Prefecture City Town VillageTopographic map of Fukushima Basin. The lower left isMount Azuma-kofuji, andMount Shinobu can be seen as the isolated elevated land mass in the southeast of the basin.
Fukushima is both the southernmost prefecture of Tōhoku region and the prefecture of Tōhoku region that is closest toTokyo. With an area size of 13,784 km2 (5,322 sq mi) it is the third-largest prefecture of Japan, behindHokkaido andIwate Prefecture. It is divided by mountain ranges into three regions called (from west to east)Aizu,Nakadōri, andHamadōri.
Fukushima city is located in the Fukushima Basin's southwest area and nearby mountains. Located on the central eastern seaboard a part of the Pacifim rim. A region with high tectonic activity given its location where the Pacific and Eurasian continental plates collide - a part theRing of Fire. "Aizuwakamatsu is located in the western part of Fukushima Prefecture, in the southeast part of Aizu basin.Mount Bandai is the highest mountain in the prefecture with an elevation of 1,819 m (5,968 ft).[18]Mount Azuma-kofuji is an activestratovolcano that is 1,705 m (5,594 ft) tall with manyonsen nearby.Lake Inawashiro is the 4th largest lake of Japan (103.3 km2 (39.9 sq mi)) in the center of the prefecture.[19]
The coastal Hamadōri region lies on thePacific Ocean and is the flattest and most temperate region, while the Nakadōri region is the agricultural heart of the prefecture and contains the capital, Fukushima City. The mountainous Aizu region has scenic lakes, lush forests, and snowy winters.
The coastal region is home to thriving fishing and seafood industries, and is notable for its electricity-generating capability, especially nuclear power, while the upland regions are more focused on agriculture. Thanks to Fukushima's climate, various fruits are grown throughout the year. These include pears, peaches, cherries, grapes, and apples.[22] As of March 2011,[update] the prefecture produced 20.6% of Japan's peaches and 8.7% of its cucumbers.[23][24]
Fukushima also produces rice, which is combined with pure water from mountain run-off to make sake.[25] Some sakes from the region are considered so tasteful that they are served to visiting royalty and world leaders by hosts.[citation needed]
Lacquerware is another popular product from Fukushima. Dating back over four hundred years, the process of making lacquerware involves carving an object out of wood, then putting a lacquer on it and decorating it. Objects made are usually dishes, vases and writing materials.[26][27]
Legend has it that an ogress, Adachigahara, once roamed the plain after whom it was named. The Adachigahara plain lies close to the city of Fukushima.
Other stories, such as that of a large, strong, red cow that carried wood, influenced toys and superstitions. TheAkabeko cow is a small, red papier-mâché cow on a bamboo or wooden frame, and is believed to ease child birth, bring good health, and help children grow up as strong as the cow.[28]
Another superstitious talisman of the region is theOkiagari-koboshi, or self-righting dharma doll. These dolls are seen as bringers of good luck and prosperity because they stand right back up when knocked down.[29]
Miharu-goma are small, wooden, black or white toy horses painted with colorful designs. Depending upon their design, they may be believed to bring things like long life to the owner.[30]
Kokeshi dolls, while less symbolic, are also a popular traditional craft. They are carved wooden dolls, with large round heads and hand painted bodies. Kokeshi dolls are popular throughout many regions of Japan, but Fukushima is credited as their birthplace.[22]
Sōma Nomaoi in JulyNihonmatsu Lantern Festival in OctoberUneme Festival of Koriyama in August
Sōma's Nomaoi Festival (相馬野馬追,Sōma Nomaoi) is held every summer.[31]
The Nomaoi Festival horse riders dressed in complete samurai attire can be seen racing, chasing wild horses, or having contests that imitate a battle. The history behind the festival and events is over one thousand years old.[32]
Fukushima's Waraji Festival (わらじまつり,Waraji Matsuri) is held on the first weekend of August[33]
During the Waraji Festival, a large (12-meter, 38-ft) straw sandal built by locals is dedicated to a shrine. There is also a traditional Taiwanese dragon dance, orRyumai, performed by Taiwanese visitors.[34]
Aizuwakamatsu's Aizu Festival (会津まつり,Aizu Matsuri) is held in late September[35]
The Aizu festival is a celebration of the time of the samurai. It begins with a display of sword dancing and fighting, and is followed by a procession of around five hundred people. The people in the procession carry flags and tools representing well-known feudal lords of long ago, and some are actually dressed like the lords themselves.[36]
Taimatsu Akashi Fire Festival
A reflection of a long ago time of war, the Taimatsu Akashi Festival consists of men and women carrying large symbolic torches lit with a sacred fire to the top of Mt. Gorozan. Accompanied by drummers, the torchbearers reach the top and light a wooden frame representing an old local castle and the samurai that lived there. In more recent years the festival has been opened up so that anyone wanting to participate may carry a small symbolic torch along with the procession.[37]
Iizaka's Fighting Festival (けんか祭り,Kenka Matsuri) is held in October[38]
Nihonmatsu's Lantern Festival (提灯祭り,Chōchin Matsuri) is held from October 4 to 6[39]
Nihonmatsu's Chrysanthemum doll exhibition (二本松の菊人形,Nihonmatsu no Kiku Ningyō) is held from October 1 to November 23[40]
Kōriyama City's Uneme Festival (うねめ祭り) is held early August in honor of the legend of Princess Uneme. The festival features a large parade through the city center with thousands of contestants annually, with several festival floats and a gianttaiko-drum.[41]
Date City's Ryozen Taiko Festival (霊山太鼓祭り) is held in August and features multiple troupes of taiko drum players as well as other musical and comedic performances.[42]
Tsuruga castle, a samurai castle originally built in the late 14th century, was occupied by the region's governor in the mid-19th century, during a time of war and governmental instability. Because of this,Aizuwakamatsu was the site of an important battle in theBoshin War, during which 19 teenage members of theByakkotai committed ritualseppuku suicide. Their graves on Mt. Iimori are a popular tourist attraction.[25]
Kitakata is well known for its distinctiveKitakata ramen noodles and well-preserved traditional storehouse buildings, whileŌuchi-juku in the town of Shimogo retains numerous thatched buildings from theEdo period.
Mount Bandai, in theBandai-Asahi National Park, erupted in 1888, creating a large crater and numerous lakes, including the picturesque 'Five Coloured Lakes' (Goshiki-numa). Bird watching crowds are not uncommon during migration season here. The area is popular with hikers and skiers. Guided snowshoe tours are also offered in the winter.[43]
The Inawashiro Lake area of Bandai-Asahi National Park is Inawashiro-ko, where the parental home of Hideyo Noguchi (1876–1928) can still be found. It was preserved along with some of Noguchi's belongings and letters as part of a memorial. Noguchi is famous not only for his research on yellow fever, but also for having his face on the 1,000 yen note.[44]
Fruits. Fukushima is known as a "Fruit Kingdom"[45] because of its many seasonal fruits, and the fact that there is fruit being harvested every month of the year.[45] While peaches are the most famous, the prefecture also produces large quantities of cherries, nashi (Japanese pears), grapes, persimmons, and apples.
Fukushima-Gyu is the prefecture's signature beef. The Japanese Black type cattle used to make Fukushima-Gyu are fed, raised, and processed within the prefecture. Only beef with a grade of 2 or 3 can be labeled as "Fukushima-Gyu" (福島牛)[46]
Ikaninjin is shredded carrot and dried squid seasoned with soy sauce, cooking sake, mirin, etc. It is a local cuisine from the northern parts of Fukushima Prefecture. It is primarily made from the late autumn to winter in the household.[47]
Kitakata Ramen is one of the Top 3 Ramen of Japan, along with Sapporo and Hakata.[48] The base is a soy-sauce soup, as historically soy sauce was readily available from the many storehouses around the town. Niboshi (sardines), tonkotsu (pig bones) and sometimes chicken and vegetables are boiled to make the stock. This is then topped with chashu (thinly sliced barbeque pork), spring onions, fermented bamboo shoots, and sometimesnarutomaki, a pink and white swirl of cured fish cake.[48]
Mamador is the prefecture's most famous confection.[49] The baked good has a milky red bean flavor center wrapped in a buttery dough. The name means “People who drink mothers’ milk" in Spanish.[50] It is produced by the Sanmangoku Company.
Creambox is prefecture's second famous confection. It is a sweet bread with a thick milk bread and white milk-flavored cream. It is sold in Koriyama City at many bakery and school purchases . The selling price is usually around 100 yen, and in some rare cases, the dough is round.Since it looks simple and does not change much from normal bread when viewed from above, some processing may be performed on the cream, there are things that put almonds or draw the character's face with chocolate[51]
Sake. The Fukushima Prefecture Sake Brewers Cooperative is made up of nearly 60 sake breweries.[52] Additionally, the Annual Japan Sake Awards has awarded the prefecture the most gold prizes of all of Japan for four years running as of 2016.[53]
Junko Tabei, the first woman to reach the summit ofMount Everest, and the first woman to ascend allSeven Summits by climbing the highest peak on every continent
Seishiro Okazaki (January 28, 1890 – July 12, 1951) was a Japanese American healer, martial artist, and founder ofDanzan-ryū jujitsu. Born in Kakeda, Date County in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, he immigrated to Hawaii in 1906[55]
^"Akabeko Red Cows". Fukushima Prefecture Tourism & Local Products Association. Archived fromthe original on December 22, 2017. RetrievedFebruary 17, 2019.
^"The Soma Nomaoi". Fukushima Prefecture Tourism & Local Products Association. Archived fromthe original on December 22, 2017. RetrievedFebruary 17, 2019.
^わらじまつり (in Japanese). 福島わらじまつり実行委員会事務局. Archived fromthe original on December 4, 2011. RetrievedJune 30, 2011.
^[Immigration records show he arrived at the port of Honolulu T.H. on October 9, 1906 aboard the Steamer "China" of the Pacific Mail S.S. Co. "Hawaii, Honolulu Index to passengers, Not Including Filipinos, 1900–1952". FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org: accessed June 25, 2011). entry for Akaraki Seisiro, age 16; citing Passenger Records, Aada, Matsusuke – Arisuye, Tomoyashe, Image 2150; National Archives and Records Administration, Washington D.C., United States.]
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