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Fuchien Province 福建省 | |
|---|---|
| Name transcription(s) | |
| • Chinese | 福建省 (Fújiàn Shěng) |
| • Abbreviation | FJ /閩 (pinyin:Mǐn, Tâi-lô: Bân) |
| • Foochow | Hók-gióng |
| • HokkienPOJ | Hok-kiàn |
 Seal of Fuchien Province | |
.svg) Map showing thede facto territories under the nominal province (red) | |
| Coordinates:24°25′N118°19′E / 24.417°N 118.317°E /24.417; 118.317 | |
| Country |  Republic of China |
| As a province of the Republic of China | 1912 |
| Division of Fujian | 1949 |
| Streamlined | July 16, 1956 |
| Demilitarized | November 7, 1992 |
| Government functions removed | December 31, 2018 |
| Named after | |
| Provincial capital | Foochow(claimed, de jure)[note 1] |
| Largest city | Jincheng, Kinmen |
| Divisions | 67counties, 2cities |
| Government | |
| • Type | Province (nominal) |
| • Body | Kinmen-Matsu Joint Services Center[note 2] |
| Area | |
| • 1948 | 119,340 km2 (46,080 sq mi) |
| • 2018 | 180.4560 km2 (69.6745 sq mi) |
| Population (2020) | |
| • Free area | 153,876 |
| • Constitutional claims | 41,563,668 |
| Demonym(s) | Fujianese, Fukienese, Kinmenese, Matsunese |
| Demographics | |
| • Languages and dialects | Min,Mandarin |
| Time zone | UTC+08:00 (Asia/Taipei) |
| Postal code | 209–212, 890–896 |
| Area codes | (0)82, (0)826, (0)836 |
| ISO 3166 code | TW |
| Website | FKPG.gov.tw |
_Fukien_(1912-1949).svg)
Fuchien[I][2] (Mandarin pronunciation:[fǔ.tɕjɛ̂n] ⓘ),formerly romanized asFukien, is ade jureadministrative division ofTaiwan (ROC), whoseconstitution retains provinces as a titular division with no practical administrative function.[3][4]
It includes three small archipelagos off the coast ofFujian Province of thePeople's Republic of China, namely theMatsu Islands, which make upLienchiang County, and theWuqiu Islands and Kinmen Islands, which make upKinmen County. Its administrative center is theKinmen-Matsu Joint Services Center inJincheng, Kinmen, serving as its de facto capital. The province is also known as theGolden Horse (Chinese:金馬;pinyin:jīnmǎ;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Kim-bé), after the literal reading of the Chinese character abbreviation for "Kinmen-Matsu".
The islands are the only part of a larger province that remain ROC-controlled. The People's Republic of China gained control of themainland portion in 1949 during theChinese Civil War. The islands were undermilitary administration during theCold War; travel restrictions were not lifted until 1992.
Provincial administration was transferred to the national and county governments in 1998 following government reforms. The provincial government was practically abolished in 2018.
TheHan dynasty collapsed at the end of the 2nd century AD, paving the way for theThree Kingdoms era.Sun Quan, the founder of theKingdom of Wu, spent nearly twenty years subduing the Shan Yue people, the branch of the Yue living in mountains.
Fuchien was also where the kingdom ofMinyue was located. The word "Mǐnyuè" was derived by combining "Mǐn" (Chinese:閩;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:bân), which is perhaps an ethnic name (Chinese:蠻; pinyin:mán; Pe̍h-ōe-jī:bân), and "Yuè", after theState of Yue, aSpring and Autumn period kingdom inZhejiang to the north. This is because the royal family of Yuè fled to Fujian after its kingdom was annexed by theState of Chu in 306 BC. Mǐn is also the name of themain river in this area, but the ethnonym is probably older.
The first wave ofimmigration of the noble class arrived in the province in the early 4th century when theWestern Jin dynasty collapsed and the north was torn apart by invasions by nomadic peoples from the north, as well as civil war. These immigrants were primarily from eight families in central China:Lin (林),Huang (黃),Chen (陳),Zheng (鄭),Zhan (詹),Qiu (邱),He (何), andHu (胡). The first four remain as the major surnames of the province.
Historically, population density in Fujian remained relatively low due to its relative isolation; only twocommanderies and sixteen counties were established by the Western Jin dynasty. Like other southern provinces at that time, the province often served as a destination for exiled prisoners and dissidents at that time.
TheTang dynasty (618–907) oversaw the next golden age of China. As the Tang dynasty ended, China was torn apart in the period of theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. During this time, a second major wave of immigration arrived therein, led by General Wang, who set up an independentKingdom of Min with its capital in Fuzhou. After the death of the founding king, however, the kingdom suffered from internal strife, and was soon swallowed up bySouthern Tang, another southern kingdom.[5]
Quanzhou was blooming into a seaport under the reign of theMin Kingdom, and is the largest seaport in the world. Its population is also greater thanFuzhou.[6][7] Due to theIspah Rebellion, Quanzhou was severely damaged. In the earlyMing dynasty, Quanzhou was the staging area and supply depot ofZheng He'snaval expeditions. Further development was severely hampered by thesea trade ban of the Ming dynasty, and the area was superseded by nearby ports ofGuangzhou,Hangzhou,Ningbo andShanghai despite the lifting of the ban in 1550. Large scale piracy byWokou (Japanese pirates) was eventually wiped out by Chinese military and Japanese authority ofToyotomi Hideyoshi.
Late Ming and earlyQing dynasty heralded an era of large influx of refugees and another 20 years of sea trade ban under theKangxi Emperor, a measure intended to counter therefuge Ming government ofKoxinga inTaiwan. Incoming refugees, however, did not translate into a sizable workforce owing to their remigration to prosperous Cantonese regions. In 1683, the Qing dynastyconquered Taiwan and annexed it into Fujian province, asTaiwan Prefecture. Settlement of Taiwan byHan Chinese followed, and the majority of people in Taiwan are descendants ofHoklo people from Southern Fujian. Fujian arrived at its present extent after Taiwan was split as itsown province in 1885.[8] Shortly thereafter,Taiwan Province would be lost to Japan due to the Qing losing theFirst Sino-Japanese War which ended in 1895.
TheXinhai Revolution deposed the Qing dynasty brought the province into the rule of theRepublic of China. Fujian briefly gained independence from China again under theFujian People's Government until it was recontrolled by the ROC during theWarlord Era.
Parts of the province in the northwestern area of Fujian were controlled by theJiangxi–Fujian Soviet, a component territory controlled by theChinese Soviet Republic until its collapse in 1934 at the start of theLong March.
It came under Japanese sea blockade duringSecond Sino-Japanese War.
During the late stages of theChinese Civil War, the ROC lost control ofmainland China, including most ofFujian province, and was forced to relocate to Taiwan, while the victoriousChinese Communist forces established the PRC in 1949, subsequently the provincial government of Fujian was also moved fromFoochow toJincheng. In theBattle of Guningtou, however, ROC forces were able to defend the island of Quemoy (Kinmen) just off the coast of Fujian from communist attack. As a result, the ROC has been able to hold on to a number of offshore islands of Fujian, and has continued to maintain a separateFujian Provincial Government to govern these islands, parallel to the province ofFujian in mainland China.
In 1956, due to heightened potential for military conflict with the PRC, the ROC central government moved the Fujian provincial government out of Fujian to withinTaiwan Province inXindian (now part ofNew Taipei), and the islands were placed under an extraordinarily tight military administration due to their extreme proximity to mainland China. This was an unusual situation where the government of a province was located and operating in a different province. With the easing ofcross-strait relations between the PRC and ROC and the democratization of the ROC in the 1990s, the islands were returned to civilian government in 1992. On 15 January 1996, the provincial government moved back toKinmen, on Fujian soil.[9]
Beginning in 2010, the ROC significantly diluted the powers of the two provinces it governs, namelyTaiwan and Fujian. Most of the authority at the Fujian province level has been delegated to the two county governments ofKinmen andLienchiang.
The Governor of Fujian Province was the head of theFujian Provincial Government, the governor was also titled the "Chairperson of the Fujian Provincial Government". According to theAdditional Articles of the Constitution, the governor was appointed by thecentral government.
The Fujian Provincial Government was located inJincheng,Kinmen between January 1996 and 2018.
Provincial administration was transferred tocounties and the national-levelNational Development Council in 1998, with the transition occurring in 1999 and 2000.[10] This followed 1997 constitutional reforms to downsize provincial governments. The provincial government was reduced to a local interface for the national government[11] with appointed rather than elected officers;[10] it became dormant[11] when the remaining staff and responsibilities were transferred in 2018.[12]
TheKinmen-Matsu Joint Services Center was founded in 2017[13] as the local government office handling administration of the islands.[14] It took over the remaining responsibilities of the provincial government.[11]
Fujian province nominally comprises two counties:Kinmen County andLienchiang County. These islands have a total area of 182.66 km2 (70.53 sq mi) and a total population of 71,000 (2001).
The following are the islands of Fujian under the administration of the ROC, given by county:
| Name | Kinmen County | Lienchiang County |
|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 金門縣 | 連江縣 |
| Taiwanese Hokkien | Kim-mn̂g-kuān | Liân-kang-kuān |
| Hakka | Kîm-mùn-yen | Lièn-kông-yen |
| Matsunese | Gĭng-muòng-gâing | Lièng-gŏng-gâing |
| Wuqiunese | Ging-meóng-gā̤ⁿ | Léng-gang-gā̤ⁿ |
| Flag |  |  |
| Map |  | .svg) |
| Islands | numerous islands & islets[15][16][17] | 36 islands |
|
| |
| Administrative divisions | 6townships | 4townships |
The PRC claimsKinmen as a county ofQuanzhou,Fujian and theMatsu Islands as a township ofLianjiang County,Fuzhou,Fujian (with some islands claimed as parts of other areas).
Culturally, its population is predominantly ofHan Chinese ethnicity, though Fujian remains one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces of the country.[citation needed] Dialects of the language groupMin Chinese were most commonly spoken within the province, including theFuzhou dialect of northeastern Fujian and variousHokkien dialects of southeastern Fujian.[citation needed]Hakka Chinese is also spoken, by the Hakka people in Fujian. Min dialects, Hakka and Mandarin Chinese are mutually unintelligible.[citation needed] Due to emigration, a sizable amount of the ethnic Chinese populations in Southeast Asia speak Southern Min (or Hokkien).[citation needed]
Note: TheProvincial government was dissolved in July 2018. TheKinmen-Matsu Joint Services Center substitutes its administrative functions as local agency of theExecutive Yuan located inJincheng, Kinmen.
北碇島 母嶼 白巖 草嶼 東割 烽遂角 后嶼 官澳礁 西園嶼 建功嶼 黑巖 大巖嶼 烏礁 桂子礁 獅嶼 牛心礁 小擔 檳榔嶼 烈嶼 復興嶼 猛虎嶼 兔嶼 石山 大膽島 二擔島 三擔島 四擔島 五擔 大坵島 小坵島
二．限制水域範圍：大金門地區低潮線向外延伸東方海面四千至六千公尺，南方海面八千至一萬公尺，北碇以東海面四千公 尺，大、二膽南海面二千公尺一線以內海域 三、禁止水域範圍：大金門地區低潮線向外延伸東方海面四千公尺，南方海面八千公尺，馬山北方一千五百公尺，北碇以東 海面四千公尺，大、二膽北、西、南海面二千公尺，小金門西海面、檳榔嶼、三腳礁、牛心礁、赤角礁一線以內海域
金门 县名。在福建省东南海上、泉州市西南部。现由台湾省管辖。由以金门岛为主的大、小59个岛屿组成。面积149平方千米，人口约6.45万（2004年）。明置金门千户所，清设金门县丞，属同安县。1913年改隶思明县，1914年析置金门县。1928年直属福建省。农产有甘薯、花生等。矿产有玻璃砂、高岭土、铝土、煤。工业有机械、食品等。特产贡糖、高粱酒、金门马等。通公路。名胜古迹有成功洞、鲁王墓、水尾塔等。{...}金门岛 亦称"大金门岛"、"吾洲屿"。在福建省东南部、厦门港口外台湾海峡中。属金门县，现由台湾省管辖。岛形如哑铃，东西宽，南北狭，中多丘陵，沿海多港湾、口岸。东西长约20千米，面积131.7平方千米。其西有小金门岛。名胜古迹有牧马侯（陈渊）祠、鲁王墓、海印寺、古岗湖、中山纪念林等。
Geographic data related toFuchien Province, Republic of China atOpenStreetMap 
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