Frisia | |
|---|---|
 Location of Frisia in the northern Netherlands and northwestern Germany | |
| Largest city | Leeuwarden |
| Regional languages | |
Dialects | |
| Demonym | Frisian |
| Integrated partsofGermany and theNetherlands with varying degrees of autonomy | |
| Area | |
• Narrow sense | 9,378.7 km2 (3,621.1 sq mi) |
• Broad sense | 13,482.7 km2 (5,205.7 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• Narrow sense | 1,475,380 (in 2020) |
• Broad sense | 2,678,792 (in 2020) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
Frisia[a] (/ˈfrɪzɪə,ˈfriːʒə/) is across-bordercultural region inNorthwestern Europe. Stretching along theWadden Sea, it encompasses the north of theNetherlands and parts of northwesternGermany. Wider definitions of "Frisia" may include the island ofRem and the otherDanish Wadden Sea Islands. The region is traditionally inhabited by theFrisians, aWest Germanic ethnic group.
The contemporary name for the region stems fromLatinFrisii, an ethnonym used fora group of ancient tribes in modern-day NorthwesternGermany, possibly being a loanword ofProto-Germanic*frisaz, meaning "curly, crisp", presumably referring to the hair of the tribesmen. In some areas, the local translation of "Frisia" is used to refer to another subregion. On theNorth Frisian islands, for instance, "Frisia" and "Frisians" refer to (the inhabitants of) mainlandNorth Frisia. In Saterland Frisian, the termFräislound specifically refers toOstfriesland.[1]
During theFrench occupation of the Netherlands, the name for the Frisiandepartment wasFrise. In English, both "Frisia" and "Friesland" (/ˈfriːzlənd/) may be interchangeably used to refer to the region.
Frisia is commonly divided into three sections:
| Section | Country | Subdivision | Flag | Population (2020) | Area |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| North Frisia |  Germany | Nordfriesland |  | 167,147 | 2,047 km2 (790 sq mi) |
| Heligoland |  | 1,307 | 1.7 km2 (0.66 sq mi) | ||
| East Frisia | Ostfriesland (Aurich,Emden,Leer,Wittmund) |  | 468,919 | 3,142 km2 (1,213 sq mi) | |
| Oldenburger Friesland (Friesland,Wilhelmshaven) |  | 174,160 | 715 km2 (276 sq mi) | ||
| Saterland |  | 13,903 | 124 km2 (48 sq mi) | ||
| Rüstringen (Butjadingen peninsula) |  | 45,538 | 423 km2 (163 sq mi) | ||
| Land Wursten |  | 17,101 | 182 km2 (70 sq mi) | ||
| West Frisia |  Netherlands | Friesland |  | 649,944 | 3,349 km2 (1,293 sq mi) |
| West Friesland |  | 554,464 | 1,174 km2 (453 sq mi) | ||
| Ommelanden (Groningen) | .svg) | 586,309 | 2,325 km2 (898 sq mi) |
The people, later to be known asFrisii, began settling in Frisia in the 6th century BC. According toPliny the Elder, in Roman times, the Frisians (or rather their close neighbours, theChauci) lived onterps, man-made hills.[2] According to other sources, the Frisians lived along a broader expanse of the North Sea (or "Frisian Sea") coast.[b] At this time, Frisia comprised the present-day provinces ofFriesland,Groningen,North Holland and parts ofSouth Holland.[3]
Frisian presence during the Early Middle Ages has been documented from North-Western Flanders up to the Weser River Estuary. According to archaeological evidence, these Frisians were not the Frisians of Roman times, but the descendants of Anglo-Saxon immigrants from theGerman Bight, arriving during theGreat Migration. By the 8th century, ethnic Frisians also started to colonize the coastal areas North of the Eider River under Danish rule. The nascent Frisian languages were spoken all along the southern North Sea coast.[4] Today, the whole region is sometimes referred to asGreater Frisia (Latin:Frisia Magna).
Distant authors seem to have made little distinction between Frisians and Saxons. The ByzantineProcopius described three peoples living in Great Britain: Angles, Frisians and Britons,[5] and the Danish author ofKnútsdrápa celebrating the 11th-centuryCanute the Great used "Frisians" as a synonym of "English".[c] The historian and sociologist George Homans has made a case for Frisian cultural domination inEast Anglia since the 5th century, pointing to distinct land-holdings arrangements incarucates (these formingvills assembled inleets),partible inheritance patterns of common lands held in by kin, resistance tomanorialism and other social institutions.[6] Some East Anglian sources called the mainland inhabitantsWarnii, rather than Frisians.
During the 7th and 8th centuries,Frankish chronologies mention the northernLow Countries as the kingdom of the Frisians. According to Medieval legends, this kingdom comprised the coastalseelande provinces of theNetherlands, from the Scheldt River to the Weser River and further East. Archaeological research does not confirm this idea, as the petty kingdoms appear to have been rather small and short-lived.
The earliest Frisian records name four social classes, theethelings (nobiles in Latin documents) andfrilings, who together made up the "Free Frisians" who might bring suit at court, and thelaten orliten with theslaves, who were absorbed into thelaten during theEarly Middle Ages, as slavery was not so much formally abolished, as evaporated.[d] Thelaten were tenants of lands they did not own and might be tied to it in the manner ofserfs, but in later times might buy their freedom.[6]: 202
The basic land-holding unit for assessment of taxes and military contributions was – according to Homans – theploegg (cf. "plow") orteen (cf.tithing, cf. "hundred"), which, however, also passed under other local names. Theteen was pledged to supply ten men for theheer, or army.Ploegg orteen formed a unit of which the members were collectively responsible for the performance of any of the men. Theploegg or East Frisianrott was a compact holding that originated with a single lineage or kinship, whose men in early times went to war under their chief, and devolved in medieval times into a union of neighbors rather than kith and kin. Several, often three,ploeggs were grouped into aburar, whose members controlled and adjudicated the uses of pasturage (but not tillage) which theploeggs held in common, and came to be in charge of roads, ditches and dikes. Twelveploeggs made up a "long" hundred,[e] responsible for supplying a hundred armed men, four of which made ago (cf.Gau). Homans' ideas, which were largely based on studies now considered to be outdated, have not been followed up by Continental scholars.
The 7th-centuryFrisian Realm (650–734) under the kingsAldegisel andRedbad, had its centre of power in the city ofUtrecht. Its ancient customary law was drawn up as theLex Frisionum in the late eighth century. Its end came in 734 at theBattle of the Boarn, when the Frisians were defeated by theFranks, who then conquered the western part up to theLauwers. Frankish troops conquered the area east of the Lauwers in 785, afterCharlemagne defeated the Saxon leaderWidukind. The Carolingians laid Frisia under the rule ofgrewan, a title that has been loosely related tocount in its early sense of "governor" rather than "feudal overlord".[6]: 205
During the 7th to 10th centuries, Frisian merchants and skippers played an important part in the international luxury trade, establishing commercial districts in distant cities as Sigtuna, Hedeby, Ribe, York, London, Duisburg, Cologne, Mainz, and Worms.
The establishment of the Frisian trade network played a significant role in maintaining regional peace during thelate Middle Ages. While interpersonalviolence was on the rise almost everywhere else in Europe,Northern Europe and especially Frisia managed to maintain low levels of violence due in part to its well-developed society and establishedrule of law, which were results of extensive trade.[7]
The Frisian coastal areas were partly occupied byDanish Vikings in the 840s, until these were expelled between 885 and 920. Recently, it has been suggested that theVikings did not conquer Frisia, but settled peacefully in certain districts (such as the islands ofWalcheren andWieringen), where they built simple forts and cooperated and traded with the native Frisians. One of their leaders wasRorik of Dorestad.
During the 12th century Frisian noblemen and the city ofGroningen founded the Upstalsboom League under the slogan of "Frisian freedom" to counterfeudalizing tendencies. The league consisted of modernFriesland,Groningen,East Frisia,Harlingerland,Jever andRüstringen. The Frisian districts inWest Friesland West of theZuiderzee did not participate, neither did the districts North of theEider River along theDanishNorth Sea coast (Schleswig-Holstein). The former were occupied by the count ofHolland in 1289, and the latter were governed by the Duke ofSchleswig and the king ofDenmark. The same holds true for the district ofLand Wursten East of theWeser River. The Upstalsboom League was revived in the early 14th century, but it collapsed after 1337. By then, the non-Frisian city of Groningen took the lead of the independent coastal districts.
The 15th century saw the demise of Frisian republicanism. InEast Frisia, a leading nobleman from the Cirksena-family managed to defeat his competitors with the help of the Hanseatic League. In 1464 he acquired the title of count of East Frisia. Theking of Denmark was successful in subduing the coastal districts North of the Eider River. The Dutch provinces ofFriesland andGroningen remained independent until 1498. By then Friesland was conquered by DukeAlbert of Saxony-Meissen. The city ofGroningen, which had started to dominate the surrounding rural districts, surrendered to count Edzard of East Frisia in 1506. The city conveyed its remaining privileges to the Habsburg Empire in 1536. The district of Butjadingen (formerly Rüstringen) was occupied by the Count of Oldenburg in 1514, the Land Wursten by the Prince-bishop of Bremen in 1525.
In the early 16th century, the pirate and freedom fighterPier Gerlofs Donia (Grutte Pier) challenged Saxon authority in Friesland during a prolonged guerrilla war, backed by the Duke of Guelders. He had several successes and was feared by Hollandic authorities, but he died as a farmer in 1520. According to the legend he was seven feet tall. A statue of Grutte Pier byAnne Woudwijk [fy] was erected inKimswert in 1985.
In the 1560s many Frisans joined the revolt led by William of Orange against the Habsburg monarchy. In 1577 the province of Friesland became part of the nascentDutch Republic, as its representatives signed theUnion of Utrecht. The city of Groningenwas conquered by the Dutch in 1594. Since then, membership of the Dutch Republic was perceived as a guarantee for the preservation of civil liberties. Actual power, however, was usurped by the landowning gentry. Protests against aristocratic rule led to a democratic movement in the 1780s.
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During the late 19th and early 20th century, "Frisian freedom" became the slogan of aregionalist movement in Friesland, demanding equal rights for the Frisian language and culture within the Netherlands. The West Frisian language and its urban dialects are spoken by the majority of the inhabitants. In East Frisia, the idea of "Frisian freedom" became entangled with regional sentiments as well, though the East Frisian language had been replaced byLow German dialects as early as the 15th century. In Groningen, on the other hand, Frisian sentiments faded away at the end of the 16th century. In North Frisia, regional sentiments concentrate around the surviving North Frisian dialects, which are spoken by a sizeable minority of the population, though Lower German is far more widespread.
| Political party | Active in | Representation | European affiliation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FNP | Frisian National Party Fryske Nasjonale Partij |  Friesland | EFA | ||
| SSW | South Schleswig Voters' Association Söödslaswiksche Wäälerferbånd |  North Frisia | EFA | ||
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A half-million Frisians in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands speakWest Frisian. Several thousand people in Nordfriesland and Heligoland in Germany speak a collection ofNorth Frisian dialects. A small number ofSaterland Frisian language speakers live in four villages inLower Saxony, in theSaterland region ofCloppenburg county, just beyond the boundaries of traditionalEast Frisia. Many Frisians speakLow Saxon dialects which have a Frisian substratum known asFriso-Saxon, especially in East Frisia, where the local dialects are called Oostfräisk ("East Frisian") or Oostfräisk Plat (East Frisian Low Saxon). In the provinces of Friesland and Groningen, and in North Frisia, there are also areas where Friso-Saxon dialects are predominantly spoken, such asGronings. InWest Frisia, there are West Frisian-influenced dialects of Dutch such asWest Frisian Dutch andStadsfries.
While the subdivisions of Frisia have their own regional flags, Frisia as a whole has not historically had a flag of its own. In September 2006, a flag for a united Frisia – known as the "Interfrisian Flag" – was designed by theGroep fan Auwerk. Thisseparatist group supports the unification of Frisia as an independent country. The design was inspired by theNordic Cross flag. The fourpompeblêden (water lily leaves) represent the contemporary variety of the Frisian regions – North, South, West and East.[8]
The design was not accepted by theInterfrisian Council.[9] Instead, the council adopted the idea of an Interfrisian flag and created a design of its own, containing elements of the flags of the council's three sections. Neither of the two flags is widely used.
