 | You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding article in German. (April 2017)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
Friedrich Spee (alsoFriedrich Spee von Langenfeld; February 25, 1591 – August 7, 1635) was a GermanJesuit priest, professor, and poet, most well known as a forceful opponent ofwitch trials and one who was an insider writing from the epicenter of the European witch-phobia. Spee argued strongly against the use oftorture, and as an eyewitness he gathered a book full of details regarding its cruelty and unreliability.[1] He wrote, "Torture has the power to create witches where none exist."[2]
.jpg)
Spee was born atKaiserswerth on theRhine, into an old, nobleSpee family. On finishing his early education atCologne, he entered theSociety of Jesus in 1610, and pursued extensive studies and activity as a teacher[1] atTrier,Fulda,Würzburg,Speyer,Worms andMainz, where he was ordained aCatholic priest in 1622. He becameprofessor at theUniversity of Paderborn in 1624. From 1626 he taught at Speyer,Wesel, Trier and Cologne, and preached atPaderborn, Cologne andHildesheim.
An attempt to assassinate Spee was made atPeine in 1629. He resumed his activity as professor and priest at Paderborn and later at Cologne, and in 1633 removed to Trier. During the storming of the city by the imperial forces in March 1635 (in theThirty Years' War), he distinguished himself in the care of the suffering, and died soon afterwards of aplague infection contracted while ministering to wounded soldiers in a hospital.[1][3]His name is often incorrectly cited as "Friedrich von Spee".[4]
Spee's literary activity was largely confined to the last years of his life, the details of which are relatively obscure. Two of his works were not published until after his death:Goldenes Tugendbuch (Golden Book of Virtues), a book of devotion highly prized byLeibniz, andTrutznachtigall (Rivaling the Nightingale), a collection of fifty to sixty sacred songs, which take a prominent place among religious lyrics of the 17th century and have been repeatedly printed and updated through the present.
His principal workCautio Criminalis is a passionate plea on behalf of those accused of witchcraft. The book was first printed anonymously in 1631 atRinteln and attributed to an "unknown Roman theologian [Incerto Theologo Romano]."[5] It is based on his own experiences in the time and place (along the Rhine) that experienced some of the most intense and fatal witch-hunts, notably theWürzburg witch trials, during which Spee was present. Spee was present as a Jesuit confessor during sessions of torture and executions.
"If the reader will allow me to say something here, I confess that I myself have accompanied several women to their deaths in various places over the years and I am now so certain of their innocence that I feel there's no effort that would not be worth my undertaking to try to reveal this truth."[6]
Spee was reportedly brought to this awareness by the Duke of Brunswick, who invited Spee and another famous Jesuit scholar to supervise a continuation of the torture of a confessed witch. The Jesuits had previously carefully studied the issues and 'told the Duke, "The Inquisitors are doing their duty. They are arresting only people who have been implicated by the confession of other witches."' The Duke then led the Jesuits to a woman being stretched on the rack and asked her, "You are a confessed witch. I suspect these two men of being warlocks. What do you say? Another turn of the rack, executioners." "No, no!" screamed the woman. "You are quite right. I have often seen .. . They can turn themselves into goats, wolves, and other animals. ... Several witches have had children by them. ... The children had heads like toads and legs like spiders." The Duke then asked the Jesuits. "Shall I put you to the torture until you confess, my friends?" Spee thanked God he had been led to this insight by a friend, not an enemy.[7]
Spee wrote in direct opposition to many of the most well-known witch-mongers of his time and, like those works and most others in the demonological lineage going back to the 15th century, Spee also wrote in Latin.
"I pronounce from my soul that for a long time I have not known what trust I can place in those authors,Remy,Binsfeld,Delrio, and others... since virtually every one of their teachings concerning witches is based on no other foundations than fables or confessions extracted through torture."[8]
Spee pleaded for measures of reform, such as a new German imperial law on the subject, and liability to damages on the part of the judges.Cautio Criminalis contains 51 "doubts" [dubiorum] which Spee discussed and carefully de-constructed.[9] Amongst his more notable conclusions were:
Spee was particularly concerned about cases where a person was tortured and forced to denounce (accuse) accomplices, who were then tortured and forced to denounce more accomplices, until everyone was under suspicion:
Cautio Criminalis helped bring an end to witch-hunting. The moral impact created by the publication was considerable. Already within the 17th century, a number of new editions and translations had appeared. Among the members of Spee's Jesuit order, his treatise found a favorable reception.
Philipp van Limborch was a Dutch Protestant but his influentialHistory of the Inquisition (1692) refers favorably to the work of the Jesuit Spee.[10] Limborch was close with the EnglishmanJohn Locke as the two pushed for religious toleration.[11]
Spee wrote the lyrics and tunes of dozens of hymns, and is still the most heavily attributed author in German Catholic hymnals today.[1] Although an anonymous hymnist during his lifetime, today he is credited with several popular works including theAdvent song "O Heiland, reiß die Himmel auf", theChristmas carols "Vom Himmel hoch, o Engel, kommt" and "Zu Bethlehem geboren", and the Easter hymn "Lasst uns erfreuen" widely used with the 20th-century English texts "Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones" and "All Creatures of Our God and King".[citation needed]
Other prominent contemporary critics of witch hunts:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Hermann Cardauns (1912). "Friedrich Von Spee". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
