TheFrench Foreign Legion (French:Légion étrangère, also known simply asla Légion,'the Legion') is acorps of theFrench Army created to allowforeign nationals into French service.[8] The Legion was founded in 1831 and today consists of several specialties, namelyinfantry,cavalry,engineers, andairborne troops.[9] It formed part of theArmée d'Afrique, French Army units associated withFrance's colonial project in North Africa, until the end of theAlgerian War in 1962.[10]
Legionnaires are today renowned as highly trained soldiers whose training focuses on traditional military skills and on the Legion's strongesprit de corps, as its men come from different countries with different cultures. Consequently, training is often described as not only physically challenging, but also very stressful psychologically. Legionnaires may apply for French citizenship after three years' service, or immediately after being wounded in the line of duty: This latter provision is known as "Français par le sang versé" ("French by spilled blood").[11]
The Foreign Legion was created byLouis Philippe,[12] theKing of the French, on 10 March 1831 to allow the incorporation offoreign nationals into theFrench Army from theforeign regiments of theKingdom of France.[13] Recruits included soldiers from the recently disbanded Swiss and German foreign regiments of theBourbon monarchy and also people from shady backgrounds.[14] The Royal Ordinance for the establishment of the new regiment specified that the foreigners recruited could only serve outside France.[15] The French expeditionary force that had occupiedAlgiers in 1830 was in need of reinforcements, and the Legion was accordingly transferred by sea in detachments fromToulon to Algeria.[11][16]Since its establishment in 1831, the Legion has consisted of hundreds of thousands in active service at its peak, and suffered the aggregated loss of nearly 40,000 men[17] inFrance,Morocco,Tunisia,Madagascar,West Africa,Mexico,Italy,Crimea,Spain,Indo-China,Norway,Syria,Chad,Zaïre,Lebanon,Central Africa,Gabon,Kuwait,Rwanda,Djibouti, formerYugoslavia,Somalia, theRepublic of Congo,Ivory Coast,Afghanistan,Mali, as well as others. The Legion was primarily used to help protect and expand theFrench colonial empire during the 19th century. The Foreign Legion was initially stationed only inAlgeria, where it took part in thePacification of Algeria. Subsequently, the Foreign Legion was deployed in a number of conflicts, including theFirst Carlist War in 1835, theCrimean War in 1854, theSecond Italian War of Independence in 1859, theFrench intervention in Mexico in 1863, theFranco-Prussian War in 1870, theTonkin Campaign andSino-French War in 1883, supporting growth of theFrench colonial empire inSub-Saharan Africa, theSecond Franco-Dahomean War in 1892, theSecond Madagascar expedition in 1895 and theMandingo Wars in 1894. InWorld War I, the Foreign Legion fought in many critical battles on theWestern Front. It played a smaller role inWorld War II than in World War I, however, participated in theNorwegian,Syrian andNorth African campaigns. During theFirst Indochina War (1946–1954), the Foreign Legion saw its numbers swell. In Vietnam, the Legion lost a large number of men in the catastrophicBattle of Dien Bien Phu against forces of theViet Minh.
Subsequent military campaigns included those during theSuez Crisis, theBattle of Algiers and various offensives in Algeria launched byGeneral Maurice Challe including Operation Oranie andOperation Jumelles. During theAlgerian War of Independence (1954–1962), the Foreign Legion came close to being disbanded after some officers, men, and the highly decorated1st Foreign Parachute Regiment (1er REP) took part in theGenerals' putsch. In the 1960s and 1970s, Legion regiments had additional roles in sending units as arapid deployment force to preserve French interests – in its former African colonies and in other nations as well; it also returned to its roots of being a unit always ready to be sent to conflict zones around the world.
Some notable operations include theChadian–Libyan conflict in 1969–1972 (the first time that the Legion was sent in operations after the Algerian War), 1978–1979, and 1983–1987;Kolwezi in what is now theDemocratic Republic of the Congo in May 1978. In 1981, the1st Foreign Regiment and Foreign Legion regiments took part in theMultinational Force in Lebanon. In 1990, Foreign Legion regiments were sent to thePersian Gulf and participated inOpération Daguet, part ofDivision Daguet. Following theGulf War in the 1990s, the Foreign Legion helped with the evacuation of French citizens and foreigners inRwanda, Gabon andZaire. The Foreign Legion was also deployed toCambodia,Somalia,Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the mid-to late 1990s, the Foreign Legion was deployed to theCentral African Republic,Congo-Brazzaville and inKosovo. The French Foreign Legion also took part in operations in Rwanda in 1990–1994; and theIvory Coast from 2002 to the present. In the 2000s, the Foreign Legion was deployed toOperation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan,Opération Licorne in Ivory Coast, theEUFOR Tchad/RCA in Chad, andOperation Serval in theNorthern Mali conflict.[18]
As discussedbelow, other countries have attempted to emulate the French Foreign Legion model. The Foreign Legion was primarily used, as part of theArmée d'Afrique, to protect and expand theFrench colonial empire during the 19th century, but it also fought in almost all French wars including theFranco-Prussian War, World War I and World War II. The Foreign Legion has remained an important part of the French Army, and sea transport protected by theFrench Navy survived three Republics, theSecond French Empire, two World Wars, the rise and fall of massconscript armies, the dismantling of the French colonial empire, and the loss of the Foreign Legion's base, Algeria.
Created to fight "outsidemainland France", the Foreign Legion was stationed inAlgeria, where it took part in theAlgerian genocide and destruction of the natural habitat of the colony, notably by drying the marshes in the region ofAlgiers. The Foreign Legion was initially divided into six "national battalions" (Swiss, Poles, Germans, Italians, Spanish, and Dutch-Belgian).[19] Smaller national groups, such as ten Englishmen recorded in December 1832, appear to have been placed randomly.
In late 1831, the first legionnaires landed in Algeria, the country that shaped its character and became the Foreign Legion's homeland for 130 years. The early years in Algeria were hard on the Legion because it was often sent to the worst postings and received the worst assignments, and its members were generally uninterested in the new colony of the French.[20] The Legion served alongside theBattalions of Light Infantry of Africa, formed in 1832, which was apenal military unit made up of men with prison records who still had to do their military service or soldiers with serious disciplinary problems.
The Foreign Legion's first service in Algeria came to an end after only four years, as it was needed elsewhere.
The French government sent the Foreign Legion to Spain to supportIsabella II's claim to the Spanish throne against her uncle. On 28 June 1835, the unit was handed over to the Spanish government. The Foreign Legion landed via sea atTarragona on 17 August with around 1,400 who were quickly dubbedLos Argelinos (the Algerians) by locals because of their previous posting.
The Foreign Legion's commander immediately dissolved the national battalions to improve theesprit de corps. Later, he also created three squadrons of lancers and an artillery battery from the existing force to increase independence and flexibility. The Foreign Legion was dissolved on 8 December 1838, when it had dropped to only 500 men. The survivors returned to France, many reenlisting in the new Foreign Legion along with many of their formerCarlist enemies.
On 9 June 1854, theFrench shipJean Bart embarked four battalions of the Foreign Legion for theCrimean Peninsula. A further battalion was stationed atGallipoli as brigade depot.[21] Eight companies drawn from both regiments of the Foreign Legion took part in theBattle of Alma (20 September 1854). Reinforcements by sea brought the Legion contingent up to brigade strength. As the "Foreign Brigade", it served in theSiege of Sevastopol, during the winter of 1854–1855.[22]
The lack of equipment was particularly challenging andcholera hit the Allied expeditionary force. Nevertheless, the "leather bellies" (the nickname given to the legionnaires by the Russians because of the large cartridge pouches that they wore attached to their waist-belts), performed well. On 21 June 1855, the Third Battalion, left Corsica for Crimea.
On 8 September the final assault was launched onSevastopol. Two days later, the Second Foreign Regiment with flags and band playing ahead, marched through the streets of Sevastopol. Although initial reservations had been expressed about whether the Legion should be used outside Africa,[21] the Crimean experience established its suitability for service in European warfare, as well as making a cohesive single entity of what had previously been two separate foreign regiments.[23] Legion casualties in the Crimea were 1,703 killed and wounded out of total French losses by battle and disease of 95,615.[24]
Like the rest of the "Army of Africa", the Foreign Legion provided detachments in the campaign of Italy. Two foreign regiments, grouped with the 2nd Regiment ofZouaves, were part of the SecondBrigade of the SecondDivision ofMac Mahon'sCorps. The Foreign Legion acquitted itself particularly well against theAustrians at thebattle of Magenta (4 June 1859) and at theBattle of Solferino (24 June). Legion losses were significant and the2nd Foreign Regiment lost Colonel Chabrière, its commanding officer. In gratitude, the city ofMilan awarded, in 1909, the "commemorative medal of deliverance", which still adorns the regimental flags of the Second Regiment.[25]
The 38,000 strong French expeditionary force dispatched to Mexico via sea between 1862 and 1863 included two battalions of the Foreign Legion, increased to six battalions by 1866. Small cavalry and artillery units were raised from legionnaires serving in Mexico. The original intention was that Foreign Legion units should remain in Mexico for up to six years to provide a core for the Imperial Mexican Army.[26] However the Legion was withdrawn with the other French forces during February–March 1867.
It was in Mexico on 30 April 1863 that the Legion earned its legendary status. A company led by CaptainJean Danjou, numbering 62 Legionnaires and 3 Legion officers, was escorting a convoy tothe besieged city of Puebla when it wasattacked and besieged by three thousand Mexican loyalists,[27] organised in twobattalions of infantry and cavalry, numbering 2,200 and 800 respectively.[citation needed] The Legion detachment under Danjou,Sous-LieutenantJean Vilain [fr], and Sous-LieutenantClément Maudet [fr][28] made a stand in theHacienda de la Trinidad – a farm near the village of Camarone. When only six survivors remained, out of ammunition, abayonet assault was launched in which three of the six were killed. The remaining three wounded men were brought before the Mexican commander ColonelMilán, who allowed them to return to the French lines as an honor guard for the body of Danjou. The captain had a wooden hand, which was later returned to the Legion and is now kept in a case in the Legion Museum at Aubagne and paraded annually on Camerone Day. It is the Foreign Legion's most precious relic.
During the Mexican Campaign, 6,654 French died. Of these, 1,918 were from a single regiment of the Legion.[29]
According to French law, the Foreign Legion was not to be used withinMetropolitan France except in the case of a national invasion,[30] and was consequently not a part of Napoleon III's Imperial Army that capitulated atSedan. With the defeat of the Imperial Army, theSecond French Empire fell and theThird Republic was created.
The new Third Republic was desperately short of trained soldiers following Sedan, so the Foreign Legion was ordered to provide a contingent. On 11 October 1870 two provisional battalions disembarked via sea atToulon, the first time the Foreign Legion had been deployed in France itself. It attempted to lift theSiege of Paris by breaking through the German lines. It succeeded in retakingOrléans, but failed to break the siege. In January 1871, France capitulated but civil war soon broke out, which led to revolution and the short-livedParis Commune. The Foreign Legion participated in the suppression of the Commune,[31] which was crushed with great bloodshed.
The Foreign Legion's First Battalion (Lieutenant-Colonel Donnier)sailed to Tonkin in late 1883, during the period of undeclared hostilities that preceded theSino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885), and formed part of the attack column that stormed the western gate ofSơn Tây on 16 December. The Second and Third Infantry Battalions (chef de bataillon Diguet and Lieutenant-Colonel Schoeffer) were also deployed to Tonkin shortly afterwards, and were present in all the major campaigns of the Sino-French War. Two Foreign Legion companies led the defence at the celebratedSiege of Tuyên Quang (24 November 1884 to 3 March 1885). In January 1885 the Foreign Legion's 4th Battalion (chef de bataillon Vitalis) was deployed to the French bridgehead at Keelung (Jilong) in Formosa (Taiwan), where it took part in the later battles of theKeelung Campaign. The battalion played an important role in ColonelJacques Duchesne's offensive in March 1885 that captured the key Chinese positions of La Table and Fort Bamboo and disengaged Keelung.
In December 1883, during a review of the Second Legion Battalion on the eve of its departure for Tonkin to take part in theBắc Ninh Campaign, GeneralFrançois de Négrier pronounced a famousmot:Vous, légionnaires, vous êtes soldats pour mourir, et je vous envoie où l'on meurt! ('You, Legionnaires, you are soldiers in order to die, and I'm sending you to where one dies!')
As part of theArmy of Africa, the Foreign Legion contributed to the expansion of theFrench colonial empire inSub-Saharan Africa. Simultaneously, the Legion took part to thepacification of Algeria, suppressing various tribal rebellions andrazzias.
In 1892,King Béhanzin ordered his soldiers to attack villages nearGrand Popo andPorto-Novo (in modern-dayBenin) in an effort to reassert the older boundaries of Dahomey. King Béhanzin rejected complaints by the French, who proceeded to declare war.
A battalion, led by commandant Faurax Montier, was formed from two companies of the First Foreign Regiment and two others from the second regiment. FromCotonou, the legionnaires marched to seizeAbomey, the capital of theKingdom of Dahomey. Two and a half months were needed to reach the city, at the cost of repeated battles against the Dahomean warriors, especially theAmazons of the King. King Behanzin surrendered and was captured by the legionnaires in January 1894.
In 1895, a battalion formed by the First and Second Foreign Regiments was sent to theKingdom of Madagascar as part of an expeditionary force whose mission was to conquer the island. The foreign battalion formed the backbone of the column launched onAntananarivo, the capital of Madagascar. After a few skirmishes, QueenRanavalona III promptly surrendered.[32][33] The Foreign Legion lost 226 men, only a tenth of whom died during actual combat. Others, like much of the expeditionary force, died from tropical diseases.[32] Despite the success of the expedition, the quelling of sporadic rebellions would take another eight years until 1905, when the island was completelypacified by the French underJoseph Gallieni.[32] During that time, insurrections against the Malagasy Christians of the island, missionaries and foreigners were particularly terrible.[34] QueenRanavalona III was deposed in January 1897 and was exiled toAlgiers in Algeria, where she died in 1917.[35]
From 1882 until his capture,Samori Ture, ruler of theWassoulou Empire, fought the French colonial army, defeating them on several occasions, including anotable victory at Woyowayanko (2 April 1882), in the face of French heavyartillery. Nonetheless, Samori was forced to sign several treaties ceding territory to the French between 1886 and 1889. Samori began a steady retreat, but the fall of other resistance armies, particularlyBabemba Traoré atSikasso, permitted the colonial army to launch a concentrated assault against his forces. A battalion of two companies from the 2nd Foreign Regiment was created in early 1894 to pacify theNiger. The Legionnaires' victory at the fortress of Ouilla and police patrols in the region accelerated the submission of the tribes. On 29 September 1898, Samori Ture was captured by the FrenchCommandant Gouraud and exiled toGabon, marking the end of the Wassoulou Empire.
The annexation ofAlsace andLorraine by Germany in 1871 led to numerous volunteers from the two regions enlisting in the Foreign Legion, which gave them the option of French citizenship at the end of their service.[36]
With the declaration of war on 29 July 1914, a call was made for foreigners residing in France to support their adopted country. While many would have preferred direct enlistment in the regular French Army, the only option immediately available was that of the Foreign Legion. On 3 August 1914 a reported 8,000 volunteers applied to enlist in the Paris recruiting office of the Legion.
In World War I, the Foreign Legion fought in many critical battles on the Western Front, includingArtois,Champagne,Somme,Aisne, andVerdun (in 1917), and also suffered heavy casualties during 1918. The Foreign Legion was also in theDardanelles andMacedonian front, and was highly decorated for its efforts. Many young foreigners volunteered for the Foreign Legion when the war broke out in 1914. There were marked differences between the idealistic volunteers of 1914 and the hardened men of the old Legion, making assimilation difficult. Nevertheless, the old and the new men of the Foreign Legion fought and died in vicious battles on the Western front, includingBelloy-en-Santerre during theBattle of the Somme, where the poetAlan Seeger, after being mortally wounded by machine-gun fire, cheered on the rest of his advancing battalion.[37]
While suffering heavy casualties on theWestern Front theLegion had emerged from World War I with an enhanced reputation and as one of the most highly decorated units in theFrench Army.[38] In 1919, the government of Spain raised theSpanish Foreign Legion and modeled it after the French Foreign Legion.[38] GeneralJean Mordacq intended to rebuild the Foreign Legion as a larger military formation, doing away with the Legion's traditional role as a solely infantry formation.[38] General Mordacq envisioned a Foreign Legion consisting not of regiments, but of divisions with cavalry, engineer, and artillery regiments in addition to the Legion's infantry mainstay.[38] In 1920, decrees ordained the establishment of regiments of cavalry and artillery.[38] Immediately following thearmistice the Foreign Legion experienced an increase of enlistments.[39] The Foreign Legion began the process of reorganizing and redeploying to Algeria.[38]
The Legion played a major part in theRif War of 1920–1925. In 1932, the Foreign Legion consisted of 30,000 men, serving in six multi-battalion regiments including the1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI –Algeria,Syria andLebanon;2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment 2ème REI,3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment 3ème REI, and4th Foreign Infantry Regiment 4ème REI –Morocco, Lebanon;5th Foreign Infantry 5ème REI –Indochina; and1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment 1er REC – Lebanon,Tunisia and Morocco.In 1931,GénéralPaul-Frédéric Rollet assumed the role of1st Inspector of the Foreign Legion, a post created at his initiative. While serving ascolonel of the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment (1925–1931),Rollet was responsible for planning the centennial celebrations of the Legion's foundation; scheduling this event forCamarón Day 30 April 1931. He was subsequently credited with creating much of the modern mystique of the Legion by restoring or creating many of its traditions.
The Foreign Legion played a smaller role inWorld War II in mainland Europe than in World War I, though it saw involvement in many exterior theatres of operations, notablysea-transport protection through to theNorwegian,Syria–Lebanon, andNorth African campaigns. The13th Demi-Brigade, formed for service in Norway, found itself in the UK at the time of theFrench Armistice (June 1940), was deployed to the British 8th Army in North Africa and distinguished itself in theBattle of Bir Hakeim (1942). Reflecting the divisions of the time, part of the Foreign Legion joined theFree French movement while another part served theVichy government. Germany incorporated German legionnaires into theWehrmacht's90th Light Infantry Division in North Africa.[40]
TheSyria–Lebanon Campaign of June 1941 saw legionnaire fighting legionnaire as the13e D.B.L.E clashed with the6th Foreign Infantry Regiment 6e REI atDamascus. Nevertheless, many legionnaires of the 6th Foreign Infantry Regiment 6e (dissolved on 31 December 1941) integrated into theMarching Regiment of the Foreign Legion R.M.L.E in 1942. Later, a thousand of the rank-and-file of theVichy Legion unit joined the 13e D.B.L.E. of theFree French forces which were also part (as of September 1944) ofJean de Lattre de Tassigny's successful amalgam of the French Liberation Army (French:Armée française de la Libération), the (400,000 men) amalgam consisted of theArmistice Army, theFree French Forces and theFrench Forces of the Interior which formed Army B and later became part of theFrench 1st Army with forces also issued from theFrench Resistance.
Following World War II, many French-speaking former German soldiers joined the Foreign Legion to pursue a military career, an option no longer possible in Germany, including French German soldiers ofMalgré-nous. It would have been considered problematic if the men fromAlsace-Lorraine had not spoken French. These French-speaking former German soldiers made up as much as 60 percent of the Legion during the war in Indochina. Contrary to popular belief however, French policy was to exclude former members of theWaffen-SS, and candidates for induction were refused if they exhibited the tell-taleblood type tattoo, or even a scar that might be masking it.[41]
The high percentage of Germans was contrary to normal policy concerning a single dominant nationality, and in more recent times Germans have made up a much smaller percentage of the Foreign Legion's composition.[42]
During theFirst Indochina War (1946–1954) the Foreign Legion saw its numbers swell due to the incorporation of World War II veterans. Although the Foreign Legion distinguished itself in a territory where it had served since the 1880s, it also suffered a heavy toll during this war. Some of the legionnaires, such asStefan Kubiak, deserted and began fighting for theViệt Minh upon witnessing torture of Vietnamese peasants at the hands of French troops.[43][44][45] Constantly being deployed in operations, units of the Legion suffered particularly heavy losses in the climacticBattle of Dien Bien Phu, before the fortified valley finally fell on 7 May 1954.
No fewer than 72,833 served in Indochina during the eight-year war. The Legion suffered the loss of 10,283 of its own men in combat: 309 officers, 1082 sous-officiers and 9092 legionnaires. While only one of several Legion units involved in Indochina, the1st Foreign Parachute Battalion (1er BEP) particularly distinguished itself, while being annihilated twice. It was renamed the1st Foreign Parachute Regiment (1er REP) after its third reformation.[46]
The 1er BEP sailed to Indochina on 12 November 1948 and was then engaged in combat operations in Tonkin.[46] On 17 November 1950 the battalion parachuted into That Khé and suffered heavy losses at Coc Xa, during thebattle of Route Coloniale 4. Reconstituted on 1 March 1951, the battalion participated in combat operations at Cho Ben, on the Black River and in Annam.[46] On 21 November 1953 the reconstituted 1er BEP was parachuted into Dien Bien Phu.[46] In this battle, the unit lost 575killed andmissing.[46] Reconstituted for the third time on 19 May 1954, the battalion left Indochina on 8 February 1955.[46] The 1er BEP received five citations and thefourragère of the colors of theMédaille militaire[46] for its service in Indochina. The 1er BEP became the1st Foreign Parachute Regiment (1er REP) inAlgeria on 1 September 1955.
Dien Bien Phu fell on 7 May 1954 at 17:30.[47] The couple ofhectares that were the battlefield today are corn fields surrounding astele which commemorates the sacrifices of those who died there. While the garrison of Dien Bien Phu included French regular, North African, and locally recruited (Indochinese) units, the battle has become associated particularly with the paratroops of the Foreign Legion.
During the Indochina War, the Legion operated severalarmoured trains which were an enduringRolling Symbol during the chartered course duration ofFrench Indochina. The Legion also operated variousPassage Companies relative to the continental conflicts at hand.
The Legion was heavily engaged in fighting against theNational Liberation Front and theArmée de Libération Nationale (ALN). The main activity during the period 1954–1962 was as part of the operations of the10th Parachute Division and25th Parachute Division. The1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, 1er REP, was under the command of the10th Parachute Division (France), 10ème DP, and the2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment, 2ème REP, was under the command of the25th Parachute Division (France), 25ème DP. While both the 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment (1er REP), and the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment (2ème REP), were part of the operations ofFrench parachute divisions (10ème DP and 25ème DP established in 1956), the Legion's1st Foreign Parachute Regiment (1er REP), and the Legion's2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment (2ème REP), are older than the French divisions. The 1er REP was the former thrice-reconstituted1st Foreign Parachute Battalion (1er BEP) and the 2ème REP was the former2nd Foreign Parachute Battalion (2ème BEP). Both battalions were renamed and their Legionnaires transferred fromIndochina on 1 August 1954 toAlgeria by 1 November 1954. Both traced their origins to theParachute Company of the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment commanded by Legion LieutenantJacques Morin attached to theIII/1er R.C.P.[49]
With the start of theWar in Algeria on 1 November 1954, the two foreign participating parachute battalions back fromIndochina, the1st Foreign Parachute Battalion (1er BEP, III Formation) and the2nd Foreign Parachute Battalion (2ème BEP), were not part of any Frenchparachute divisions yet and were not designated as regiments until September and 1 December 1955 respectively.
Main operations during theAlgerian War included the Battle of Algiers and the Bataille of the Frontiers, fought by 60,000 soldiers includingFrench andLegion paratroopers. For paratroopers of the Legion, the 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment (1er REP) and2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment (2ème REP), were the only known foreign active parachute regiments, exclusively commanded byPierre Paul Jeanpierre for the 1er REP[48] and theparatrooper commanders of the2ème REP.[50] The remainder ofFrench paratrooper units of theFrench Armed Forces were commanded byJacques Massu,Buchond,Marcel Bigeard,Paul Aussaresses. OtherLegion offensives in the mountains in 1959 included operationsJumelles,Cigales, andAriège in the Aures and the last in Kabylie.[48]
The image of the Legion as a professional and non-political force was tarnished when the elite1st Foreign Parachute Regiment 1er REP, which was also part of the10th Parachute Division played a leading role in the generals' putsch of 1961[48] and was subsequently disbanded.
Coming out of a difficult Indochinese conflict, the Foreign Legion reinforced cohesion by extending the duration of basic training. Efforts exerted were successful during this transit; however, entering into December 1960 and the generals' putsch, a crisis hit the legion putting its faith at the corps of the Army.[52]
For having rallied to thegenerals' putsch of April 1961, the1st Foreign Parachute Regiment of the10th Parachute Division was dissolved on 30 April 1961 atZeralda.
In 1961, at the issue of the putsch, the1st Mounted Saharan Squadron of the Foreign Legion[53] (French:1er Escadron Saharien Porté de la Légion Etrangère, 1er ESPLE) received the missions to assuresurveillance andpolicing.
The independence of Algeria from theFrench in 1962 was traumatising since it ended with the enforced abandonment of the barracks command center atSidi Bel Abbès established in 1842. Upon being notified that the elite regiment was to be disbanded and that they were to be reassigned, legionnaires of the 1er REP burned the Chinese pavilion acquired following theSiege of Tuyên Quang in 1884. The relics from the Legion's history museum, including the wooden hand of CaptainJean Danjou, subsequently accompanied the Legion to France. Also removed from Sidi Bel Abbès were the symbolic Legion remains ofGeneralPaul-Frédéric Rollet (The Father of the Legion),Legion officer PrinceCount Aage of Rosenborg, and Legionnaire Heinz Zimmermann (last fatal casualty in Algeria).
The Legion acquired its parade song "Non, je ne regrette rien" ("No, I regret nothing"), a 1960Édith Piaf song sung by Sous-Officiers and legionnaires as they left their barracks for re-deployment following theAlgiers putsch of 1961. The song has remained a part of Legion heritage since.
The1st Foreign Parachute Regiment 1er REP was disbanded on 30 April 1961.[48] However, the2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2ème REP prevailed in existence, while most of the personnel of theSaharan Companies were integrated into the1st Foreign Infantry Regiment,2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment and4th Foreign Infantry Regiment respectively.
By the mid-1960s the Legion had lost its traditional and spiritual home inFrench Algeria and elite units had been dissolved.[46] President de Gaulle considered disbanding it altogether but, being reminded of theMarching Regiments, and that the13th Demi-Brigade was one of the first units to declare for him in 1940 and taking also into consideration the effective service of variousSaharan units and performances of other Legions units, he chose instead to downsize the Legion from 40,000 to 8,000 men and relocate it to metropolitan France.[54] Legion units continued to be assigned to overseas service, although not in North Africa(see below).
In the early 1960s, and besides ongoing global rapid deployments, the Legion also stationed forces on various continents while operating different function units.
The main Disciplinary Company of the Foreign Legion (CDLE), based onrules and regulations set bygénéralRollet in 1931, received serious offenders sent from Legion regiments garrisoned or operating in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, the Levant and Tonkin (special section of the5th Foreign Infantry Regiment and later in 1963, part of a Saharan disciplinary section unit of the 5e REI and2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment). It was dissolved on July 1, 1964.
From 1965 to 1967, the Legion operated several companies, including the5th Heavy Weight Transport Company (CTGP), mainly in charge of evacuating the Sahara. The area of responsibility of some of these units extended from the confines of the in-between of theSahara to the Mediterranean. Ongoing interventions and rapid deployments two years later and the following years included in part:
In September 1990, the1st Foreign Regiment, the1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment, the2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment, the2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment, and the6th Foreign Engineer Regiment were sent to thePersian Gulf as a part ofOpération Daguet along with the1st Spahi Regiment, the11th Marine Artillery Regiment, the3rd Marine Infantry Regiment, the21st Marine Infantry Regiment, theFrench Army Light Aviation, theRégiment d'infanterie-chars de marine, and components of the35th Parachute Artillery Regiment, the1st Parachute Hussard Regiment, and the17th Parachute Engineer Regiment.Division Daguet was commanded byGénéral de brigadeBernard Janvier.
The Legion force, made up of 27 different nationalities, was attached to the French6th Light Armoured Division whose mission was to protect theCoalition's left flank.[55]
After the four-weekair campaign, coalition forces launched the ground offensive. They quickly penetrated deep intoIraq, with the Legion taking the As-Salman Airport, meeting little resistance. The war ended after a hundred hours of fighting on the ground, which resulted in very light casualties for the Legion. During war, French Foreign Legion engineers operated in support of theU.S. Army's82nd Airborne Division, and provided the EOD services to the division. After the ceasefire, they conducted a joint mine clearing operation with aRoyal Australian Navyclearance divers.
Regarding the operational aspect, the units of the Legion belong to differentbrigades orterritorial commands of theFrench Army.[57] With regard to the administrative management (including recruitment, traditions and training), these units depend on theForeign Legion Command (COMLE), which itself is subordinate to the Army.[58]
The regiments are now mainly stationed inMetropolitan France, with some units in the overseas departments and territories (mainly inFrench Guiana).[57]
These are the following deployments:[59]
Note: English names for countries or territories are in parentheses.
| Acronym | French name | English meaning |
|---|---|---|
| CEA | Compagnie d'éclairage et d'appuis | Reconnaissance and Support Company |
| CSS | Compagnie de Soutien et de Service | Support and Service Company |
| CAC | Compagnie anti-char | Anti-Tank Company |
| UCL | Unité de commandement et de logistique | Unit of Command and Logistics |
| EMT | État-major tactique | Tactical Command Post |
| NEDEX | Neutralisation des explosifs | Explosive Ordnance Disposal |
| OMLT | Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team(The official name for this branch is in English) | |
The Legionnaires are an integral part of theFrench Army. Today, they constitute some 7–8% of its strength (or 11% of the Ground Operational Forces, FOT, French Army operational units).[61]
The Foreign Legion is the only unit of the French Army open to people of any nationality. Most legionnaires still come from European countries but a growing percentage comes fromLatin America andAsia.[62] Most of the Foreign Legion'scommissioned officers are French with approximately 10% being Legionnaires who have risen through the ranks.[63]
Members come from 140 countries. In the past, legionnaires were forced to enlist under a pseudonym ("declared identity"). This policy was designed to allow recruits who wanted to restart their lives to enlist. The Legion held the belief that it was fairer to make all new recruits use declared identities.[11] French citizens can enlist under a declared, fictitious, foreign citizenship (generally, afrancophone one, often that of Belgium, Canada, or Switzerland).[64] As of 20 September 2010[update], new recruits may enlist under their real identities or under declared identities. Recruits who do enlist with declared identities may, after one year's service, regularise their situations under their true identities.[65] After serving in the Foreign Legion for three years, a legionnaire may apply for Frenchcitizenship.[11] He must be serving under his real name, must have no problems with the authorities, and must have served with "honour and fidelity".[65]
The Foreign Legion does not accept women in its ranks, however, there has been one official female legionnaire,Susan Travers, anEnglishwoman who joined the Free French Forces during World War II. She became a member of the Foreign Legion after the war, and subsequently served in Vietnam during the First Indochina War.[64] In October 2000, it was announced women would no longer be barred from service.[66] However, this announcement was retracted one month later and blamed on a "miscommunication"; a spokesman confirmed the policy barring women from the Legion would remain unchanged.[67]
As of 2008[update], legionnaires came from 140 countries. The majority of enlisted men originate from outside France, while the majority of the officer corps consists of Frenchmen. Many recruits originate from Eastern Europe[where?] and Latin America[where?]. Neil Tweedie ofThe Daily Telegraph said that Germany traditionally provided many recruits, "somewhat ironically given the Legion's bloody role in two world wars."
As of 2024[update], Belarusian and Russian citizens are no longer allowed to join the legion due to theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[68]
Original nationalities of the Foreign Legion reflect events in history at the time they joined. Many formerWehrmacht personnel joined in the wake of World War II[69] as many soldiers returning to civilian life found it hard to find reliable employment. Jean-Denis Lepage reports that "The Foreign Legion discreetly recruited from German P.O.W. camps",[70] but adds that the number of these recruits has been subsequently exaggerated.Bernard B. Fall, who was a supporter of the French government, writing in the context of theFirst Indochina War, questioned the notion that the Foreign Legion was mainly German at that time, calling it:
[a] canard...with the sub-variant that all those Germans were at least SS generals and other much wanted war criminals. As a rule, and in order to prevent any particular nation from making the Foreign Legion into aPraetorian Guard, any particular national component is kept at about 25 percent of the total. Even supposing (and this was the case, of course) that the French recruiters, in the eagerness for candidates would sign up Germans enlisting as Swiss, Austrian, Scandinavian and other nationalities of related ethnic background, it is unlikely that the number of Germans in the Foreign Legion ever exceeded 35 percent. Thus, without making an allowance for losses, rotation, discharges, etc., the maximum number of Germans fighting in Indochina at any one time reached perhaps 7,000 out of 278,000. As to the ex-Nazis, the early arrivals contained a number of them, none of whom were known to be war criminals. French intelligence saw to that.
Since, in view of the rugged Indochinese climate, older men without previous tropical experience constituted more a liability than an asset, the average age of the Foreign Legion enlistees was about 23. At the time of the battle of Dien Bien Phu, any legionnaire of that age group was at the worst, in his "Hitler Youth" shorts when the [Third] Reich collapsed.[71]
The Foreign Legion accepts people enlisting under a nationality that is not their own. A proportion of the Swiss and Belgians are actually likely to be Frenchmen who wish to avoid detection.[72] In addition many Alsatians are said to have joined the Foreign Legion whenAlsace was part of theGerman Empire, and may have been recorded as German while considering themselves French.
Regarding recruitment conditions within the Foreign Legion, see the official page (in English) dedicated to the subject:[73] With regard to age limits, recruits can be accepted from ages ranging from 17½ (with parental consent) to 39½ years old.
In the European Union framework, post Legion enlistment is less clear. Denmark, Norway, Germany and Portugal allow post-Legion enlistment. The European Union twin threads seem to be recognizeddual nationality status or restricting constitutional article.
The United States allows post-Legion enlistment in itsNational Guard of career soldiers (up to the rank of captain) who areGreen Card holders.[citation needed]
Israel allows post-Legion enlistment.[citation needed]
One of the biggest national groups in the Legion arePoles. Polish law allowsservice in a foreign army, but only after written permission from thePolish Ministry of National Defence.[74]
| Arrival | 1 to 3 days in a Foreign Legion Information Center. Reception, information, and terms of contract. Afterwards transferred to Paris, Foreign Legion Recruitment Center. |
|---|---|
| Pre-selection | 1 to 4 days in a Foreign Legion Recruitment Center (Paris). Confirmation of motivation, initial medical check-up, finalising enlistment papers and signing of 5-year service contract. |
| Selection | 7 to 30 days in the Recruitment and Selection Center in Aubagne. Psychological and personality tests, logic tests (no education requirements), medical exam, physical condition tests, motivation and security interviews. Confirmation or denial of selection. |
| Passed selection | Signing and handing-over of the five-year service contract. Incorporation into the Foreign Legion as a trainee. |
While all rank and file members of the Legion are required to serve under "Foreign Status" (à titre étranger), even if they are French nationals, non-commissioned and commissioned officers can serve under either French or Foreign Status.[11] Foreign Status NCOs and officers are exclusively promoted from the ranks and represent 10% of the officers corps of the Legion.[75] French Status officers are either members of other units of theFrench Army attached to the Legion or promoted Legionnaires who have chosen to become French nationals.
Basic training for the Foreign Legion is conducted in the4th Foreign Regiment. This is an operational combat regiment which provides a training course of 15–17 weeks, before recruits are assigned to their operational units:
Education in the French language (reading, writing and pronunciation) is taught on a daily basis throughout all of basic training.
As the Foreign Legion is composed of soldiers of different nationalities and backgrounds, it is necessary to develop an intenseesprit de corps,[49] which is achieved through the development ofcamaraderie,[49] specific traditions, the loyalty of its legionnaires, the quality of their training, and the pride of being a soldier in an elite unit.[49]
The "Legionnaire's Code of Honour"[76][77] is the Legion'screed, recited in French only.[78][79] The Code of Honour was adopted in the 1980s.[76]
| Code d'honneur du légionnaire | Legionnaire's Code of Honour | |
|---|---|---|
| Art. 1 | Légionnaire, tu es un volontaire, servant la France avec honneur et fidélité. | Legionnaire, you are a volunteer serving France with honour and loyalty. |
| Art. 2 | Chaque légionnaire est ton frère d'armes, quelle que soit sa nationalité, sa race ou sa religion. Tu lui manifestes toujours la solidarité étroite qui doit unir les membres d'une même famille. | Each legionnaire is your brother in arms whatever his nationality, his race or his religion might be. You show him the same close solidarity that links the members of the same family. |
| Art. 3 | Respectueux des traditions, attaché à tes chefs, la discipline et la camaraderie sont ta force, le courage et la loyauté tes vertus. | Respect for traditions, devotion to your leaders, discipline and comradeship are your strengths, courage and loyalty your virtues. |
| Art. 4 | Fier de ton état de légionnaire, tu le montres dans ta tenue toujours élégante, ton comportement toujours digne mais modeste, ton casernement toujours net. | Proud of your status as legionnaire, you display this in your always impeccable uniform, your always dignified but modest behaviour, and your clean living quarters. |
| Art. 5 | Soldat d'élite, tu t'entraînes avec rigueur, tu entretiens ton arme comme ton bien le plus précieux, tu as le souci constant de ta forme physique. | An elite soldier, you train rigorously, you maintain your weapon as your most precious possession, and you take constant care of your physical form. |
| Art. 6 | La mission est sacrée, tu l'exécutes jusqu'au bout et, s'il le faut, en opérations, au péril de ta vie. | The mission is sacred, you carry it out until the end and, if necessary in the field, at the risk of your life. |
| Art. 7 | Au combat, tu agis sans passion et sans haine, tu respectes les ennemis vaincus, tu n'abandonnes jamais ni tes morts, ni tes blessés, ni tes armes. | In combat, you act without passion and without hate, you respect defeated enemies, and you never abandon your dead, your wounded, or your arms. |
In contrast to all other French Army units, the motto embroidered on the Foreign Legion's regimental flags is notHonneur et Patrie (Honour and Fatherland) butHonneur et Fidélité (Honour and Fidelity).[80]
Legio Patria Nostra (in FrenchLa Légion est notre Patrie, in EnglishThe Legion is our Fatherland) is the Latin motto of the Foreign Legion.[80] The adoption of the Foreign Legion as a new "Fatherland" does not imply the repudiation by the legionnaire of his original nationality. The Foreign Legion is required to obtain the agreement of any legionnaire before he is placed in any situation where he might have to serve against his country of birth.
The Legion's emblem consists of a flamingheraldic grenade in the shape of a Frenchfleur-de-lis.
All volunteers in the Foreign Legion begin their careers as basic legionnaires with one in four eventually becoming asous-officier (non-commissioned officer).[85] On joining, a new recruit receives a monthly salary of €1,572 in addition to food and lodgings.[86] He is also given his own new rifle, which according to the lore of the Legion must never be left on a battlefield.[11] Promotion is concurrent with theranks in the French Army.
| Foreign Legion rank | Equivalent rank | NATO Code | Period of service | Insignia[88][89] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Engagé Volontaire | Recruit | – | 15 weeks basic training. | None |
| Legionnaire 2e Classe | Private / 2nd Class Legionnaire | OR-1 | Promoted after completion of training andMarche képi blanc (White Kepi march). |  |
| Legionnaire 1e Classe | Private / 1st Class Legionnaire | OR-2 | Promoted after ten months of service. |  |
| Caporal | Corporal | OR-3 | Promotion possible after one year of service and completion of theFonctionnaire Caporal (or Caporal "Fut Fut") course. Recruits selected for this course need to show good leadership skills during basic training. |  |
| Caporal-Chef | Senior Corporal | OR-4 | Promotion after six years of service. |  |
| Table note: Command insignia in the Foreign Legion use gold lace or braid indicatinginfantry troops in theFrench Army. TheLégion étrangère service color is green (for the now-defunct colonialArmée d'Afrique) instead of red (regular infantry). | ||||
Adress uniform's insignia is composed of three components; rank emblem, regimental patch, and seniority chevrons. In the one pictured, the three upward pointing gold chevrons indicate aSergent-chef. The diamond-shaped regimental patch (Écusson) is formed of three green diamond shapes surrounding a grenade emblem, with the three diamonds indicating a Colonial unit, in comparison to one diamond for a unit of Regulars, or two diamonds for a Reserves unit. The Légiongrenade emblem has seven flames rather than the usual five, and the two downward pointingseniority chevrons indicate at least 10 years of service. SomeCaporals-Chef may have as many as six seniority chevrons for 30 or more years of service. This style of insignia is worn only on the left sleeve of the dress uniform, while a similar-sized insignia without the regimental diamond and seniority chevrons is worn on the right sleeve. An exception exists for the right sleeve insignia for the Pioneer units, which incorporates a gold or green Pioneer emblem, depending on rank, but not the seniority chevrons, which are worn on the left sleeve insignia below the regimental diamond as previously described.
Sous-officiers (NCOs) includingwarrant officers account for 25% of the current Foreign Legion's total manpower.
| Foreign Legion rank | Equivalent rank | NATO Code | Period of service | Insignia |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sergent | Sergeant | OR-5 | Promotion after three years of service asCaporal. |  |
| Sergent-Chef | Senior Sergeant | OR-6 | Promotion after three years asSergent and from seven to fourteen years of service. |  |
| Adjudant | Warrant Officer | OR-8 | Promotion after three years asSergent-Chef. |  |
| Adjudant-Chef[a] | Chief Warrant Officer | OR-9 | Promotion after four years asAdjudant and at least fourteen years of service. |  |
| Major[b] | Major[90] | OR-9 | Promotion after either passing an examination or without an examination after a minimum of fourteen years service. |  |
| ||||
Most officers are regulars of the French Army though roughly 10% are former non-commissioned officers promoted from the ranks.[85]
| Foreign Legion rank | Equivalent rank | NATO Code | Command responsibility | Insignia |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aspirant | Officer Designate | OF-D | Officer Designate. Technically it is not a commissioned rank but it is still treated in all respects as one. Aspirants are either officers in training or volunteers serving as temporary officers. S/He may afterwards apply to obtain permanent commissioned status as a Sous-lieutenant.[91] |  |
| Sous-Lieutenant | Second lieutenant | OF-1 | Junior section leader |  |
| Lieutenant | First lieutenant | OF-1 | Platoon commander |  |
| Capitaine | Captain | OF-2 | Company commander |  |
| Commandant | Major | OF-3 | Battalion commander |  |
| Lieutenant-Colonel | Lieutenant colonel | OF-4 | Junior commander of arégiment ordemi-brigade |  |
| Colonel | Colonel | OF-5 | Régiment ordemi-brigade commander |  |
| Général de brigade | Brigadier general | OF-6 | Commander of abrigade composed ofrégiments ordemi-brigades. |  |
| Général de division | Divisional general | OF-7 | Entiredivision or Army Corps of the French Foreign Legion (Commandement de la Légion étrangère)[92] |  |
The Foreign Legion uses gold colouredchevrons (chevrons d'ancienneté) pointed downward to indicate seniority. Worn by ordinary legionnaires and non-commissioned officers beneath the rank insignia and regimental emblem only on the left sleeve of the dress uniform,[93] each chevron denotes five years of service in the Legion. Seniority chevrons are not worn by commissioned officers.
Honorary ranks have been awarded by the French Army to individuals credited with exceptional acts of courage since 1796. In the Foreign Legion, GeneralPaul-Frédéric Rollet introduced the practice of awarding honorary Legion ranks to distinguished individuals, both civilian and military, in the early 20th century.
Recipients of these honorary appointments had participated with units of the Legion on active service in an exemplary manner, or had rendered exceptional service to the Legion in non-combat situations.[94] More than 1,200 individuals have been granted honorary ranks in the Legionpour services éminent. The majority of these awards have been made to military personnel in wartime, earning titles such asLegionnaire d'Honneur orSergent-Chef de Légion d'honneur, while other recipients have included nurses, journalists, painters, and ministers who have rendered meritorious service to the Foreign Legion.[94]
ThePionniers (pioneers) are thecombat engineers and atraditional unit of the Foreign Legion. Thesapper traditionally sport largebeards, wear leather aprons and gloves and hold axes. The sappers were very common in European armies during the Napoleonic Era but progressively disappeared during the 19th century. The French Army, including the Legion disbanded its regimental sapper platoons in 1870. However, in 1931 one of a number of traditions restored to mark the hundredth anniversary of the Legion's founding was the reestablishment of its beardedPionniers.[95]
In the French Army, since the 18th century, every infantry regiment included a small detachment of pioneers. In addition to undertaking road building and entrenchment work, such units were tasked with using their axes and shovels to clear obstacles under enemy fire opening the way for the rest of the infantry. The danger of such missions was recognised by allowing certain privileges, such as being authorised to wear beards.
The current pioneer platoon of the Foreign Legion is provided by the Legion depot and headquarters regiment for public ceremonies.[96] The unit has reintroduced the symbols of theNapoleonic sappers: the beard, the axe, the leather apron, the crossed-axes insignia and the leather gloves. When parades of the Foreign Legion are opened by this unit, it is to commemorate the traditional role of the sappers "opening the way" for the troops.[95]
Also notable is the marching pace of the Foreign Legion. In comparison to the 116-step-per-minute pace of other French units, the Foreign Legion has an 88-step-per-minute marching speed. It is also referred to by Legionnaires as the "crawl". This can be seen at ceremonial parades and public displays attended by the Foreign Legion, particularly while parading in Paris on 14 July (Bastille Day Military Parade). Because of the impressively slow pace, the Foreign Legion is always the last unit marching in any parade. The Foreign Legion is normally accompanied by its own band, which traditionally plays the march of any one of the Foreign Legion's regiments, except that of the unit actually on parade. The regimental song of each unit and "Le Boudin" is sung by legionnaires standing at attention. Also, because the Foreign Legion must always stay together, it does not break formation into two when approaching the presidential grandstand, as other French military units do, in order to preserve the unity of the Legion.
Contrary to popular belief, the adoption of the Foreign Legion's slow marching speed was not due to a need to preserve energy and fluids during long marches under the hot Algerian sun. Its exact origins are unclear, but the official explanation is that although the pace regulation does not seem to have been instituted before 1945, it hails back to the slow marching pace of theAncien Régime, and its reintroduction was a "return to traditional roots".[97] This was in fact, the march step of the Foreign Legion's ancestor units – theRégiments Étrangers or Foreign Regiments of theAncien Régime French Army, theGrande Armée's foreign units, and the pre-1831 foreign regiments.
"Le Boudin"[5][98] is the marching song of the Foreign Legion.
From its foundation until World War I the Foreign Legion normally wore the uniform of the French line infantry for parade with a few special distinctions.[105] Essentially this consisted of a dark blue coat (later tunic) worn withred trousers. The field uniform was often modified under the influence of the extremes of climate and terrain in which the Foreign Legion served.Shakos were soon replaced by the light clothkepi, which was far more suitable for North African conditions. The practice of wearing heavycapotes (greatcoats) on the march andvestes (short hip-length jackets) as working dress in barracks was followed by the Foreign Legion from its establishment.[106]One short lived aberration was the wearing of green uniforms in 1856 by Foreign Legion units recruited in Switzerland for service in theCrimean War.[107] In the Crimea itself (1854–1859) a hooded coat and red or blue waist sashes were adopted for winter dress,[108] while during the Mexican Intervention (1863–1865) straw hats or sombreros were sometimes substituted for the kepi.[109][110] When the latter was worn it was usually covered with a white "havelock" (linen cover) – the predecessor of the white kepi that was to become a symbol of the Foreign Legion. Foreign Legion units serving in France during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 were distinguishable only by minor details of insignia from the bulk of the French infantry. However subsequent colonial campaigns saw an increasing use of special garments for hot weather wear such as collarlesskeo blouses inTonkin 1884–1885,khaki drill jackets in Dahomey (1892)[111] and drab coveredtopees worn with all-white fatigue dress in Madagascar[112] (1895).[113]
In the early 20th century the legionnaire wore a red kepi with blue band and piping, dark blue tunic with red collar, red cuff patches, and red trousers.[114] Distinctive features were the greenepaulettes (replacing the red of the line) worn with red woollen fringes;[115] plus the embroidered Legion badge of a red flaming grenade, worn on the kepi front instead of a regimental number.[116] In the field a light khaki cover was worn over the kepi, sometimes with a protective neck curtain attached. The standard medium-blue double breasted greatcoat (capote) of the French infantry was worn, usually buttoned back to free the legs for marching.[117] From the 1830s the legionnaires had worn a broad blue woollensash around the waist,[118] like other European units of theFrench Army of Africa (such as theZouaves or theChasseurs d'Afrique), while indigenous units of the Army of Africa (spahis andtirailleurs) wore red sashes. White linen trousers tucked into short leather leggings were substituted for red serge in hot weather.[119] This was the origin of the "Beau Geste" image.
In barracks a white bleached kepi cover was often worn together with a short dark blue jacket ("veste") or white blouse plus white trousers. The original kepi cover was khaki and due to constant washing turned white quickly. The white or khaki kepi cover was not unique to the Foreign Legion at this stage but was commonly seen amongst other French units in North Africa. It later became particularly identified with the Foreign Legion as the unit most likely to serve at remote frontier posts (other than locally recruited tirailleurs who worefezzes orturbans). The variances of climate in North Africa led the French Army to the sensible expedient of letting local commanders decide on the appropriate "tenue de jour" (uniform of the day) according to circumstances. Thus a legionnaire might parade or walk out in blue tunic and white trousers in hot weather, blue tunic and red trousers in normal temperatures or wear the blue greatcoat with red trousers under colder conditions. The sash could be worn with greatcoat, blouse or veste but not with the tunic. Epaulettes were a detachable dress item worn only with tunic or greatcoat for parade or off duty wear.[120]
Officers wore the same dark blue (almost black) tunics as those of their colleagues in the French line regiments, except that black replaced red as a facing colour on collar and cuffs.[121] Gold fringed epaulettes were worn for full dress and rank was shown by the number of gold rings on both kepi and cuffs. Trousers were red with black stripes or white according to occasion or conditions. All-white or light khaki uniforms (from as early as the 1890s) were often worn in the field or for ordinary duties in barracks.[122]Non-commissioned officers were distinguished by red or gold diagonal stripes on the lower sleeves of tunics, vestes and greatcoats.[123] Small detachable stripes were buttoned on to the front of the white shirt-like blouse.
Prior to 1914 units in Indo-China wore white or khakiColonial Infantry uniforms with Foreign Legion insignia, to overcome supply difficulties.[124] This dress included a whitesun helmet of a model that was also issued to Foreign Legion units serving in the outposts of Southern Algeria, though never popular with its wearers.[125] During the initial months of World War I, Foreign Legion units serving in France wore the standard blue greatcoat and red trousers of the French line infantry, distinguished only by collar patches of the same blue as the capote, instead of red.[126] After a short period in sky-blue the Foreign Legion adopted khaki, in common with other units of theArmée d'Afrique, with steel helmets, from early 1916.[127][128] A mustard shade of khaki drill had been worn on active service in Morocco from 1909, replacing the classic blue and white.[129] The latter continued to be worn in the relatively peaceful conditions of Algeria throughout World War I, although increasingly replaced by khaki drill. The pre-1914 blue and red uniforms could still be occasionally seen as garrison dress in Algeria until stocks were used up about 1919.
During the early 1920s plain khaki drill uniforms of a standard pattern became universal issue for the Foreign Legion with only the red and blue kepi (with or without a cover) and green collar braiding to distinguish the Legionnaire from other French soldiers serving in North African and Indo-China. The neck curtain ceased to be worn from about 1915, although it survived in the newly raised Foreign Legion Cavalry Regiment into the 1920s. The white blouse (bourgeron) and trousers dating from 1882 were retained for fatigue wear until the 1930s.[130]
At the time of the Foreign Legion's centennial in 1931, a number of traditional features were reintroduced at the initiative of the then commander Colonel Rollet.[131] These included the blue sash and green/red epaulettes. In 1939 the white covered kepi won recognition as the official headdress of the Foreign Legion to be worn on most occasions, rather than simply as a means of reflecting heat and protecting the blue and red material underneath. The Third Foreign Infantry Regiment adopted white tunics and trousers for walking-out dress during the 1930s[132]and all Foreign Legion officers were required to obtain full dress uniforms in the pre-war colours of black and red from 1932 to 1939.
During World War II the Foreign Legion wore a wide range of uniform styles depending on supply sources. These ranged from the heavy capotes andAdrian helmets of 1940 through to British battledress and American field uniforms from 1943 to 1945. The white kepi was stubbornly retained whenever possible.
From 1940 until 1963 the Foreign Legion maintained four Saharan Companies (Compagnies Sahariennes) as part of the French forces used to patrol and police the desert regions to the south of Morocco and Algeria. Special uniforms were developed for these units, modeled on those of the French officered Camel Corps (Méharistes) having prime responsibility for the Sahara. In full dress these included black or white zouave style trousers, worn with white tunics and long flowing cloaks. The Legion companies maintained their separate identity by retaining their distinctive kepis, sashes and fringed epaulettes.
The white kepis, together with the sash[133] and epaulettes survive in the Foreign Legion's modern parade dress. Since the 1990s the modern kepi has been made wholly of white material rather than simply worn with a white cover. Officers and senior noncommissioned officers still wear their kepis in the pre-1939 colours of dark blue and red. A green tie and (for officers) a green waistcoat recall the traditional branch colour of the Foreign Legion. From 1959 a greenberet (previously worn only by the legion's paratroopers) became the universal ordinary duty headdress, with the kepi reserved for parade and off duty wear.[134][135] Other items of currently worn dress are the standard issue of theFrench Army.
The Legion is basically equipped with the same equipment as similar units elsewhere in the French Army. These include:
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Beyond its reputation as an elite unit often engaged in serious fighting, the recruitment practices of the Foreign Legion have also led to a somewhat romanticised view of it being a place for disgraced or "wronged" men looking to leave behind their old lives and start new ones. This view of the legion has been used for dramatic effect in many films, not the least of which are the several versions ofBeau Geste. In Evelyn Waugh'sBrideshead Revisited, Sebastian Flyte's German companion, Kurt, has dishonourably left the Foreign Legion. Three songs byEdith Piaf, most notably "Non, je ne regrette rien" (No, I regret nothing), became associated with the legion, during the 1960s when members of the Legion were accused of being implicated in a failedcoup d'état during theAlgerian War.[136] Today it is still a popular Legion "chant" sung when on parade, adapting it to their unique marching cadence of 88 steps to the minute. Various fictional portrayals and references to the legion have been made over the years, such as in film, television, music, video games[137] and art. The comic stripCrock, which depicted life in the legion, ran from 1975 to 2012.
TheEver Victorious Army was the name given to a Chinese imperial army in the late 19th century. Commanded byFrederick Townsend Ward, the new force originally comprised about 200 mostly European mercenaries, recruited in theShanghai area from sailors, deserters and adventurers. Many were dismissed in the summer of 1861, but the remainder became the officers of the Chinese soldiers recruited mainly in and around Sungkiang (Songjiang). The Chinese troops were increased to 3,000 by May 1862, all equipped with Western firearms and equipment by the British authorities in Shanghai. Throughout its four-year existence the Ever Victorious Army was mainly to operate within a thirty-mile radius of Shanghai. It was disbanded in May 1864 with 104 foreign officers and 2,288 Chinese soldiers being paid off. The bulk of the artillery and some infantry transferred to the Chinese Imperial forces. It was the first Chinese army trained in European techniques, tactics, and strategy.
In Israel,Mahal (Hebrew:מח"ל, an acronym forMitnadvei Ḥutz LaAretz, which meansVolunteers from outside the Land [of Israel]) is a term designating non-Israelis serving in the Israeli military. The term originates with the approximately 4,000 both Jewish and non-Jewish volunteers who went toIsrael to fight in the1948 Arab–Israeli War includingAliyah Bet.[138] The original Mahalniks were mostly World War IIveterans who had previously served in theAmerican andBritish armed forces.[139]
Today, there is a program,Garin Tzabar, within the Israeli Ministry of Defense that administers the enlistment of non-Israeli citizens in the country's armed forces. Programs enable foreigners to join theIsrael Defense Forces if they are of Jewish descent (which is defined as at least one grandparent).
During theRhodesian Bush War of the 1960s and 1970s, theRhodesian Security Forces enlisted volunteers from overseas on the same pay and conditions of service as locally based regulars.[140] The vast majority of the Rhodesian Army's foreigners joined theRhodesian Light Infantry (RLI), a heliborne commando regiment with a glamorous international reputation;[141] this unit became colloquially known as the "Rhodesian foreign legion" as a result, even though foreigners never made up more than about a third of its men. According to Chris Cocks, an RLI veteran, "the RLI was a mirror of the French Foreign Legion, in that recruiters paid little heed as to a man's past and asked no questions. ... And like the Foreign Legion, once in the ranks, a man's past was irrelevant."[142] Just as French Foreign Legionnaires must speak French, the Rhodesian Army required its foreigners to be English-speakers. Many of them were professional soldiers, attracted by the regiment's reputation—mostly formerBritish soldiers, orVietnam veterans from theUnited States,Australian andNew Zealand forces—and these became a key part of the unit.[143] Others, with no military experience, were often motivated to join the Rhodesian Army bytheir opposition to communism, or a desire for adventure or to escape the past.[142]
After the Rhodesians' overseas recruiting campaign for English-speakers, started in 1974, proved successful, they began recruiting French-speakers as well, in 1977. These francophone recruits were placed in their own unit,7 Independent Company,Rhodesia Regiment, which was commanded by French-speaking officers and operated entirely in French. The experiment was not generally considered a success by the Rhodesian commanders, however, and the company was disbanded in early 1978.[144]
In 2010 the service conditions of theArmed Forces of the Russian Federation changed to allow foreigners. The actual term Russian "Foreign Legion" is a colloquial expression without any official recognition. Under the plan, foreigners without dual citizenship are able to sign up for five-year contracts and will be eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years. Experts say the change opens the way forCommonwealth of Independent States citizens to get fast-track Russian citizenship, and counter the effects of Russia'sdemographic crisis on its army recruitment.[145]
During thewar in Donbas, the separatistDonetsk People's Republic recruited foreigners who were ideologically aligned to Russia to come fight for them. This resulted in the formation of the Novo-Russia Foreign Legion, with hundreds of foreigners having reportedly joined its ranks.[146] Ukraine reported that in 2015 around 30,000 foreign fighters were fighting for the separatists with the main nationalities being Russian and Serbian, with westerners making up a minority of fighters.[147]
The SpanishTercio de Extranjeros was created in 1920, in direct emulation of the French Foreign Legion. It subsequently had a significant role in Spain's colonial wars inMorocco and in theSpanish Civil War on the Nationalist side. The Spanish Foreign Legion recruited foreigners until 1986 but unlike its French model, the number of non-Spanish recruits never exceeded 25%, most of these from Latin America. It is now called theSpanish Legion and has been involved in several modern conflicts and operations, including Afghanistan and the UN Mission in LebanonUNIFIL .[148][149][150]
TheGeorgian Legion was formed fighting on the side ofUkraine in thewar in Donbas and theRusso-Ukrainian War.[151] The unit was organized in 2014,[152] and in 2016 it was transferred under the control of theUkrainian Army, under the 25th Mechanized Infantry Battalion "Kyiv Rus".[153] Although formed by mostly ethnicGeorgian volunteers, and commanded by veteran Georgian officerMamuka Mamulashvili,[154][152] the legion was noted as being particularly good at recruiting Americans;[155] before the formation of theInternational Legion of Ukraine in 2022, most foreign fighters served the Georgian Legion.[156]
In response to the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the government of Ukraine quickly established a component of itsTerritorial Defense Forces consisting of volunteers from foreign countries.[157] Within the International Legion, some single nationality battalions were established to avoidlanguage barriers in order to facilitate their rapid response to the invasion.[158]
The following is a list of notable people who are or were members of the Foreign Legion:
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Glen Slick is an American bearing arms for President Mitterrand, not President Bush. He's one of 27 nationalities here with the French Foreign Legion.
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