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Rail freight transport is the use ofrailways andtrains to transportcargo as opposed to humanpassengers.

Afreight train, cargo train, or goods train is a group offreight cars (US) orgoods wagons (International Union of Railways) hauled by one or morelocomotives on a railway, transporting cargo all or some of the way between the shipper and the intended destination as part of thelogistics chain. Trains may haulbulk material,intermodal containers, general freight or specialized freight in purpose-designed cars.^[1] Rail freight practices and economics vary by country and region.

When considered in terms of ton-miles or tonne-kilometers hauled,energy efficiency can be greater with rail transportation than with other means. Maximum economies are typically realized with bulk commodities (e.g.,coal), especially when hauled over long distances. Moving goods by rail often involvestransshipment costs, particularly when the shipper or receiver lack direct rail access. These costs may exceed that of operating the train itself, a factor that practices such ascontainerization,trailer-on-flatcar orrolling highway aim to minimize.

Traditionally, large shippers builtfactories andwarehouses near rail lines and had a section of track on their property called asiding where goods were loaded onto or unloaded from rail cars. Other shippers had their goods hauled (drayed) by wagon or truck to or from agoods station (freight station in US). Smaller locomotives transferred the rail cars from the sidings and goods stations to aclassification yard, where each car was coupled to one of several long-distance trains being assembled there, depending on that car's destination. When long enough, or based on a schedule, each long-distance train was then dispatched to another classification yard. At the next classification yard, cars areresorted. Those that are destined for stations served by that yard are assigned to local trains for delivery. Others are reassembled into trains heading to classification yards closer to their final destination. A single car might be reclassified orswitched in several yards before reaching its final destination, a process that made rail freight slow and increased costs. Because, of this, freight rail operators have continually tried to reduce these costs by reducing or eliminating switching in classification yards through techniques such asunit trains andcontainerization, and in some countries these have completely replaced mixed freight trains.^[3] In many countries, railroads have been built to haul one commodity, such as coal or ore, from an inland point to a port.^{[citation needed]}

Rail freight uses many types ofgoods wagon (UIC) or freight car (US). These includebox cars (US) orcovered wagons (UIC) for general merchandise,flat cars (US) orflat wagons (UIC) for heavy or bulky loads,well wagons or "low loader" wagons for transporting road vehicles; there arerefrigerator vans for transporting food, simple types of open-topped wagons for transporting bulk material, such asminerals andcoal, andtankers for transporting liquids and gases. Most coal and aggregates are moved inhopper wagons orgondolas (US) oropen wagons (UIC) that can be filled and discharged rapidly, to enable efficient handling of the materials.^{[citation needed]}

Rail transport is very energy-efficient, and much more environmentally friendly than road transport.^[2][4] Compared to road transport whісh employs the uѕе oftrucks (lorries), rail transportation ensures that goods that соuld оtherwіѕе be transported on а number of trucks are transported in а single shipment. Thіѕ saves а lot аѕ fаr аѕ cost connected to the transportation are concerned.^[5] Rail freight transport also has very lowexternal costs.^[2] Therefore, many governments have been stimulating the switch of freight from trucks onto trains, because of the environmental benefits that it would bring.^[2][4] Railway transport andinland navigation (also known as 'inland waterway transport' (IWT) or 'inland shipping') are similarly environmentally friendly modes of transportation, and both form major parts of the 2019European Green Deal.^[2]

In Europe (particularly Britain), many manufacturing towns developed before the railway. Many factories did not have direct rail access. This meant that freight had to be shipped through agoods station, sent by train and unloaded at another goods station for onward delivery to another factory. When lorries (trucks) replaced horses it was often economical and faster to make one movement by road. In the United States, particularly in theWest andMidwest, towns developed with railway and factories often had a direct rail connection. Despite the closure of many minor lines carload shipping from one company to another by rail remains common.^{[citation needed]}

Railroads were early users of automatic data processing equipment, starting at the turn of the twentieth century withpunched cards andunit record equipment.^[6] Many rail systems have turned to computerized scheduling and optimization for trains which has reduced costs and helped add more train traffic to the rails.^{[citation needed]}

Freight railroads' relationship with other modes of transportation varies widely. There is almost no interaction withairfreight, close cooperation with ocean-going freight and a mostly competitive relationship with long distance trucking and barge transport. Many businesses ship their products by rail if they are shipped long distance because it can be cheaper to ship in large quantities by rail than by truck; however barge shipping remains a viable competitor where water transport is available.^[7]

Freight trains are sometimes illegally boarded by individuals who do not have the money or the desire to travel legally, a practice referred to as "hopping". Most hoppers sneak into train yards and stow away in boxcars. Bolder hoppers will catch a train "on the fly", that is, as it is moving, leading to occasional fatalities, some of which go unrecorded. The act of leaving a town or area, by hopping a freight train is sometimes referred to as "catching-out", as in catching a train out of town.^[8]

Bulk cargo constitutes the majority of tonnage carried by most freight railroads. Bulk cargo iscommoditycargo that is transportedunpackaged in large quantities. These cargo are usually dropped or poured, with a spout or shovel bucket, as a liquid or solid, into arailroad car. Liquids, such as petroleum and chemicals, and compressed gases are carried by rail intank cars.^[9]

Hopper cars are freight cars used to transport dry bulk commodities such ascoal,ore,grain,track ballast, and the like. This type of car is distinguished from agondola car (US) oropen wagon (UIC) in that it has opening doors on the underside or on the sides to discharge its cargo. The development of the hopper car went along with the development of automated handling of such commodities, with automated loading and unloading facilities. There are two main types of hopper car: open and covered;Covered hopper cars are used for cargo that must be protected from the elements (chiefly rain) such as grain, sugar, and fertilizer. Open cars are used for commodities such as coal, which can get wet and dry out with less harmful effect. Hopper cars have been used by railways worldwide whenever automated cargo handling has been desired.Rotary car dumpers simply invert the car to unload it, and have become the preferred unloading technology, especially in North America; they permit the use of simpler, tougher, and more compact (because sloping ends are not required)gondola cars instead of hoppers.^{[citation needed]}

The heaviest trains in the world carry bulk traffic such asiron ore andcoal. Loads can be 130 tonnes per wagon and tens of thousands of tonnes per train.Daqin Railway transports more than 1 million tonnes of coal to the east sea shore of China every day and in 2009 is the busiest freight line in the world^[10] Sucheconomies of scale drive down operating costs. Some freight trains can be over 7 km long.^{[citation needed]}

Containerization is a system ofintermodal freight transport using standardshipping containers (also known as 'ISO containers' or 'isotainers') that can be loaded with cargo, sealed and placed ontocontainer ships,railroad cars, andtrucks. Containerization has revolutionized cargo shipping. As of 2009^[update] approximately 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide is moved by containers stacked on transport ships;^[11] 26% of all container transshipment is carried out in China.^[12] As of 2005^[update], some 18 million total containers make over 200 million trips per year.^{[citation needed]}

Use of the same basic sizes of containers across the globe has lessened the problems caused by incompatiblerail gauge sizes in different countries by making transshipment between different gauge trains easier.^[13]

While typically containers travel for many hundreds or even thousands kilometers on the railway, Swiss experience shows that with properly coordinated logistics, it is possible to operate a viable intermodal (truck + rail) cargo transportation system even within a country as small asSwitzerland.^[14]

Mostflatcars (flat wagons) cannot carry more than one standard 40-foot (12.2 m)container on top of another because of limitedvertical clearance, even though they usually can carry the weight of two. Carrying half the possible weight is inefficient. However, if the rail line has been built with sufficient vertical clearance, adouble-stack car can accept a container and still leaveenough clearance for another container on top. Both China and India run electrified double-stack trains with overhead wiring.^[15]

In the United States,Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) withMalcom McLean came up with the idea of the first double-stack intermodal car in 1977.^[16][17] SP then designed the first car withACF Industries that same year.^[18][19] At first it was slow to become an industry standard, then in 1984American President Lines started working with the SP and that same year, the first all "double stack" train leftLos Angeles, California forSouth Kearny, New Jersey, under the name of "Stacktrain" rail service. Along the way the train transferred from the SP toConrail. It saved shippers money and now accounts for almost 70 percent ofintermodal freight transport shipments in the United States, in part due to the generous vertical clearances used by U.S. railroads. These lines are diesel-operated with nooverhead wiring.^{[citation needed]}

Double stacking is also used inAustralia betweenAdelaide,Parkes,Perth andDarwin. These are diesel-only lines with no overhead wiring.Saudi Arabian Railways use double-stack in itsRiyadh-Dammam corridor. Double stacking is used in India for selected freight-only lines.^[15]

In some countriesrolling highway, or rolling road,^[20] trains are used;trucks can drive straight onto the train and drive off again when the end destination is reached. A system like this is used on theChannel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France, as well as on theKonkan Railway in India. In other countries, thetractor unit of each truck is not carried on the train, only the trailer.Piggyback trains are common in the United States, where they are also known astrailer on flat car orTOFC trains, but they have lost market share to containers (COFC), with longer, 53-foot containers frequently used for domestic shipments. There are alsoroadrailer vehicles, which have two sets of wheels, for use in a train, or as the trailer of a road vehicle.^{[citation needed]}

Several types of cargo are not suited for containerization or bulk; these are transported in special cars custom designed for the cargo.

• Automobiles are stacked in open or closedautoracks, the vehicles being driven on or off the carriers.
• Coils of steel strip are transported in modified gondolas calledcoil cars.
• Goods that require certain temperatures during transportation can be transported inrefrigerator cars (reefers, US), orrefrigerated vans (UIC), but refrigerated containers are becoming more dominant.
• Center beam flat cars are used to carry lumber and other building supplies.
• Extra heavy and oversized loads are carried inSchnabel cars

Less-than-carload freight is any load that does not fill aboxcar orbox motor or less than aBoxcar load.^{[citation needed]}

Historically in North America, trains might be classified as eitherway freight or through freight. A way freight generally carried less-than-carload shipments to/from a location, whose origin/destination was a rail terminal yard. This product sometimes arrived at/departed from that yard by means of a through freight.^{[citation needed]}

At a minimum, a way freight comprised a locomotive and caboose, to which cars called pickups and setouts were added or dropped off along the route. For convenience, smaller consignments might be carried in thecaboose, which prompted some railroads to define their cabooses as way cars, although the term equally applied to boxcars used for that purpose. Way stops might be industrial sidings, stations/flag stops, settlements, or even individual residences.^{[citation needed]}

With the difficulty of maintaining an exact schedule, way freights yielded to scheduled passenger and through trains.^[21] They were oftenmixed trains that served isolated communities. Like passenger service generally, way freights and their smaller consignments became uneconomical. In North America, the latter ceased,^[22] and the public sector took over passenger transportation.

This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(February 2016)

Railroads are subject to thenetwork effect: the more points they connect to, the greater the value of the system as a whole. Early railroads were built to bring resources, such as coal, ores and agricultural products from inland locations to ports for export. In many parts of the world, particularly the southern hemisphere, that is still the main use of freight railroads. Greater connectivity opens the rail network to other freight uses including non-export traffic. Rail network connectivity is limited by a number of factors, including geographical barriers, such as oceans and mountains, technical incompatibilities, particularly differenttrack gauges andrailway couplers, and political conflicts.The largest rail networks are located in North America and Eurasia. Long distance freight trains are generally longer than passenger trains, with greater length improving efficiency. Maximum length varies widely by system. (Seelongest trains for train lengths in different countries.)^{[citation needed]}

Many countries are moving to increase speed and volume of rail freight in an attempt to win markets over or to relieve overburdened roads and/or speed up shipping in the age ofonline shopping. In Japan, trends towards adding rail freight shipping are more due to availability of workers rather than other concerns.^{[citation needed]}

Rail freight tonnage as a percent of total moved by country:

• Russia: about 12% in 2016^[23] up 11%
• Japan: 5% in 2017^[24]

Rail freight ton-milage as a percent of total moved by country:

• USA: 27.4% in 2020^[25]
• China: 15.9% in 2022^[26]
• EU28: more than 20% of all "inland traffic" in 2021^[27]

There are four major interconnecting rail networks on the Eurasian land mass, along with other smaller national networks.^{[citation needed]}

Most countries in the European Union participate in an auto-gauge network. TheUnited Kingdom is linked to this network via theChannel Tunnel. TheMarmaray project connects Europe with eastern Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East via a rail tunnel under theBosphorus. The 57-kmGotthard Base Tunnel improved north–south rail connections when it opened in 2016. Spain and Portugal are mostly broad gauge, though Spain has built some standard gauge lines that connect with the European high-speed passenger network. A variety of electrification and signaling systems is in use, though this is less of an issue for freight; however, clearances prevent double-stack service on most lines.Buffer-and-screw couplings are generally used between freight vehicles, although there are plans to develop an automatic coupler compatible with the Russian SA3.SeeRailway coupling conversion.^{[citation needed]}

The countries of the formerSoviet Union, along withFinland andMongolia, participate in aRussian gauge-compatible network, usingSA3 couplers. Major lines are electrified. Russia'sTrans-Siberian Railroad connects Europe with Asia, but does not have the clearances needed to carry double-stack containers. Numerous connections are available between Russian-gauge countries with their standard-gauge neighbors in the west (throughout Europe) and south (to China, North Korea, and Iran via Turkmenistan). While the USSR had important railway connections to Turkey (from Armenia) and to Iran (from Azerbaijan'sNakhchivan enclave), these have been out of service since the early 1990s, since a number offrozen conflicts in the Caucasus region have forced the closing of the rail connections between Russia and Georgia via Abkhazia,between Armenia and Azerbaijan, andbetween Armenia and Turkey.^{[citation needed]}

China has an extensive standard-gauge network. Its freight trains useJanney couplers. China's railways connect with the standard-gauge network ofNorth Korea in the east, with the Russian-gauge network of Russia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan in the north, and with the meter-gauge network of Vietnam in the south.^{[citation needed]}

India andPakistan operate entirely onbroad gauge networks.Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts currently restrict rail traffic between the two countries to two passenger lines. There are also links from India to Bangladesh and Nepal, and from Pakistan to Iran, where a new, but little-used, connection to the standard-gauge network is available atZahedan.^{[citation needed]}

The four major Eurasian networks link to neighboring countries and to each other at severalbreak of gauge points. Containerization has facilitated greater movement between networks, including aEurasian Land Bridge.^{[citation needed]}

Canada,Mexico andthe United States are connected by an extensive, unifiedstandard gauge rail network. The one notable exception is the isolatedAlaska Railroad, which is connected to the main network byrail barge.^{[citation needed]}

Due primarily to external factors such as geography and the commodity mix favoring commodities such as coal, the modal share of freight rail in North America is one of the highest worldwide.^[28]

Rail freight is well standardized in North America, withJanney couplers and compatibleair brakes. The main variations are inloading gauge and maximum car weight. Most trackage is owned by private companies that also operate freight trains on those tracks. Since theStaggers Rail Act of 1980, the freight rail industry in the U.S. has been largely deregulated. Freight cars are routinelyinterchanged between carriers, as needed, and are identified by companyreporting marks and serial numbers. Most have computer readableautomatic equipment identification transponders. Withisolated exceptions, freight trains in North America are hauled bydiesel locomotives, even on the electrifiedNortheast Corridor.^{[citation needed]}

Ongoing freight-oriented development includesupgrading more lines to carry heavier and taller loads, particularly fordouble-stack service, and building more efficient intermodal terminals andtransload facilities for bulk cargo. Many railroads interchange in Chicago, anda number of improvements are underway or proposed to eliminate bottlenecks there.^[29] The U.S.Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 mandates eventual conversion toPositive Train Control signaling. In the 2010s, most North American Class I railroads have adopted some form ofprecision railroading.^[30]

TheGuatemala railroad is currently inactive, preventing rail shipment south of Mexico.Panama has freight rail service, recently converted to standard gauge, that parallels thePanama Canal. A few otherrail systems in Central America are still in operation, but most have closed. There has never been a rail line through Central America to South America.^{[citation needed]}

Brazil has a large rail network, mostly metre gauge, with some broad gauge. It runs some of the heaviest iron ore trains in the world on its metre gauge network.^{[citation needed]}

Argentina have Indian gauge networks in the south, standard gauge in the east and metre gauge networks in the north. The metre gauge networks are connected at one point, but there has never been a broad gauge connection. (A metre-gauge connection between the two broad gauge networks, theTransandine Railway was constructed but is not currently in service.See alsoTrans-Andean railways.) Most other countries have few rail systems. The standard gauge in the east, connect with Paraguay and Uruguay.^{[citation needed]}

The railways of Africa were mostly started by colonial powers to bring inland resources to port. There was little regard for eventual interconnection. As a result, there are a variety of gauge and coupler standards in use. A3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge network with Janney couplers serves southern Africa. East Africa usesmetre gauge. North Africa usesstandard gauge, but potential connection to the European standard gauge network is blocked by theArab–Israeli conflict.^{[citation needed]}

Rail developed independently in different parts of Australia and, as a result, three major rail gauges are in use. A standard gaugeTrans-Australian Railway spans the continent.^{[citation needed]}

In 2011, North American railroads operated 1,471,736 freight cars and 31,875 locomotives, with 215,985 employees, They originated 39.53 million carloads (averaging 63 tons each) and generated $81.7 billion in freight revenue. The largest (Class 1) U.S. railroads carried 10.17 million intermodal containers and 1.72 million trailers. Intermodal traffic was 6.2% of tonnage originated and 12.6% of revenue. The largest commodities were coal, chemicals, farm products, nonmetallic minerals and intermodal. Coal alone was 43.3% of tonnage and 24.7% of revenue. The average haul was 917 miles. Within the U.S. railroads carry 39.9% of freight by ton-mile, followed by trucks (33.4%), oil pipelines (14.3%), barges (12%) and air (0.3%).^[35]

Railways carried 17.1% of EU freight in terms of tonne-km,^[36] compared to road transport (76.4%) and inland waterways (6.5%).^[37]

Unlike passenger trains, freight trains are rarely named.^{[citation needed]} Some, however, have gained names either officially or unofficially.

• Super C
• "Juice Train"
• Coke Express
• La Bestia
• Condor

• 
  A typical U.S.classification yard inDenver,Colorado. Intermodal terminal is on the right
• 
  Freight train inRostov Oblast, Russia
• 
  Old type of steam-hauled freight train in 1964
• 
  A container train passing throughJacksonville, Florida, with 53 ft (16.15 m) containers used for shipments within North America
• 
  AM250 series,multiple unit freight train running inJapan.

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