TheFreedom Caucus, also known as theHouse Freedom Caucus, is acongressional caucus consisting ofRepublican members of theUnited States House of Representatives. It is generally considered to be the mostconservative bloc within the chamber.[1][2][3][4][5] The caucus was formed in January 2015 by a group of conservatives andTea Party movement members, with the aim of pushing the Republican leadership to the right.[6] Its first chairman,Jim Jordan, described the caucus as a "smaller, more cohesive, more agile and more active" group of conservative representatives.[7] Its current chairman,Andy Harris, is considered by some media to be a far-right politician due to some of his radical proposals.[8][9]
At the retreat in Pennsylvania, the group settled on the name Freedom Caucus. Mick Mulvaney toldRyan Lizza of theNew Yorker, "We had twenty names, and all of them were terrible. None of us liked the Freedom Caucus, either, but it was so generic and so universally awful that we had no reason to be against it." According to Lizza, "one of the working titles for the group was the Reasonable Nutjob Caucus."[31][32]
During the crisis over the funding of theDepartment of Homeland Security in early 2015, the caucus offered four plans for resolution, but all were rejected by the Republican leadership. One of the caucus leaders, Raúl Labrador, said the caucus would offer an alternative that the most conservative Republican members could support.[33][needs update]
The newly formed group declared that a criterion for new members in the group would be opposition toJohn Boehner asSpeaker of the House and willingness to vote against or thwart him on legislation that the group opposed.[34]
The House Freedom Caucus was involved in the resignation of Boehner on September 25, 2015, and the ensuingleadership battle for the new speaker.[35] Members of the caucus who had voted against Boehner for speaker felt unfairly punished, accusing him of cutting them off from positions in the Republican Study Committee and depriving them of key committee assignments.[36][37] Boehner found it increasingly difficult to manage House Republicans with the fierce opposition of conservative members of the Republican Party in the House, and he sparred with those House Republicans in 2013 over their willingness to shut down the government in pursuit of goals such as repealing the Affordable Care Act. These Republicans later created and became members of the Freedom Caucus in 2015.[34][38][39][40]
After Boehner resigned as speaker,Kevin McCarthy, theHouse majority leader, was initially the lead contender to succeed him, but the Freedom Caucus withheld its support.[41] However, McCarthy withdrew from the race on October 8, 2015, after appearing to suggest that theBenghazi investigation's purpose had been to lower the approval ratings ofHillary Clinton.[42][43] On the same day as McCarthy's withdrawal,Reid Ribble resigned from the Freedom Caucus saying he had joined to promote certain policies and could not support the role that it was playing in the leadership race.[44]
On October 20, 2015,Paul Ryan announced that his bid for thespeaker of the United States House of Representatives was contingent on an official endorsement by the Freedom Caucus.[45] While the group could not reach the 80% approval that was needed to give an official endorsement, on October 21, 2015, it announced that it had reached asupermajority support for Ryan.[46] On October 29, 2015, Ryan succeeded Boehner as the speaker of the House.[47]
On October 30, 2017,Vanity Fair published an interview with Boehner, who said of the Freedom Caucus: "They can't tell you what they're for. They can tell you everything they're against. They're anarchists. They want total chaos. Tear it all down and start over. That's where their mindset is."[48]
The group faced backlash from the Republican Party establishment during the 2016 election cycle.[49] One of its members, RepresentativeTim Huelskamp, a Tea Party Republican representing Kansas's first district, was defeated during a primary election on August 2, 2016, byRoger Marshall.[50]
Following the election of Donald Trump, Mulvaney said, "Trump wants to turn Washington upside down – that was his first message and his winning message. We want the exact same thing. To the extent that he's got to convince Republicans to change Washington, we're there to help him ... and I think that makes us Donald Trump's best allies in the House."[51] Freedom Caucus vice chairJim Jordan said that during the Trump administration, the Freedom Caucus shifted focus from passing legislation to defending the President.[52]
On March 24, 2017, theAmerican Health Care Act (AHCA), the House Republican bill to repeal and replace theAffordable Care Act, was withdrawn by Republican House Speaker Paul Ryan because it lacked the votes to pass, due in large part to opposition from Freedom Caucus Republicans who believed that the replacement provisions had the effect of failing to repeal some elements of the original Affordable Care Act.[53][54][55]
Two days later, PresidentDonald Trump publicly criticized the Freedom Caucus and other right-wing groups, such as theClub for Growth andHeritage Action, that opposed the bill. Trump tweeted: "Democrats are smiling in D.C. that the Freedom Caucus, with the help of Club For Growth and Heritage, have saved Planned Parenthood & Obamacare!"[56][57] On the same day, RepresentativeTed Poe of Texas resigned from the Freedom Caucus.[58] On March 30, 2017, Trump "declared war" on the Freedom Caucus, sending a tweet urging Republicans to "fight them" in the 2018 midterm elections "if they don't get on the team" (i.e., support Trump's proposals).[59] Vocal Freedom Caucus memberJustin Amash responded by accusing Trump of "succumb[ing] to the D.C. Establishment."[60]
In May 2019, the Freedom Caucus officially condemned one of its founding members,Justin Amash, after he called for the impeachment of President Trump over theTrump–Ukraine scandal.[63] Amash, an outspoken libertarian, announced in June 2019 that he had left the caucus; later the same year, he left the Republican Party and joined theLibertarian Party.[64][65]
In March 2020, former Freedom Caucus chair Mark Meadows was appointed asWhite House chief of staff, replacingMick Mulvaney, who was also a founding member of the Freedom Caucus.[68]
After Trump losthis bid for reelection in November 2020, many members of the Freedom Caucus supported Trump'sattempt to overturn the election results. In early December 2020, amid pressure from Trump on congressional Republicans to help him subvert the election outcome, two dozen House Republicans, including many Freedom Caucus members, sent a letter to Trump asking him to order hisAttorney General,William P. Barr, to appoint a Justice Department special counsel to investigate supposed election "irregularities", even though Barr had previously acknowledged that there was no evidence justifying such a step.[71] Several Freedom Caucus members met with officials at Trump's White House in December 2020, discussing ways to overturn the election results during the2021 United States Electoral College vote count.[72] Most Freedom Caucus members objected to thecounting of the electoral votes that formalized Trump's defeat.[73]
In April 2021, a faction within the Freedom Caucus, led byPaul Gosar andMarjorie Taylor Greene, attempted to form a new splinter group called the "America First Caucus," along withMatt Gaetz. Senior members of the Freedom Caucus reportedly reacted with "fury" to the proposal, withKen Buck publicly denouncing it.[77] The new caucus was later scrapped.[78]
In July 2022, the caucus split over theRespect for Marriage Act, which recognized a statutory right tosame-sex marriage. All caucus members voted against exceptChairperson Scott Perry (R-PA), who joined 46 other Republicans and all Democrats in voting for the bill. The Freedom Caucus adopted a formal position urging Senate Republicans to block the bill, and Perry later voted against its final passage.[83] To take a formal position on legislation, the Freedom Caucus requires the support of 80% of the caucus's members.[83]
2023–2024: 118th Congress and House leadership conflict
In December 2022, seven hardline Republicans, including Freedom Caucus ChairScott Perry and several other caucus members, sent a letter outlining demands for the next Speaker. Many echoed earlier requests made that summer, such as increasing Freedom Caucus representation on key committees, including theHouse Rules Committee and chairmanships; allowing any amendment to receive a vote if backed by at least ten percent of the Republican conference; prohibiting House Republican leaders andaffiliated PACs from interfering in primaries; reinstating themotion to vacate the chair; and codifying theHastert Rule, which bars legislation from advancing without support from a majority of House Republicans.[84][85]
McCarthy needed 218 votes from the House floor to be elected speaker in the January 3, 2023, vote.[95] After McCarthy won the internal Republican nomination, some Freedom Caucus members outspokenly supported him, including Jordan, a former McCarthy rival[96] who was set to be chairperson of the House Judiciary Committee.[84] Marjorie Taylor Greene also backed McCarthy, saying that any alternative to McCarthy would be insufficiently right-wing.[84] Other caucus members resisted supporting McCarthy, with five members saying they would vote against him, although they have not coalesced around a specific alternative candidate.[84][97][96] A third group of caucus members did not publicly support or oppose McCarthy's speakership bid, seeking to extract concessions from him.[84][97] Because the House Republicans only had a narrow majority (222–212), McCarthy could not gain a majority unless nearly all Republicans voted for him.[89][97] McCarthy warned his internal opponents that the next speaker of the House could be chosen with House Democratic votes if the Republican caucus failed to unite around him.[88] In January 2023, 19 Freedom Caucus members voted against McCarthy during the House floor vote for Speaker,[98] eventually allowing McCarthy to become Speaker only after securing extensive concessions on changing theHouse rules.[99]
On June 21, 2023, Greene engaged in a verbal argument with fellow caucus member Lauren Boebert on the House floor, in which she called the latter a "littlebitch."[100] As a result of this incident, the caucus voted bysecret ballot to expel Greene.[101]
In May 2023, Speaker McCarthy worked with the Biden administration to pass a compromise debt-ceiling reform and spending bill, with the Freedom Caucus supporting the bills as part of the compromise that got McCarthy elected speaker.[102] By suspending the debt ceiling until January 2025, the government avoided a default. The spending bill focused on issues such as military construction and veterans affairs.[103][104]
On May 31, during a procedural rule vote for the bill to end the debt ceiling crisis, 29 Freedom Caucus aligned Republicans voted against the rule. Rules are historically supported by all members of the majority party and opposed by minority members regardless of their feelings on the underlying bill. In order to ensure the bill's passage, Democratic Leader Hakeem Jeffries held up a green card to alert Democrats they could vote in favor of the measure, resulting in 52 Democrats showing their support for the procedural vote.[105][106] A majority of both the Republican and Democratic parties voted for the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, but more Republicans (71) voted against the bill than Democrats (46).[107]
Following the passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act, 11 members of the Freedom Caucus voted with Democrats to block a procedural rules vote on a Republican bill that would hinder the federal government's ability to regulate gas stoves. Freedom Caucus members said the vote was a protest of McCarthy's handling of the debt-ceiling crisis.[108] On June 12, 2023, the Freedom Caucus and McCarthy reached an agreement that resulted in the Freedom Caucus not blocking procedural votes in exchange for conservative legislation being brought to the floor.[109]
Despite the earlier agreement, in September 2023, Freedom Caucus members once again began joining with Democrats to block procedural rule votes. On September 19 and September 21, five members of the Freedom Caucus, voted with Democrats to block a vote on a military funding bill. The Freedom Caucus was angry about a proposedcontinuing resolution to avert agovernment shutdown that they argued did not do enough to cut spending.[110][111] On September 29, twenty-one Freedom Caucus members joined with Democrats to block a continuing resolution which included spending cuts and immigration restrictions. Freedom Caucus members who voted against the resolution said they would not support a temporary spending bill under any circumstance.[112]
Because of this conflict, the federal government appeared poised to shut down.[113] The Freedom Caucus threatened to depose McCarthy if he turned to Democrats to gather more votes.[114] On September 29,Politico reported that RepresentativeMatt Gaetz had reached out toCongressional Progressive Caucus chairPramila Jayapal, among other Democrats about removing McCarthy.[115] The following day, hours before a shutdown was expected to occur, the House of Representatives passed a bipartisancontinuing resolution to fund the government through November 17. The resolution was passed in the Senate and signed by PresidentJoe Biden, averting ashutdown.[116] RepresentativeMatt Gaetz, who had led resistance to McCarthy,[117] announced in an interview withCNN that he would move to remove McCarthy for working with Democrats.[118]
On October 2, Gaetz filed amotion to vacate, forcing a vote on McCarthy's removal within two legislative days.[119] Voting began the following day; McCarthy ruled out a deal with Democrats. RepresentativeTom Cole unsuccessfully moved to table the motion. The House proceeded with a successfulvote to vacate on a 216–210 vote, the first time in congressional history that the chair was vacated.[120] Eventually, the Republican conference unanimously electedMike Johnson Speaker of the House.[121]
In order to again avert a government shutdown, Mike Johnson was forced to use a suspension of the rules to pass a continuing resolution on November 14, 2023. 93 Republicans and 2 Democrats voted against the resolution.[122] The continuing resolution once again angered Freedom Caucus members. On November 15, 19 Freedom Caucus members joined with Democrats to block arule vote on a bill funding theJustice Department.[123]
On January 7, 2024, Senate Majority LeaderChuck Schumer and House Speaker Johnson agreed to a $1.59 trillion topline spending deal. The topline spending levels agreed for 2024 that was not substantially different from the deal McCarthy and President Biden had negotiated.[124] The agreement was met by outrage by the House Freedom Caucus, essentially ensuring Democrats would be required to join Republicans to pass a finalized spending bill in the House.[125] On January 10, twelve Freedom Caucus members joined Democrats to block a rule vote on an unrelated bill about electric cars in protest of the spending deal.[126]
With the House Freedom Caucus' determination to also oppose rules on any bill they did not support, Speaker Johnson was forced to rely onsuspension of rules: this special procedure allowed the immediate passage of a legislative proposal without the need for a rule vote, but required the support of two-thirds of the House. Democrats opted to vote in favor of suspension of the rules for budget legislation.[127]
On April 20, over two months after the Senate had passed a funding bill forIsrael,Taiwan, andUkraine,[128] Jeffries negotiated the legislative path for the bill and delivered a majority of Democratic votes to pass a legislative package providing aid to the three countries in separate bills, each of which passed Congress with bipartisan support and large majorities and was signed into law by President Biden.[129] The bill was voted against in committee by three Freedom Caucus members – enough to prevent it progressing under normal circumstances – but all Democrats voted for it.[130]
As the House continued to pass a series of key legislative victories that were supported by a majority of Democrats, Freedom Caucus-aligned Republicans continued to threaten to trigger another motion to vacate the chair, this time with Speaker Johnson targeted. However, Jeffries hinted at providing a lifeline to Speaker Mike Johnson in an interview withThe New York Times.[131]
The House voted to table (kill) the motion by a vote of 359-43, allowing Johnson to remain speaker.[132] 196 Republicans and 163 Democrats voted to table the motion; 11 Republicans and 32 Democrats voted against tabling the motion. The Democrats who supported Johnson claimed they did so because of the vital role he had played in providing funding for the federal government and for Ukraine.[133]
The chair of the Freedom Caucus, Bob Good, faced backlash for voting to remove Kevin McCarthy and endorsing Ron DeSantis in the2024 Republican Party presidential primaries. The leadership positions held by Good andChip Roy in the Caucus led to a rift between the Freedom Caucus and Trump.[134] Good was ultimately defeated in a 2024 primary challenge from state senatorJohn McGuire, who was endorsed byDonald Trump.Warren Davidson's support for McGuire led to his expulsion from the caucus, withTroy Nehls subsequently resigning from the caucus in support of Davidson.[135] McGuire won by a margin of 0.6%, with Good seeking a recount.[136] Good said he would resign as chair if he lost the recount, which he subsequently did lose.[137][138] Good stepped down as chair in September, when the House was back in session.[139]
Republicans voted to nominate their speaker of the House candidate on Wednesday, November 13.[142] Before the vote, members of the Freedom Caucus and theMain Street Caucus, along with speaker Mike Johnson, reached an agreement: the proposed rule changes on Conference assignments would be withdrawn; in exchange, the holdouts pledged to support a reform of the motion to vacate, which would raise the threshold to introduce it from one member to nine members. After the deal was struck, Johnson was nominated byvoice vote without opposition.[143]
Following Speaker Johnson's December 17 announcement of acontinuing resolution to avert a government shutdown, which included funding opposed by many conservative Republicans, Republican representativeThomas Massie said he would vote against Johnson in the upcoming speakership election.Politico andPunchbowl News reported that privately several other Republicans were "uncommitted" to supporting Johnson.[144][145] Later, Republican senatorsRand Paul andMike Lee, as well as Republican representativeMarjorie Taylor Greene, publicly announced that they are open to supportingElon Musk to be the next Speaker of the House.[146][147] On December 20, Freedom Caucus chairAndy Harris said he was "undecided."[148] On December 30, 2024, President-electDonald Trump endorsed Johnson through a post onTruth Social.[149][150] Despite the endorsement, multiple Republican representatives have publicly said they are uncommitted to voting for Johnson; includingVictoria Spartz,[a]Andy Biggs,Tim Burchett, andChip Roy.[152][153][154] Roy also said that "Johnson does not yet have the support to be speaker."[155][156]
Initially, during the Speaker vote, Republican RepresentativesThomas Massie voted forTom Emmer,Ralph Norman voted forJim Jordan, andKeith Self voted forByron Donalds, while RepublicansAndy Biggs,Michael Cloud,Andrew Clyde,Paul Gosar,Andy Harris, andChip Roy (all of whom were undecided going into the vote) did not respond to the initialroll call vote. The clerk then called a second time the names of those who had not replied to the first call, and all six voted for Johnson.[157] Johnson's vote count therefore stood at 216, two short of the required majority. However, after meeting with Johnson off the floor and receiving a phone call by Trump, Norman and Self shifted to supporting Johnson before the final vote was declared.[158][159]
In March 2025, Freedom Caucus memberAnna Paulina Luna worked with Democrats and some Republicans to force a vote on a bill through adischarge petition which would allow new parents tovote by proxy. The petition angered members of the Freedom Caucus, who believe that proxy voting is unconstitutional, and led them to initially vote against a procedural rules vote on Republican supported energy bills. After negotiations with House Republican leadership, the Freedom Caucus would later allow the vote to pass. Freedom Caucus leadership urged Republican leadership to raise the threshold required to force a vote on a bill through a discharge petition.[160] Paulina Luna would later resign from the Freedom Caucus. In a letter, she said her decision to resign was due to the loss of "mutual respect that has guided our caucus."[161] On April 1, Republican leadership attempted to pass a rule vote that would prevent Luna's bill from being voted on. Nine Republicans (Luna,Tim Burchett,Mike Lawler,Kevin Kiley,Nick LaLota,Jeff Van Drew,Max Miller,Greg Steube andRyan Mackenzie) joined all Democrats to block the rule vote.[162] Afterwards, Freedom Caucus hard-liners said they would vote against any rule that did not include language preventing the proxy voting bill from coming to a vote. In response, Speaker Johnson suspended voting for the remainder of that week.[163] On April 6, Paulina Luna and Johnson reached an agreement that would allow absent members to usevote pairing. Their intended vote will still be published in theCongressional Record.[164]
The caucus is positionedright-wing[10] tofar-right[11] on the political spectrum. On October 30, 2017,Vanity Fair published an interview withJohn Boehner, who said of the Freedom Caucus: "They can't tell you what they're for. They can tell you everything they're against. They'reanarchists. They want total chaos. Tear it all down and start over. That's where their mindset is."[48]
The House Freedom Caucus is affiliated with several political and advocacy organizations that support its mission and members. The House Freedom Fund is the official political action committee of the caucus, providing financial backing to conservative candidates aligned with its priorities.[167] It plays a key role in primary campaigns, often supporting challengers to Republican incumbents who are seen as insufficiently aligned with the caucus’s principles.[168][169] The Fund is closely tied to the caucus and has received support from major Republican donors to influence the outcome of competitive primaries.[170]
House Freedom Action, a Super PAC affiliated with the caucus, operates independently to run issue ads and support candidates in federal elections.[171] It has been active in high-profile races, including those involving Freedom Caucus leaders.[172][173]
In addition, the Freedom Caucus Foundation serves as a nonprofit advocacy arm that promotes the caucus’s policy goals through public outreach and media campaigns.[174] The foundation has aired television ads highlighting the legislative activities of the Caucus, including its role in shaping the2025 budget negotiations.[175][176]
The current chair of the caucus is Representative Andy Harris from Maryland, with Representative Jim Jordan as the deputy chair. In January 2022, Representative Lauren Boebert was elected as communications chair, and Representative Chip Roy as policy chair.[180]
The House Freedom Caucus does not disclose the names of its members and membership is by invitation only.[185][186]The New York Times wrote in October 2015 that the caucus usually meets "in the basement of a local pub rather than at the Capitol."[187] The caucus acts as a bloc, with decisions that are supported by 80 percent made binding on all of its members, which has strengthened its influence among House Republicans.[2]
A number of members have identified themselves, or have been identified by others, as belonging to the Freedom Caucus. There are at least 31 caucus members as of March 2025[update]; those members include:
This is adynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byediting the page to add missing items, with references toreliable sources.
^Fox, Lauren (March 24, 2017)."Why (almost) everyone hates the House Freedom Caucus".CNN. RetrievedFebruary 15, 2025.At first, there were just nine of them, but the group, which is considered the most right flank of the Republican conference, grew
^Mark Barrett,Meadows in line to lead House's most conservative wing, ‘’Asheville Citizen-Times’’ (December 3, 2016): "the House Freedom Caucus, which occupies the furthest-right position on the ideological spectrum in the U.S. House..."
Beavers, Olivia (March 26, 2017)."Republican quits House Freedom Caucus".The Hill.Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. RetrievedApril 10, 2017.Rep. Ted Poe (R-Texas) resigned Sunday from the House Freedom Caucus, indicating he did so because he wanted to vote for the Republican healthcare proposal the right-wing caucus so adamantly opposed.
Lizza, Ryan (December 7, 2015)."A House divided".The New Yorker. RetrievedApril 10, 2017.Meadows is one of the more active members of the House Freedom Caucus, an invitation-only group of about forty right-wing conservatives that formed at the beginning of this year.
French, Lauren (March 14, 2016)."House Freedom Caucus to break with leadership on budget".Politico. RetrievedJuly 14, 2016.Budget Committee Chairperson Tom Price of Georgia and Speaker Paul Ryan (R-Wis.) have labored to gain the support of the far-right caucus
Stone, Peter (October 28, 2022)."Meet the Congressman Who Is Viktor Orbán's Biggest Fanboy".The New Republic. RetrievedNovember 24, 2022.A member of the House's far-right Freedom Caucus and co-chair of the Hungarian Caucus, Harris tried to torpedo the resolution during floor debate by attacking a provision that called for setting up a NATO unit to help its members build democratic institutions.
David Hosansky, ed. (2019).The American Congress.CQ Press.ISBN978-1544350639.This set up a difficult battle for Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, R-Wis., to reach a consensus within his caucus between mainstream Republicans and the forty-member-strong Freedom Caucus, a group of far-right libertarian, isolationist, ...
Steven S. Smith; Jason M. Roberts; Ryan J. Vander Wielen, eds. (2019).The American Congress.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 14.ISBN978-1538125847.The parties are very polarized: the middle is empty, so that no Democrat is to the right of any Republican and no Republican is to the left of any Democrat. The Freedom Caucus members are located on the far right.
Homan, Patrick; Lantis, Jeffrey (December 5, 2019). ""We the People?" Historical Foundations of Factionalism".The Battle for U.S. Foreign Policy. pp. 57–87.doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30171-2_3.ISBN978-3030301705.S2CID212991762.As president, Trump has variously aligned himself with the positions of the far-right Freedom Caucus and with establishment Republican leaders.
Geyman, John (January 2018). "Crisis in U.S. Health Care: Corporate Power Still Blocks Reform".International Journal of Health Services.48 (1):5–27.doi:10.1177/0020731417729654.PMID28971720.S2CID206411764.The far-right Freedom Caucus in the House called for full repeal whatever the consequences, but by then the ACA had become more popular with the public and even drew support...
^abcMelanie Zanona (March 8, 2022)."Republican leaders face threat of revived Freedom Caucus in GOP-led House".CNN.Past iterations of the group – which was formed as an ultra-conservative alternative to the Republican Study Committee but has since become more of a Trump loyalty club – were more focused on process and transparency concerns, as well as fiscal conservatism. Some of the more veteran members of the group are still emphasizing that as a top priority.
^Jay Newton-Small (October 20, 2021)."How Paul Ryan Outfoxed House Conservatives".Time.The House Freedom Caucus has had a lot of demands of late: conditions under which they'd support anyone to be Speaker, changes they'd like to see made in the House to decentralize power, ... The as-of-yet unformed bill is almost guaranteed to have levels of spending the fiscally conservative Freedom Caucus will find highly objectionable – they have never supported any bipartisan deal that has come out of the Senate.
^abLoiaconi, Stephen (March 24, 2017)."For Freedom Caucus, defying Trump could have consequences".WJLA-TV. Archived fromthe original on April 4, 2019. RetrievedMarch 31, 2017.The House Freedom Caucus, a cadre of conservatives, libertarians and others who have shown no hesitation to buck the party leadership, has been heavily critical of the AHCA
^January 6th Committee (2022).The January 6 Report: Findings from the Select Committee to Investigate the Jan. 6 Attack on the U.S. Capitol with Reporting, Analysis and Visuals by the New York Times. Twelve. pp. 55, 58, 178,265–266, 294, 319, 435.ISBN9781538742167.OCLC1356971630.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Gould, Joe (December 8, 2020)."Defying Trump, House approves defense bill with veto-proof majority".defensenews.com. Sightline Media Group. RetrievedJanuary 24, 2020.The House Freedom Caucus, a bloc of roughly three-dozen conservatives, backed Trump's position Tuesday and said its members would vote against the bill.
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