Free Imperial City of Nuremberg Freie Reichsstadt Nürnberg (German) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1219–1806 | |||||||||
.svg) Coat of arms | |||||||||
 Nuremberg, shown within the Holy Roman Empire as at 1648 | |||||||||
 Territory of the Imperial City, with modern district borders in yellow. City lands in darker pink,condominiums in paler pink. | |||||||||
| Status | Free Imperial City | ||||||||
| Capital | Nuremberg | ||||||||
| Official languages | German | ||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholic, from 1525Lutheran | ||||||||
| Demonym | Nuremberger | ||||||||
| Government | Oligarchic republic | ||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
• First documentary mention | 1050 | ||||||||
• Großen Freiheitsbrief | 1219 | ||||||||
• Burgraviate sold to city, exc.Blutgericht | 1427 | ||||||||
| 1356 | |||||||||
1503–05 | |||||||||
| 1525 | |||||||||
| 1806 | |||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 1.200 km2 (0.463 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1648 estimate | 25,000 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Germany | ||||||||
TheFree Imperial City of Nuremberg (German:Freie Reichsstadt Nürnberg) was afree imperial city – independentcity-state – within theHoly Roman Empire. AfterNuremberg gained piecemeal independence from theBurgraviate of Nuremberg in theHigh Middle Ages and considerable territory fromBavaria in theLandshut War of Succession, it grew to become one of the largest and most important Imperial cities, the 'unofficialcapital' of the Empire, particularly because numerousImperial Diets (Reichstage) and courts met atNuremberg Castle between 1211 and 1543. Because of the manyDiets of Nuremberg, Nuremberg became an important routine place of the administration of the Empire during this time. TheGolden Bull of 1356, issued byEmperor Charles IV (reigned 1346–1378), named Nuremberg as the city where newly electedkings of Germany must hold their first Imperial Diet, making Nuremberg one of the three highest cities of the Empire.[1]
The cultural flowering of Nuremberg, in the 15th and 16th centuries, made it the center of theGerman Renaissance. Increased trade routes elsewhere and the ravages of the major European wars of the 17th and 18th centuries caused the city to decline and incur sizeable debts, resulting in the city's absorption into the newKingdom of Bavaria on the signing of theConfederation of the Rhine in 1806, becoming one of the many territorial casualties of theNapoleonic Wars in a period known as theGerman mediatisation.
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First evidence of a settlement in the Nuremberg area can be detected as early as the year 1050 BC. Later theCelts settled in the Nuremberg area,c. 400 BC. The area of the city of Nuremberg itself – and especially today's old town – has detectable traces of a settlement as early as the 9th century.[2] At that time, present-day Nuremberg was on the border between theBavarianNordgau and thestem duchy ofFranconia. Nuremberg was probably founded around the turn of the 11th century, according to the first documentary mention of the city in 1050, as the location of an Imperial castle between theEast Franks and the BavarianMarch of theNordgau.[1] From 1050 to 1571, the city expanded and rose dramatically in importance due to its location on key trade routes.
King Conrad III established aburgraviate and the first administration and courts over the surrounding Imperial territories. The first burgraves were from the Austrian House ofRaab but, with the extinction of their male line around 1190, the burgraviate was inherited by the last count's son-in-law, of theHouse of Hohenzollern. From the late 12th century to theInterregnum (1254–73), however, the power of the burgraves diminished as theStaufen emperors transferred most non-military powers to a castellan, with the city administration and the municipal courts handed over to an Imperial mayor (German:Reichsschultheiß) from 1173/74.[1][3] This castellan not only administered the imperial lands surrounding Nuremberg, but levied taxes and constituted the highest judicial court in matters relating to poaching and forestry; he also was the appointed protector of the various ecclesiastical establishments, churches and monasteries, even of thePrince-Bishopric of Bamberg. The privileges of this castellanship were transferred to the city during the late-14th and early-15th centuries. The strained relations between the burgraves and the castellan finally broke out into open enmity, which greatly influenced the history of the city.[3]
Nuremberg is often referred to as having been the 'unofficialcapital' of theHoly Roman Empire, particularly becauseImperial Diets (Reichstage) and courts met atNuremberg Castle. TheDiets of Nuremberg were an important part of the administrative structure of the empire. The increasing demands of the royal court and the increasing importance of the city attracted increased trade and commerce to Nuremberg, supported by the Hohenstaufen emperors.Frederick II (reigned 1212–50) granted theGroßen Freiheitsbrief ("Great Letter of Freedom") in 1219, includingtown rights,Imperial immediacy (Reichsfreiheit), the privilege to mint coins, and an independentcustoms policy, almost wholly removing the city from the purview of the burgraves.[1][3] Nuremberg soon became, withAugsburg, one of the two great trade centers on the route fromItaly to Northern Europe.
In 1298, theJews of the town were accused of havingdesecrated thehost and 698 were slain in one of the manyRintfleisch massacres. Behind the massacre in 1298 was also the desire to combine the northern and southern parts of the city, which were divided by thePegnitz river. Jews had been settled in that flood-prone area, but as the city leaders realised, this center of town was crucial to its future development. Hence, they decided that the Jewish population had to be removed. This area is now the place of the city market, theFrauenkirche and theRathaus.
The largest gains for Nuremberg were in the 14th century, withLouis the Bavarian (reigned 1314–47) andCharles IV (reigned 1346–78) expanding the city's powers and granting improved customs privileges. Charles'sGolden Bull of 1356 named Nuremberg as the city where newly electedkings of Germany must hold their first Imperial Diet, making Nuremberg one of the three highest cities of the Empire, along withFrankfurt, where kings were elected, andAachen, where Emperors were crowned and which had been the capital of the oldFrankish Empire.[1] The royal and Imperial connection was strengthened whenSigismund of Luxembourg (reigned 1411–37) granted the Imperial regalia to be kept permanently in Nuremberg in 1423. These remained in Nuremberg until 1796, when the advance of French troops required their removal toRegensburg and thence toVienna, where they found a new home.[1]
Charles IV had strong ties to Nuremberg, staying within its city walls 52 times and thereby strengthening its reputation amongst German cities. Charles was the patron of theFrauenkirche, built between 1352 and 1362 (the architect was likelyPeter Parler), where the Imperial court worshipped during its stays in Nuremberg.
Until the mid-13th century, the Lesser, reigning, Council consisted of 13 magistrates and 13 councillors; towards the end of the century 8 members of the practically unimportant Great Council were added, and, from 1370, 8 representatives ofartisans' associations.[3] The members of the council were chosen by the wealthier class; this custom led to the establishment of a circle of "eligibles", to which the artisan class was strongly opposed since it excluded them politically.[3] With the increasing importance of handicraft, a spirit of independence developed among the artisans, and they determined to have a voice in the city government. In 1349 the members of theguilds unsuccessfully rebelled against the patricians in theHandwerkeraufstand ("Craftsmen's Uprising"), supported by merchants and some councillors. This uprising was mainly political, with the agitators siding with theWittelsbachs in the dispute over the German kingship between Louis's Bavarian heirs and the patricians, who sided with Emperor Charles. The result of this uprising was a ban on any self-organisation of the artisans in the city, abolishing the guilds that were customary elsewhere in Europe; the unions were then dissolved, and the oligarchs remained in power while Nuremberg was a free city.[1][3]
Charles IV conferred upon the city the right to conclude alliances independently, thereby placing it upon a politically equal footing with the princes of the empire.[3] The city protected itself from hostile attacks by awall and successfully defended its extensive trade against the burgraves. Frequent fights took place with the burgraves without, however, inflicting lasting damage upon the city. After the castle had been destroyed by fire in 1420 during a feud betweenFrederick IV (since 1417margrave of Brandenburg) and the duke ofBavaria-Ingolstadt, the ruins and the forest belonging to the castle were purchased by the city (1427), resulting in the city's total sovereignty within its borders; The castle had been ceded to the city by Emperor Sigismund in 1422, on the sole condition that the Imperial suite of rooms be reserved for the Emperor's use. Through these and other acquisitions the city accumulated considerable territory.[3]
In 1431, the population was about 22,800 including 7146 persons qualified to bear arms, 381 secular and regular priests, 744 Jews and non-citizens.[3] As an emerging regional power, however Nuremberg soon came into conflict with the old dynasty, the former burgraves, who had brought large areas of the region around the city under their control as theMargrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach andElector of Brandenburg. This conflict came to a head in theFirst Margrave War in 1449–50, whenAlbert IIIAchilles, Elector of Brandenburg, tried in vain to restore his former rights over the city. TheHussite Wars,recurrence of the Black Death in 1437 and the First Margrave War had reduced the city's population to 20,800 by 1450.[3]
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The cultural flowering of Nuremberg, in the 15th and 16th centuries, made it the center of theGerman Renaissance. The years between 1470 and 1530 are generally regarded as the city's heyday. Nuremberg traded in virtually all of the then-known world:Nürnberger Tand geht durch alle Land ("Nuremberg trinkets go all through the land") and Nuremberg's wealth was known as "the Imperial Treasure Chest". The city's revenues were said to have been greater than those of the wholekingdom of Bohemia.[5] Nuremberg cities maintained trade offices in many cities, such as theNürnberger Hof in Frankfurt.
The city government was exclusively run by about 50 wealthypatrician families who had an exclusive access to the "inner city council", such as the famousTucher,Imhoff andHaller, a branch of theWelsers from Augsburg, and others, while newer families were also successful in trading. By the 15th century, more than half of the older families had extinguished and 22 new families were admitted to the "inner council". With the enactment of thedance statute of 1521, the circle of councilable families was finally established and the patriciate of then forty-two families was closed. Later, only very few further families were admitted. Among the ruling patricians were also the Behaim, Ebner von Eschenbach, Fürer von Haimendorf, Geuder vonHeroldsberg, Grundherr, Gugel, Harsdörffer (Harsdorf), Hirschvogel, Holzschuher, Koler, Kress von Kressenstein, Löffelholz von Kolberg, Muffel, Nützel, Oelhafen, Paumgartner, Peller, Pfinzing, Pirckheimer, Pömer, Rieter, Rummel, Scheurl, Schürstab, Stromer, Volckamer. Many of these wealthy families became important patrons of art. At that time, many notable artists lived and worked in Nuremberg, such asAlbrecht Dürer (1471–1528),Martin Behaim (1459–1507) built the firstglobe andPeter Henlein (c. 1485–1542) produced the firstpocket watch. Also notable from this period are thewoodcarverVeit Stoss (1447–1533), the sculptorAdam Kraft (c. 1460–1508/09) and the masterfounder and sculptorPeter Vischer the Elder (c. 1460–1529). Only literature was not as dominant as the other arts, butmeistersinger (lyric poet), playwright and shoemakerHans Sachs (1494–1576) provides at least one major literary figure who lived at this time in Nuremberg.
Nuremberg was one of the founding 27 territories of theFranconian Circle at the Diet of Augsburg on 2 July 1500. At the beginning of the 16th century, siding withAlbert IV, Duke ofBavaria-Munich, in theLandshut War of Succession led the city to gain substantial territory, resulting in lands of 25 sq mi (65 km2), becoming the largest Imperial city in the Empire,[3] acquisitions confirmed byMaximilian I in 1505. In 1525, Nuremberg accepted the ProtestantReformation, and in 1532, the religiousPeace of Nuremberg, by which theLutherans gained important concessions, was signed there.[3] During the 1552 revolution againstCharles V in theSecond Margrave War, Nuremberg endeavoured to purchase its neutrality by the payment of 100,000guilder; butAlbert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, one of the leaders of the revolt, attacked the city without declaring war and forced the conclusion of a disadvantageous peace.[3] At thePeace of Augsburg, the possessions of the Protestants were confirmed by the Emperor, their religious privileges extended and their independence from the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Bamberg affirmed, while the 1520s' secularisation of the monasteries was also approved.[3]
The state of affairs in the early 16th century,Columbus's discovery of the New World andDias'scircumnavigation of Africa and the territorial fragmentation in the Empire led to a decline in trade and, thus, the city's affluence.[3] The ossification of the social hierarchy and legal structures contributed to the decline in trade; underLeopold I (reigned 1658–1705) the patriciate was converted to a hereditary corporation, leading the merchant class to appeal to the Imperial counsellor, albeit unsuccessfully.[1] During theThirty Years' War it did not always succeed in preserving its policy of neutrality. Frequent quartering of Imperial, Swedish andLeague soldiers, war-contributions, demands for arms, semi-compulsory presents to commanders of the warring armies and the cessation of trade, caused irreparable damage to the city. The population, which in 1620 had been over 45,000, sank to 25,000.[3] In 1632 during the Thirty Years' War, the city, occupied by the forces ofGustavus Adolphus of Sweden, wasbesieged by the army of Imperial generalAlbrecht von Wallenstein. The city declined after the war and recovered its importance only in the 19th century, when it grew as an industrial center. Even after the Thirty Years' War, however, there was a late flowering of architecture and culture – secularBaroque architecture is exemplified in the layout of the civic gardens built outside the city walls, and in the Protestant city's rebuilding of theEgidienkirche, destroyed by fire at the beginning of the 18th century and considered a significant contribution to the baroque church architecture of Middle Franconia.[1]
After the Thirty Years' War, Nuremberg attempted to remain detached from external affairs, but contributions were demanded for theWar of the Austrian Succession and theSeven Years' War, the former amounting to 6.5 millionguilder.[3] Restrictions of imports and exports deprived the city of many markets for its manufactures, especially inAustria,Prussia andBavaria, eastern and northern Europe.[3] In 1790/91, the Bavarian elector,Charles Theodore, appropriated part of the land obtained by the city during the Landshut War of succession, to which Bavaria had maintained its claim; Prussia claimed and occupied part of the territory in 1796.[3][6] Realising its weakness, the city asked to be incorporated into Prussia butFrederick William II refused, fearing to offend Austria,Russia andFrance.[3] At the Imperial diet in 1803, the independence of Nuremberg was affirmed, but on the signing of theConfederation of the Rhine on 12 July 1806, it was agreed to hand the city over to Bavaria from 8 September; its population was then 25,200 and its public debt totalled 12.5 million guilder, with Bavaria guaranteeing theiramortisation.[3]
_Festung_Innenhof.jpg)
The Imperial City comprised some 1,200 square kilometres (460 sq mi), making it one of the largest imperial cities territories; after theImperial City of Bern left to join theOld Swiss Confederacy in 1353, only the Imperial Cities ofUlm andStrasbourg had anything like the same amount of land.[6] The area was divided into the Old and New Districts (German:Alte Landschaft andNeue Landschaft). The Old District, which also included Imperial forests (German:Nürnberger Reichswald), was a conglomeration of lordships and possessions of Nuremberg burghers, monasteries and social facilities. Thathigh justice (Zentgericht andFreigericht) was administered by theburgraviate – and subsequently the margraviates ofBrandenburg-Ansbach andBrandenburg-Bayreuth – was a source of constant conflict. The New District is made up of the territory gained by Nuremberg in theLandshut War of Succession; in this territory, the city had full sovereignty.[6] In 1790, around 25,000 lived with city walls and a further 35,000 in the extramural territories of the city.[6]
The territorial expansion of imperial cities since the mid-14th century had several general causes, all found in the case of Nuremberg – the weakness of imperial power and an inability to maintain law and order; the debt crisis of neighbouring landed and knightly nobles in comparison with the capital income of the burgeoning urban middle classes; and the growing need for cities to secure an adequate supply of food for its inhabitants, raw materials for its craftsmen, and military self-protection.[6] Before the end of the 18th century, with Bavarian and Prussian annexation of Nuremberger territory, the city territory was as described below:
The Old District was located mostly between theGrenzwässern ("border waters") ofErlanger Schwabach,Regnitz /Rednitz andSchwarzach. It included the suburbs ofGostenhof (since 1342 a burgravial fief of theWaldstromer family of Nuremberg, since 1477 a Nuremberg protectorate) andWöhrd (part of the burgravialAmt ofVeste, over which Nuremberg gained jurisdiction in 1427) as well as theSebald andSt Lorenz Imperial forests and theKnoblauchsland; the forests were territory directly belonging to the Empire (German:Reichsgut).[6] The fiefdom in the southern (St Lorenz) Imperial forest was jointly held by the Nuremberg families ofWaldstromer (acquired by Nuremberg in 1396) andKoler (acquired in 1372); the northern (Sebald) forest, including theKnoblauchsland, was held by the burgraves and, thus, was acquired by Nuremberg in 1427 when it purchased the burgravial holdings, including the castle and, importantly, the right of high justice.[6] Whilst this was later disputed by the Hohenzollern margraves, theReichskammergericht ("Imperial Chamber Court") confirmed these rights to Nuremberg in theFraischprozess in 1583, though it remained a constant source of friction.[6]
Before 1790, Nuremberg held theVogt and seigneurial rights for both woodlandÄmter ofSebaldi andLaurenzi in the Old District, thePflegamt ofGostenhof and theAmt of the fortress with the judicial office ofWöhrd. At the time, the high courts held jurisdiction over the Nuremberg farmers' courts, the forest courts of the two Imperial forests and thebeekeepers' courts inFeucht.[6] Within but especially outside of the Old District, there were alsoexclaves (German:Straubesitz) that were indirect estates and possessions of Nuremberg citizens and of former religious institutions (such as the monasteries secularised by the city in the 16th century) and charitable institutions (in particular theHeilig-Geist-Spital). These territories extended geographically from theSteigerwald andFranconian Switzerland in the north to the region ofGunzenhausen andGreding in the south, fromAnsbach in the west to the arc of theFranconian Jura in the east.[6] TheNürnberger Landalmosenamt ("Nuremberg rural almsAmt") alone – responsible, amongst other things, for the land of the former Nuremberger monasteries – managed around 1790 properties in over 500 locations. In 1497, excluding the exclaves, the Old District available to Nuremberg, there were over 28,000 people, living in 5780 households in 780 towns. These tenants owed to the Imperial city allegiance, obedience, military service and tax obligations.[6]
In 1504/05, the New District comprisedPflegämtern in the following places, all now inLandkreisNürnberger Land except where indicated:[6]
The structure of the NurembergPflegämter resembles the administrative structure of theElectoral Palatinate and theduchies of Bavaria office structure prior to 1504.[6] In 1513, the NurembergPflegämter were placed under the newly createdLandpflegamt as an intermediate authority. In contrast to the Old District, thePflegämter of the New District were demarcated with stones showing the limits of the city's judicial, financial and administrative powers exercised by the district.[6] Only in thePflegämter ofAltdorf andLauf and extending into parts of the Imperial forests, did the margraviate deny high justice to the city authorities; the self-government of citiesAltdorf (from 1575 including theUniversity of Altdorf),Lauf,Hersbruck,Velden,Betzenstein andGräfenberg remained under Nuremberger administration.[6]
In both Margraves' Wars (1449/50 and1552–54) and in theThirty Years' War, the city's territory and its population were violently affected by quartering of troops, looting, troop movements and disease.[6]
After the ducal line of Bavaria fell extinct and theElectorate of Bavaria was inherited byCharles Theodore,Count Palatine of Sulzbach in 1777, the Electorate began to claim Nuremberg's exclaves in theUpper Palatinate as well as counting theÄmter ofHeideck andHilpoltstein into theCounty Palatine ofNeuburg for judicial and tax purposes.[6] In 1790/91, the Electorate used its historic claim from before theLandshut War of Succession to occupy Nuremberger territories in what became known as the Bavarian Sequestrations (Bayerische Sequestrationen).[6]
Large parts of thePflegämterHiltpoltstein,Gräfenberg andVelden and were now occupied, which led to corresponding tax losses for Nuremberg; protests to the Emperor and the Empire were in vain, due to the military-political situation at the time.[6] The power-play over the Nuremberger legacy saw the Electorate providing goodwill and support toRevolutionary France in competition withPrussia, to whom the two Franconian margraviates had fallen in 1791.[6] Since then, theMinister President of Prussia,Karl August von Hardenberg (1750–1822), had been trying to create an integral Prussian Province of Franconia. When Prussia, in the course of herRevindikationspolitik, had already claimed the margravial rights ofhigh justice (Fraischbezirk) over the Old District in 1796, Nuremberg was all but restricted to the territory circumscribed by town walls; Nuremberg retained the right of high justice only over the reducedPflegamtLichtenau and the exclaves within thePrince-Bishopric of Bamberg, also diminished by annexation by the Electorate.[6]
In 1972, most of the former territories of Nuremberg – particularly those in the New District – were reunited into the BavarianLandkreis ofNürnberger Land.[6]
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