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Free-to-air (FTA) services aretelevision (TV) andradio services broadcast in unencrypted form, allowing any person with theappropriate receiving equipment to receive the signal and view or listen to the content without requiring asubscription, other ongoing cost, or one-off fee (e.g.,pay-per-view). In the traditional sense, this is carried onterrestrial radio signals and received with an antenna.
FTA also refers to channels and broadcasters providing content for which no subscription is expected, even though they may be delivered to the viewer/listener by another carrier for which a subscription is required, e.g.,cable television, theInternet, orsatellite. These carriers may be mandated (or OPT) in some geographies to deliver FTA channels even if a premium subscription is not present (providing the necessary equipment is still available), especially where FTA channels are expected to be used for emergency broadcasts, similar to the1-1-2 (112) emergency service provided by mobile phone operators and manufacturers.
On the other side,free-to-view (FTV) is generally available withoutsubscription, but it is digitally encoded and may be restricted geographically.
Free-to-air is often used forinternational broadcasting, making it something of a video equivalent toshortwave radio.Most FTA retailers list free-to-air channel guides and content available in North America for free-to-air use.
Although commonly described as free, the cost of free-to-air services is met through various means:
Up until 2012, Israel had several free-to-air channels. The major ones rating-wise wereChannel 2,Channel 10, andChannel 1. The other ones wereEducational,Channel 33, andKnesset 99.
Since 2018, Israel has several new free-to-air channels that replace their older counterparts. The major ones rating-wise: areChannel 12,Channel 13,Kan 11, andChannel 20. The others areKan Educational,Makan 33, andKnesset Channel.
In 1971, the SABC was finally allowed to introduce a television service. Initially, the proposal was for two television channels, one in English and Afrikaans, aimed at white audiences, and another, known as TV Bantu, aimed at black viewers. However, when television was finally introduced, there was only one channel with airtime divided evenly between English and Afrikaans, alternating between the two languages. Test transmissions in Johannesburg began on 5 May 1975, followed in July by ones in Cape Town and Durban. Nationwide services finally commenced on 5 January 1976.
In common with most of Western Europe, South Africa used the PAL system for colour television, being only the second terrestrial television service in sub-Saharan Africa to launch with a colour-only service, Zanzibar in Tanzania having introduced the first such service in 1973. (Tanzania itself did not establish a television service until the early 1990s, similarly concerned about the expense and perceived threat to cultural norms.) The Government, advised by SABC technicians, took the view that colour television would have to be available so as to avoid a costly migration from black-and-white broadcasting technology.
Initially, the TV service was funded entirely through a licence fee as in the UK, charged at R36. However, advertising began on 1 January 1978.
On 1 January 1982, two services were introduced, TV2 broadcasting in Zulu and Xhosa and TV3 broadcasting in Sotho and Tswana, aimed at a black urban audience. In 1985, a new service called TV4 was introduced, carrying sports and entertainment programming, using the channel shared by TV2 and TV3, which ended transmissions at 9:30 pm. In 1992, TV2, TV3 and TV4 were combined into a new service called CCV (Contemporary Community Values). A third channel was introduced known as TSS, or Topsport Surplus, Topsport being the brand name for the SABC's sport coverage, but this was replaced by NNTV (National Network TV), an educational, non-commercial channel, in 1994.
The main channel, now called TV1, was divided evenly between English and Afrikaans, as before. It also became available inWalvis Bay, an enclave of South Africa in Namibia, which was itself then under South African administration, with a live feed of the channel broadcast via Intelsat being retransmitted on a local low-power repeater.
In 1986, the SABC's monopoly was challenged by the launch of a subscription-based service known as M-Net, backed by a consortium of newspaper publishers on 1 October. However, as part of its licensing restrictions, it could not broadcast news programmes, which were still the preserve of the SABC, although M-Net started broadcasting a current affairs programme called Carte Blanche in 1988. As the state-controlled broadcaster, the SABC was accused of bias towards the apartheid regime, giving only limited coverage to opposition politicians.
In Hong Kong, the largest and most dominant television channel,Television Broadcasts Limited, was the first free-to-air commercial television channel when it commenced broadcasting on 19 November 1967. It may also well be among the oldest and first stations to broadcast over-the-air in East and Southeast Asia.
ViuTV andRTHK TV started broadcasting in 2016.
Around 600 FTA television channels and 180 radio channels are broadcast from ku-band and c-band transponders on theINSAT-4B andGSAT-15 satellite covering India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and parts of Afghanistan, and Myanmar. In India, the channels are marketed asDD Direct Plus/DD Free Dish byDoordarshan, India's national broadcaster and other Indian private broadcasterABS Free Dish from the ABS2 satellite. One can receive free-to-air regional TV channels using a small DTH antenna and a free-to-air set-top box.
In Korea,KBS,MBC (the two main public broadcasters),SBS (privately owned, but available for free to viewers), andEBS (including bothTV andradio) are the free-to-air broadcasting stations. They dominate more than 80% of advertisement profits, according to the recent survey from the agency.[ambiguous]
Due to the recent government's[which?] decision,digital television service for all free-to-air networks would be scheduled before 2012, followed by the end of analog television broadcasting.
European countries have a tradition of most television services being free-to-air. Germany, in particular, receives in excess of 100 digital satellite TV channels free-to-air. Approximately half of the television channels onSES Astra's19.2° east and28.2° east satellite positions, andEutelsat'sHot Bird (13° east) are free-to-air.
A number of European channels which one might expect to be broadcast free-to-air - including many countries' national terrestrial broadcasters - do not do so via satellite forcopyright reasons. (Rights to purchase programs for free-to-air broadcast, especially via satellite, are often higher in price than for encrypted broadcast.) The lack of FTA among public broadcasters are prevalent in countries whose broadcasters tend to use subtitles for foreign language programmes; although Spain's two public domestic channels, La Una and La Dos, are also encrypted despite dubbed foreign programmes being the norm in Spain. However, these channels usually provide a scheme to offer free, but encrypted, viewing withfree-to-view broadcasts. Certain programming on Italy'sRAI, and the majority of Dutch channels are covered by such schemes (although in the case of RAI some programming is transmitted without encryption where there are no copyright issues). InAustria, the main national networks broadcast free-to-view via satellite; however, all regional and some smaller channels are transmitted free-to-air, and the national public broadcaster,ORF, offers a special free-to-air channel which airs selected programming without (i.e. those without copyright issues) via satellite all over Europe.
As Germany and Austria speak the same language and use the same satellite, Austrian viewers are able to receive about 120 free German-speaking channels from both countries.
In general, allsatellite radio in Europe is free-to-air, but the more conventional broadcast systems in use mean thatSiriusXM style in-car reception is not possible.
Cable and satellite distribution allow many more channels to carry sports, movies and specialist channels which are not broadcast as FTA. The viewing figures for these channels are generally much lower than the FTA channels.
Various European countries broadcast a large number of channels via free-to-airterrestrial, generally as an analogPAL/SECAM transmission, digitalDVB-T/T2 or a combination of the two.
In Croatia eleven national channels are free-to-air:HRT 1,HRT 2,HRT 3,HRT 4 (HRT being national broadcaster),Nova TV,Doma TV,RTL,RTL2,RTL Kockica,CMC andSPTV. There are around 21 local or regional channels. Before June 2020, they used to be transmitted via threeOiV (state-owned public broadcasting company)DVB-T and oneDVB-T2 (HEVC/H.265)MUXes. As of June 2020, the DVB-T MUXes were switched off and all eleven national channels are now distributed via two OiV DVB-T2 (HEVC/H.265) MUXes.
In Denmark, six channels are as of 2020 free-to-air,[1] distributed via 18 main transmitter sites and 30 smaller, auxiliary transmitters.[2] The six channels (DR1,DR2,DR Ramasjang,Folketinget, TV2 Regionerne, and sign language/local programme) come in oneDVB-T2multiplex.
In France, there are 26 national television channels (MPEG-4 HD video) and 41 local television channels broadcast free-to-air via the TNT DVB-T2 service.
In Germany there are various free-to-air DVB-T services available, the number of which varies by region.Das Erste,ZDF,ZDFneo,ZDFinfo,3sat,Arte,KiKA andPhoenix are available throughout the country, in addition to at least one region-dependent channel which is provided by the regionalARD member. Additionally, ARD'sEinsFestival,EinsPlus andtagesschau24 are variously available in some parts of the country, and various commercial channels are available in metropolitan areas.
In the Republic of Ireland, there are nine television channels and 11 radio channels broadcast free-to-air via the DVB-T Saorview service. Analog PAL versions of some of the channels were also broadcast until October 24, 2012, when all analogue television broadcasting was shut down.
All of Malta's national and political party channels are available free-to-air. The national channelsTVM andTVM2,Parliament TV and the political party channelsNET and ONE, all are broadcast via the free-to-air DVB-T service.
Even HD versions of these channels are available free-to-air. The only scrambled channel in Malta is ITV Teleshopping.
In the Netherlands, three national public television channels (NPO 1,NPO 2 andNPO 3) and seven national public radio channels broadcast free-to-air via the DVB-TDigitenne service. The television and radio channels of the regional public broadcasters are also free-to-air via the DVB-T service.
In Spain, there are around 25 national and 40 regional channels, as well as many local channels and radio stations. All television channels are in HD, with at least one UHD channel (La 1). The state broadcaster,Televisión Española, is publicly-funded and does not show commercials. The two major competing networks,Atresmedia andMediaset, are privately-owned and show commercials. All broadcasts are free-to-air, and there is no concept of paying for a TV license. The acronym used for DVB-T in Spain is TDT (Digital terrestrial television in Spain [es]).
In the UK, the five main free-to-air television networks areBBC One,BBC Two,ITV,Channel 4 andChannel 5. Around 108 free-to-air television channels and 30 free-to-air radio channels are available terrestrially via the Freeview DVB-T service. Seven HD channels are also broadcast via a public service broadcast multiplex and a commercial multiplex, both DVB-T2.
The informal term "council telly" is sometimes used for free-to-air television in the UK, evoking a basic service accessible to all.[3][4]
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There are a number of competing systems in use. Early adopters used C-banddishes several feet in diameter to receive analog microwave broadcasts, and later digital microwave broadcasts using the 3.7-4.2 GHz band. Today, although large C-band dishes can still receive some content, the 11.7-12.2 GHzKu band is also used. Ku-band signals can be received using smaller dishes, often as small as under a meter (3 feet, 3 inches) in diameter, allowing FTA satellite to be picked up from smaller spaces such as apartment balconies (note, however, that these dishes are not quite as small as those commonly used for commercial services such asDish Network,DirecTV,Bell ExpressVu,Shaw Direct, etc. Dishes intended for those services may not deliver an adequate signal on Ku-band). The European-developedDVB-S andDVB-S2 standards are the most commonly used broadcast methods, with analog transmissions almost completely discontinued as of mid-2014.
The most common North American sources for free-to-air DVBsatellite television are:
Most of these signals are carried by US satellites. There is little or no free Canadian DVB-S content available to users of medium-size dishes, as much of the available Ku-band satellite bandwidth is occupied bypay-TV operatorsShaw Direct andBell Satellite TV, although larger C-band dishes can pick up some content. FTA signals may be scattered across multiple satellites, requiring a motor or multipleLNBs to receive everything. This differs from Europe, where FTA signals are commonly concentrated on a few specific satellites.
Another difference between North American FTA and FTA in most of the rest of the world is that inNorth America, very few of the available signals are actually intended for home viewers or other end-users. Instead, they are generally intended for reception by local television stations, cable system headends, or other commercial users. While it is generally thought to be legal for home viewers to view such transmissions as long as they are not encrypted, this means that there are several unique challenges to viewing FTA signals, challenges not present in other areas of the world. Among these are:
The largest groups of end-users for Ku-band free-to-air signals were initially the ethnic-language communities, as often free ethnic-language programming would be sponsored by Multilingual American Communities and their broadcasters. Depending on language and origin of the individual signals,North American ethnic-language TV is a mix ofpay-TV, free-to-air and DBS operations. Today, many American broadcasters send a multitude of programming channels in many languages, spanning many new channels, so they can get National support, which ultimately leads to carriage bycable systems, to additionally support the high costs of broadcasting signals in this way.
Nevertheless, free-to-air satellite TV is a viable addition to home video systems, not only for the reception of specialized content but also for use in locations where terrestrialATSC over-the-air reception is incomplete and additional channels are desired.
Australia has five major free-to-air networks: the twopublic broadcasting networks -ABC andSBS, and three commercial networks -Seven Network,Nine Network, andNetwork 10. Traditionally each network had only a single channel in a geographic area, but with the advent of digital television each network started broadcasting severalSD multichannels, such as7two,9Gem,10 Bold, andSBS Food, as well as at least oneHD channel. There are also free-to-aircommunity television channels in some major cities.
Viewers in remote parts of Australia are able to access many Australian free-to-air channels using the DVB-S2 OptusVAST service.
New Zealand has a number of FTA broadcasters such asTelevision New Zealand'sTVNZ 1 andTVNZ 2, as well asDiscovery New Zealand'sThree andBravo,Sky Network Television'sSky Open and the government subsidised theWhakaata Māori andTe Reo channels.
Four channels, TVNZ 1, TVNZ 2, Three, Bravo are also broadcast timeshifted by +1 hour on Freeview and Sky platforms.
A broadcast of parliament and a number of local channels were available but since have closed, such asCue TV were also available. Local stations such asCTV and Face TV (previously Triangle TV) were free-to-air analogue PAL transmissions prior to CTV migrating to the free-to-air digital DVB-T service and Face TV's terrestrial free-to-air service shutoff from December 2013.
A digital terrestrial version of Freeview was launched in 2008, which, unlike the analogue and free-to-air satellite options, supportshigh-definition broadcasts for TVNZ 1, TVNZ 2, Three and Bravo. While, airing the timeshifted channels also.[5]
InBrazil the main FTA satellite is the Star One D2, it holds approximately C-band analog channels (1985-2024), including all major networks likeTV Globo (feed SP1 digitalHDTV),SBT (feed nacional digitalHDTV),Record (feed nacional digitalHDTV), Record News (feed nacional digitalHDTV), RFTV (feed nacional digitalHDTV),RedeTV!,Band (feed nacional digitalHDTV),Cultura,Futura (feed nacional digitalHDTV),TV Verdes Mares (feed nacional digitalHDTV), Canal Gov, Canal Libras and others, 36 C-band and KU-band digitalHDTV channels.
InChile the main FTA satellite is the Hispasat 74W-1, it holds approximately 10 KU-band digitalHDTV channels including all major networks like La Red, Telecanal, TVN Regional, TVN2 Regional, Canal 24HRS, CHV, CHV2, CDTV, TV Senado, La Red Feed, Telecanal Feed and TVN Feed.
