Freddie Mercury (bornFarrokh Bulsara; 5 September 1946 – 24 November 1991) was a British singer and songwriter who achieved global fame as the lead vocalist and pianist of the rock bandQueen. Regarded as one of the greatest singers in the history of rock music, he was known for his flamboyant stage persona and four-octavevocal range. Mercury defied the conventions of a rock frontman with his theatrical style, influencing the artistic direction of Queen.
Mercury was diagnosed withAIDS in 1987. He continued to record with Queen, and was posthumously featured on their final album,Made in Heaven (1995). In 1991, the day after publicly announcing his diagnosis, he died from complications of the disease at the age of 45. In 1992,a concert in tribute to him was held atWembley Stadium, in benefit of AIDS awareness.
Mercury spent most of his childhood in India, where he began taking piano lessons at the age of seven while living with relatives.[12] In 1954, at the age of eight, Mercury was sent to study atSt. Peter's School, a British-style boarding school for boys, inPanchgani nearBombay.[13]Inheriting his father's interest inphilately, between 9 and 12 years old Mercury collected stamps, many of which were from the British Commonwealth.[14] One of the rare personal possessions of Mercury in museum ownership, his stamp album is displayed in the collection of thePostal Museum in London.[14] At the age of 12, he formed a school band,the Hectics, and coveredrock and roll artists such asCliff Richard,Elvis Presley andLittle Richard.[15][16] One of Mercury's former bandmates from the Hectics has said "the only music he listened to, and played, was Western pop music".[17] A friend recalls that he had "an uncanny ability to listen to the radio and replay what he heard on piano".[18] It was also at St. Peter's where he began to call himself "Freddie". In February 1963, he moved back to Zanzibar where he joined his parents at their flat.[19]
Fleeing to England
In the spring of 1964, Mercury and his family fled to England from Zanzibar to escape the violence of therevolution against theSultan of Zanzibar and his mainly Arab government,[20] in which thousands of ethnic Arabs and Indians were killed.[21] They moved to 19 Hamilton Close,Feltham,Middlesex, a town 13 miles (21 km) west of central London. The Bulsaras briefly relocated to 122 Hamilton Road, before settling into a small house at 22 Gladstone Avenue in late October.[22] After first studying art atIsleworth Polytechnic inWest London, Mercury studied graphic art and design atEaling Art College, graduating with a diploma in 1969.[23] He later used these skills to design heraldic arms for his band Queen.[24]
Following graduation, Mercury joined a series of bands and sold second-hand Edwardian clothes and scarves inKensington Market in London with drummer and future bandmateRoger Taylor. Taylor recalls, "Back then, I didn't really know him as a singer—he was just my mate. My crazy mate! If there was fun to be had, Freddie and I were usually involved."[25] He also held a job as a baggage handler atHeathrow Airport.[26] Other friends from the time remember him as a quiet and shy young man with a great interest in music.[27] In 1969, he joinedLiverpool-based band Ibex, later renamed Wreckage, which played "veryHendrix-style, heavy blues".[28] He briefly lived in a flat above the Dovedale Towers, a pub onPenny Lane in Liverpool'sMossley Hill district.[29][30] When this band failed to take off, he joined anOxford-based band,Sour Milk Sea, but by early 1970 this group had broken up as well.[31]
In April 1970, Mercury teamed up with Taylor and guitaristBrian May to become lead singer of their bandSmile.[23] They were joined by bassistJohn Deacon in 1971. Despite the reservations of the other members andTrident Studios, the band's initial management, Mercury chose the name "Queen" for the new band. He later said, "It's very regal obviously, and it sounds splendid. It's a strong name, very universal and immediate. I was certainly aware of the gay connotations, but that was just one facet of it."[32] At about the same time, he legallychanged his surname, Bulsara, to Mercury.[33]
Shortly before the release of Queen'sself-titled first album, Mercury designed the band's logo, known as the "Queen crest".[24] The logo combines thezodiac signs of the four band members: two lions for Deacon and Taylor (signLeo), a crab for May (Cancer), and two fairies for Mercury (Virgo).[24] The lions embrace a stylised letter Q, the crab rests atop the letter with flames rising directly above it, and the fairies are each sheltering below a lion.[24] A crown is shown inside the Q, and the whole logo is over-shadowed by an enormousphoenix. The Queen crest bears a passing resemblance to theRoyal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, particularly with the lion supporters.[24]
Artistry
Vocals
Mercury's vocal range
Although Mercury's speaking voice naturally fell in thebaritone range, he delivered most songs in thetenor range.[34] His known vocal range extended frombass low F (F2) tosoprano high F (F6).[35] He couldbelt up totenor high F (F5).[35] BiographerDavid Bret described his voice as "escalating within a few bars from a deep, throaty rock-growl to tender, vibrant tenor, then on to a high-pitched, perfectcoloratura, pure and crystalline in the upper reaches".[36] SpanishsopranoMontserrat Caballé, with whom Mercury recorded an album, expressed her opinion that "the difference between Freddie and almost all the other rock stars was that he was selling the voice".[37] She adds:
His technique was astonishing. No problem oftempo, he sang with an incisive sense of rhythm, his vocal placement was very good and he was able to glide effortlessly from a register to another. He also had a great musicality. His phrasing was subtle, delicate and sweet or energetic and slamming. He was able to find the right colouring or expressive nuance for each word.[35]
Mercury singing on stage in November 1977
The Who lead singerRoger Daltrey described Mercury as "the best virtuoso rock 'n' roll singer of all time. He could sing anything in any style. He could change his style from line to line and, God, that's an art. And he was brilliant at it."[38] Discussing what type of person he wanted to play thelead role in his musicalJesus Christ Superstar,Andrew Lloyd Webber said: "He has to be of enormous charisma, but he also has to be a genuine, genuine rock tenor. That's what it is. Really think Freddie Mercury, I mean that's the kind of range we're talking about."[39]
A research team undertook a study in 2016 to understand the appeal behind Mercury's voice.[40] Led by Professor Christian Herbst, the team identified his notably fastervibrato and use ofsubharmonics as unique characteristics of Mercury's voice, particularly in comparison to opera singers.[41] The research team studied vocal samples from 23 commercially available Queen recordings, his solo work, and a series of interviews of the late artist. They also used anendoscopic video camera to study a rock singer brought in to imitate Mercury's singing voice.[41][42]
The most notable aspect of his songwriting involved the wide range of genres that he used, which included, among other styles,rockabilly,progressive rock,heavy metal,gospel, anddisco. As he explained in a 1986 interview, "I hate doing the same thing again and again and again. I like to see what's happening now in music, film and theatre and incorporate all of those things."[46] Compared to many popular songwriters, Mercury also tended to write musically complex material. For example, "Bohemian Rhapsody" is non-cyclical in structure and comprises dozens ofchords.[47][48] He also wrote six songs fromQueen II which deal with multiple key changes and complex material. "Crazy Little Thing Called Love", on the other hand, contains only a few chords. Although Mercury often wrote very intricateharmonies, he said that he could barely read music.[49] He composed most of his songs on the piano and used a wide variety of key signatures.[47]
Live performer
Mercury performing live in September 1984
Mercury was noted for his live performances, which were often delivered to stadium audiences around the world. He displayed a highly theatrical style that often evoked a great deal of participation from the crowd.[50] A writer forThe Spectator described him as "a performer out to tease, shock and ultimately charm his audience with various extravagant versions of himself."[51]David Bowie, who performed at theFreddie Mercury Tribute Concert and recorded the song "Under Pressure" with Queen, praised Mercury's performance style, saying: "Of all the more theatrical rock performers, Freddie took it further than the rest ... he took it over the edge. And of course, I always admired a man who wears tights. I only saw him in concert once and as they say, he was definitely a man who could hold an audience in the palm of his hand."[52] Queen guitarist Brian May wrote that Mercury could make "the last person at the back of the furthest stand in a stadium feel that he was connected".[53] Mercury's main prop on stage was a brokenmicrophone stand; after accidentally snapping it off the heavy base during an early performance, he realised it could be used in endless ways.[54]
One of Mercury's most notable performances with Queen took place atLive Aid in 1985.[23] Queen's performance at the event has since been voted by a group of music executives as the greatest live performance in the history of rock music. The results were aired on a television program called "The World's Greatest Gigs".[55][56] Mercury's powerful, sustained note during thea cappella section came to be known as "The Note Heard Round the World".[57][58] In 2005,John Harris wrote, "Those who compile lists of Great Rock Frontmen and award the top spots toMick Jagger,Robert Plant et al are guilty of a terrible oversight. Freddie, as evidenced by hisDionysian Live Aid performance, was easily the most godlike of them all."[59] PhotographerDenis O'Regan, who captured a definitive pose of Mercury on stage—arched back, knee bent and facing toward the sky—during his final tour with Queen in 1986, commented "Freddie was a once-in-a-lifetime showman".[60] Queen roadie Peter Hince states, "It wasn't just about his voice but the way he commanded the stage. For him it was all about interacting with the audience and knowing how to get them on his side. And he gave everything in every show."[50]
Throughout his career, Mercury performed an estimated 700 concerts in countries around the world with Queen. A notable aspect of Queen concerts was the large scale involved.[46] He once explained, "We're theCecil B. DeMille of rock and roll, always wanting to do things bigger and better."[46] The band was the first ever to play in South American stadiums, breaking worldwide records for concert attendance in theMorumbi Stadium in São Paulo in 1981.[61] In 1986, Queen also played behind theIron Curtain when they performed to a crowd of 80,000 inBudapest, in what was one of the biggest rock concerts ever held in Eastern Europe.[62] Mercury'sfinal live performance with Queen took place on 9 August 1986 atKnebworth Park in England and drew an attendance estimated as high as 200,000.[63] A week prior to Knebworth, May recalled Mercury saying "I'm not going to be doing this forever. This is probably the last time."[63] With the British national anthem "God Save the Queen" playing at the end of the concert, Mercury's final act on stage saw him draped in a robe, holding a golden crown aloft, bidding farewell to the crowd.[64][65]
Instrumentalist
Mercury playing rhythm guitar during a Queen concert in Frankfurt, West Germany, 1984
As a young boy in India, Mercury received formal piano training up to the age of nine. Later on, while living in London, he learned guitar. Much of the music he liked was guitar-oriented: his favourite artists at the time werethe Who,the Beatles,Jimi Hendrix,David Bowie, andLed Zeppelin. He was often self-deprecating about his skills on both instruments. Brian May said that Mercury "had a wonderful touch on the piano. He could play what came from inside him like nobody else – incredible rhythm, incredible passion and feeling."[66] KeyboardistRick Wakeman praised Mercury's playing style, saying he "discovered [the piano] for himself" and successfully composed a number of Queen songs on the instrument.[67] From the early 1980s Mercury began extensively using guest keyboardists. Most notably, he enlistedFred Mandel (a Canadian musician who also worked forPink Floyd,Elton John, andSupertramp) for his first solo project. From 1982 Mercury collaborated with Morgan Fisher (who performed with Queen in concert during the Hot Space leg),[68] and from 1985 onward Mercury collaborated withMike Moran (in the studio) andSpike Edney (in concert).[69]
Mercury played the piano in many of Queen's most popular songs, including "Killer Queen", "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy", "We Are the Champions", "Somebody to Love", and "Don't Stop Me Now". He used concertgrand pianos (such as aBechstein) and, occasionally, other keyboard instruments such as theharpsichord. From 1980 onward, he also made frequent use of synthesisers in the studio. Brian May said that Mercury used the piano less over time because he wanted to walk around on stage and entertain the audience.[70][71] Although he wrote many lines for the guitar, Mercury possessed only rudimentary skills on the instrument. Songs like "Ogre Battle" and "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" were composed on the guitar; the latter featured Mercury playing rhythm guitar on stage and in the studio.[72]
Solo career
As well as his work with Queen, Mercury put out two solo albums and several singles. Although his solo work was not as commercially successful as most Queen albums, the two off-Queen albums and several of the singles debuted in the top 10 of theUK music charts. His first solo effort goes back to 1972 under the pseudonymLarry Lurex, whenTrident Studios' house engineer Robin Geoffrey Cable was working in a musical project, at the time when Queen were recording their debut album; Cable enlisted Mercury to perform lead vocals on the songs "I Can Hear Music" and "Goin' Back", both were released together as a single in 1973.[1] Eleven years later, Mercury contributed to the soundtrack for the restoration of the 1927Fritz Lang filmMetropolis. The song"Love Kills" was written for the film byGiorgio Moroder in collaboration with Mercury, and produced by Moroder andMack; in 1984 it debuted at the number 10 position in theUK singles chart.[73]
I won't be touring on my own or splitting up with Queen. Without the others I would be nothing. The press always makes out that I'm the wild one and they're all quiet, but it's not true. I've got some wild stories about Brian May you wouldn't believe.
Mercury's second album,Barcelona, recorded with Spanishsoprano vocalistMontserrat Caballé, combines elements of popular music and opera. Many critics were uncertain what to make of the album; one referred to it as "the most bizarre CD of the year".[77] The album was a commercial success,[78] and thealbum's title track debuted at No. 8 in the UK and was also a hit in Spain.[79] The title track received massive airplay as the official anthem of the1992 Summer Olympics (held inBarcelona one year after Mercury's death). Caballé sang it live at the opening of the Olympics with Mercury's part played on a screen, and again before the start of the1999 UEFA Champions League Final betweenManchester United andBayern Munich in Barcelona.[80]
In addition to the two solo albums, Mercury released several singles, including his own version of the 1950s hit "The Great Pretender" bythe Platters, which peaked at number four in the UK in 1987. In September 2006 a compilation album featuring Mercury's solo work was released in the UK in honour of what would have been his 60th birthday. The album debuted in the UK top 10.[81] In 2012,Freddie Mercury: The Great Pretender, a documentary film on Mercury's attempts to forge a solo career, directed byRhys Thomas, premiered onBBC One.[82]
In 1986, Mercury recorded two songs forDave Clark'sWest End sci-fi musicalTime. Mercury performedthe title song and Clark played it toLaurence Olivier, who starred as the hologram Akash in a pre-filmed segment for the musical in one of his last roles. Clark recalled: "Laurence Olivier was a huge god of an actor. He narrated the album (Time), and, when Freddie came on, singing "Time", Olivier said, 'Now, my dear boy,there's an actor.'" Clark relayed the reaction of Olivier to Mercury: "I told Freddie and he was over the moon. I arranged for a dinner party at my place, Olivier came along and they got on like a house on fire."[83]
Between 1981 and 1983, Mercury recorded several tracks withMichael Jackson, including a demo of "State of Shock", "Victory", and "There Must Be More to Life Than This".[84][85] None of these collaborations were officially released at the time, althoughbootleg recordings exist. Jackson went on to record the single "State of Shock" withMick Jagger forthe Jacksons' albumVictory.[86] Mercury included the solo version of "There Must Be More to Life Than This" on his albumMr. Bad Guy.[87] "There Must Be More to Life Than This" was eventually reworked by Queen and released on their compilation albumQueen Forever in 2014.[88] Mercury andRoger Taylor sang on the title track forBilly Squier's 1982 studio release,Emotions in Motion, and later contributed to two tracks on Squier's 1986 release,Enough Is Enough, providing vocals on "Love is the Hero" and musical arrangements on "Lady With a Tenor Sax".[89] In 2020, Mercury's music video for "Love Me Like There's No Tomorrow" was nominated for Best Animation at theBerlin Music Video Awards. Woodlock studio is behind the animation.[90]
Personal life
Relationships
12 Stafford Terrace inKensington, London, one of Mercury's former homes
In 1969, a year before Queen had formed, Mercury met Mary Austin through Brian May. Austin worked at the fashion boutiqueBiba inKensington, where they met. They subsequently began a long-term relationship.[91][92] He lived with Austin for several years inWest Kensington, London. By the mid-1970s, he had begun an affair with David Minns, an American record executive atElektra Records. In December 1976, Mercury told Austin of his sexuality, which ended their romantic relationship.[69] Mercury moved out of the flat they shared, and bought Austin a place of her own near his new address of 12 Stafford Terrace, Kensington.[93]
Mercury and Austin remained friends through the years; Mercury often referred to her as his only true friend. In a 1985 interview, he said of Austin: "All my lovers asked me why they couldn't replace Mary, but it's simply impossible. The only friend I've got is Mary, and I don't want anybody else. To me, she was mycommon-law wife. To me, it was a marriage. We believe in each other, that's enough for me."[94] Mercury's final home,Garden Lodge, an 8-bedroomGeorgian mansion in Kensington set in a quarter-acre manicured garden surrounded by a high brick wall, was picked out by Austin.[95] Austin married the painting artist Piers Cameron; they have two children. Mercury was the godfather of her older son, Richard.[70] In his will, Mercury left his London home to Austin, having told her, "You would have been my wife, and it would have been yours anyway."[96]
From 1979 to 1985, while living inMunich, Mercury was friends with Austrian actressBarbara Valentin, who is featured in the video for "It's a Hard Life", and initially lived together with her and her daughter before moving into his own apartment.[97][98] In Munich, Mercury was able to escape the media spotlight, lived out his sexuality, drifted in the local gay scene, and had an intense love relationship with German restaurateur Winfried "Winnie" Kirchberger.[97][99][100] Mercury also lived temporarily at Kirchberger's apartment[101] and thanked him "for board and lodging" in the liner notes of his 1985 albumMr. Bad Guy.[102] He wore a silver wedding band given to him by Kirchberger.[103] A close friend described him as Mercury's "great love" in Germany.[104]
By 1985, he began another long-term relationship, with Irish-born hairdresser Jim Hutton (1949–2010) whom he referred to as his husband.[105] Mercury described their relationship as one built on solace and understanding, and said that he "honestly couldn't ask for better".[106] Hutton, who testedHIV-positive in 1990, lived with Mercury for the last seven years of his life, nursed him during his illness, and was present at his bedside when he died. Mercury wore a gold wedding band, given to him by Hutton in 1986, until the end of his life. He was cremated with it on.[103] Hutton later relocated from London to the bungalow he and Mercury had built for themselves in Ireland.[103]
Alleged daughter
According to the 2025 biographyLove, Freddie byLesley-Ann Jones, Mercury fathered a daughter in 1976 following an affair with the wife of a friend, and shared parental responsibilities with the child's mother and her husband.[107] Mercury's alleged daughter approached Jones with journal entries claimed to be written for her by Mercury, detailing his personal history. The claims were first reported in May 2025, ahead of the biography's release.[108][109] His alleged daughter was referred to in the publication simply as "B". News outlets reported that very few people knew of her existence, though Mary Austin and the other members of Queen were supposedly aware.[110]
In July 2025, Brian May's wifeAnita Dobson said she and her husband were sceptical of the story,[111] and Austin toldThe Sunday Times the following month: "I cannot imagine he would have wanted to, or been able to, keep such a joyful event a secret, either from me or other people closest to him [...] I've never known of any child, or of any diaries. If Freddie had indeed had a child without me knowing anything about it, that would be astonishing to me."[112]
Friendship with Kenny Everett
Mercury in 1975
Radio disc jockeyKenny Everett met Mercury in 1974, when he invited the singer onto hisCapital Londonbreakfast show.[113] As two of Britain's most flamboyant, outrageous and popular entertainers, they shared much in common and became close friends.[113] In 1975, Mercury visited Everett, bringing with him an advance copy of the single "Bohemian Rhapsody".[95] Despite doubting that any station would play the six-minute track, Everett placed the song on the turntable, and, after hearing it, exclaimed: "Forget it, it's going to be number one for centuries".[95] Although Capital Radio had not officially accepted the song, Everett talked incessantly about a record he possessed but could not play. He then frequently proceeded to play the track with the excuse: "Oops, my finger must've slipped."[95] On one occasion, Everett aired the song fourteen times over a single weekend.[114] Capital's switchboard was overwhelmed with callers inquiring when the song would be released.[113][115]
During the 1970s, Everett became advisor and mentor to Mercury and Mercury served as Everett's confidant.[113] Throughout the early-to-mid-1980s, they continued to explore their homosexuality and use drugs. Although they were never lovers, they did experience London nightlife together.[113] By 1985, they had fallen out, and their friendship was further strained when Everett was outed in the autobiography of his ex-wifeLee Everett Alkin.[113] In 1989, with their health failing, Mercury and Everett were reconciled.[113]
Other friendships
Mercury saw the stage version of the London musicalThe Rocky Horror Show at theRoyal Court Theatre inChelsea, and in 1975 went to see thefilm version, both of which starredTim Curry. Curry and Mercury became friends, and as a keen horticulturalist Curry later told the UK edition ofHouse And Garden magazine about designing Mercury's garden: "Freddie came back from a tour and said, 'The garden, dear, it's dead.' I said, 'What? Did you water it?' And Freddie said, 'Water it, dear?'"[116] Both Mercury and Curry were also close friends withPeter Straker; Straker, who first met Mercury at a London restaurant in November 1975, was a frequent diner at Mercury's home in Garden Lodge.[117]
Mercury was a long-time friend ofElton John. Shortly before his own death in November 1991, Mercury ordered that a watercolour by John's favourite artist, the 19th-century English impressionist painterHenry Scott Tuke, be given to John on Christmas Day. In a 2021 interview, John recalled: "Here was this beautiful man, dying from AIDS, and in his final days, he had somehow managed to find me a lovely Christmas present".[118]
Sexual orientation
While some commentators said Mercury hid his sexual orientation from the public,[20][37][119] others said he was "openlygay".[120][121] In December 1974, when asked directly, "So how about being bent?" by theNew Musical Express, Mercury replied, "You're a crafty cow. Let's put it this way: there were times when I was young and green. It's a thing schoolboys go through. I've had my share of schoolboy pranks. I'm not going to elaborate further."[122] Homosexual acts between adult males over the age of 21 had beendecriminalised in the United Kingdom in 1967, seven years earlier. During public events in the 1980s, Mercury often kept a distance from his partner, Jim Hutton.[123]
Mercury's flamboyant stage performances sometimes led journalists to allude to his sexuality. Dave Dickson, reviewing Queen's performance atWembley Arena in 1984 forKerrang!, noted Mercury's "camp" addresses to the audience and even described him as a "posing, pouting, posturing tart".[124] In 1992, John Marshall ofGay Times opined: "[Mercury] was a 'scene-queen,' not afraid to publicly express his gayness, but unwilling to analyse or justify his 'lifestyle' ... It was as if Freddie Mercury was saying to the world, 'I am what I am. So what?' And that in itself for some was a statement."[125] In an article forAfterElton, Robert Urban said: "Mercury did not ally himself to 'politicaloutness,' or toLGBTQ causes."[125]
Some believe Mercury was bisexual; for example, regarding the creation ofCelebrate Bisexuality Day,Wendy Curry said: "We were sitting around at one of the annual bi conventions, venting and someone – I think it wasGigi – said we should have a party. We all loved the great bisexual, Freddie Mercury. His birthday was in September, so why not Sept? We wanted a weekend day to ensure the most people would do something. Gigi's birthday was September 23rd. It fell on a weekend day, so, poof! We had a day."[126][127]The Advocate said in May 2018, "Closeted throughout his life, Mercury, who was bisexual, engaged in affairs with men but referred to a woman he loved in his youth, Mary Austin, as 'the love of his life,' according to the biographySomebody to Love: The Life, Death, and Legacy of Freddie Mercury."[128] Additionally, according to an obituary Mercury was a "self-confessed bisexual".[129][130]
The 2018 biopic of Mercury,Bohemian Rhapsody, received criticism for its portrayal of Mercury's sexuality, which was described as "sterilized" and "confused", and was even accused of being "dangerous".[131][132][133]
Personality
Although he cultivated a flamboyant stage personality, Mercury was shy and retiring when not performing, particularly around people he did not know well,[18][37] and granted very few interviews. He once said of himself: "When I'm performing I'm anextrovert, yet inside I'm a completely different man."[134] On this contrast to "his larger-than-life stage persona", BBC music broadcasterBob Harris adds he was "lovely, bright, sensitive, and quite vulnerable".[135] While on stage, Mercury basked in the love from his audience.Nirvana frontmanKurt Cobain's suicide note mentions how he admired and envied the way Mercury "seemed to love, relish in the love and adoration from the crowd".[136][137]
A flamboyant personality on stage, Mercury, pictured wearing a Harlequin outfit in 1977, adopted glam rock aesthetics in the 1970s.
Mercury never discussed his ethnic or religious background with journalists. The closest he came to doing so was in response to a question about his outlandish persona, he said, "that's something inbred, it's a part of me. I will always walk around like a Persianpopinjay",[138] an oblique reference to his Indian Parsi background. Feeling a connection to Britain prior to arriving in England, the young Bulsara was heavily influenced by British fashion and music trends while growing up.[138] According to his longtime assistant Peter Freestone, "if Freddie had his way, he would have been born aged 18 inFeltham."[138] Harris states, "One of the things about Freddie was that he was very civilised and quite 'English'. I'd go over to his flat nearShepherd's Bush in the afternoon, and he'd get out the fine china and the sugar lumps and we'd have a cup of tea."[135] His flamboyant dress sense and the emergence ofglam rock in the UK in the early 1970s saw Mercury wear outfits designed byZandra Rhodes.[139]
When asked byMelody Maker in 1981 if rock stars should use their power to try to shape the world for the better, Mercury responded, "Leave that to the politicians. Certain people can do that kind of thing, but very few.John Lennon was one. Because of his status, he could do that kind of preaching and affect people's thoughts. But to do this you have to have a certain amount of intellect and magic together, and the John Lennons are few and far between. People with mere talent, like me, have not got the ability or power."[140] Mercury dedicated the song "Life Is Real (Song for Lennon)", from the 1982 albumHot Space, to Lennon.[141] Mercury did occasionally express his concerns about the state of the world in his lyrics. His most notable "message" songs are "Under Pressure", "Is This the World We Created...?" (a song which Mercury and May performed at Live Aid, and also featured inGreenpeace – The Album), "There Must Be More to Life Than This", "The Miracle" (a song May called "one of Freddie's most beautiful creations") and "Innuendo".[142][143] According to the 1998 biographyFreddie Mercury: An intimate memoir by the man who knew him best, written by his long-term personal assistant Peter Freestone, Mercury abhorred bands likeU2 for using their celebrity status to put over their political views. He was also unaware of Mercury ever voting in any election, but he was always interested in Freestone's voting and the politics at the time. Freestone wrote that Mercury would have favoured aConservative government if he had voted, due to the 1970sLabour government's high income taxation, but that he never voiced his political opinions as he thought they were "relevant only to the individual".[144]
Mercury cared for at least ten cats throughout his life, including: Tom, Jerry, Oscar, Tiffany, Dorothy, Delilah, Goliath, Miko, Romeo, and Lily. He was against the inbreeding of cats for specific features and all except for Tiffany and Lily, both given as gifts, were adopted from theBlue Cross. Mercury "placed as much importance on these beloved animals as on any human life", and showed his adoration by having the artist Ann Ortman paint portraits of each of them. Mercury wrote a song for Delilah, "his favourite cat of all", which appeared on the Queen albumInnuendo.[145] Mercury dedicated his liner notes in his 1985 solo albumMr. Bad Guy to Jerry and his other cats. It reads, "This album is dedicated to my cat Jerry—also Tom, Oscar, and Tiffany and all the cat lovers across the universe—screw everybody else!"[146]
In 1987, Mercury celebrated his 41st birthday at thePikes Hotel,Ibiza, Spain, several months after discovering that he had contracted HIV.[95] Mercury sought much comfort at the retreat and was a close friend of the owner, Anthony Pike, who described Mercury as "the most beautiful person I've ever met in my life. So entertaining and generous."[147] According to biographerLesley-Ann Jones, Mercury "felt very much at home there. He played some tennis, lounged by the pool, and ventured out to the odd gay club or bar at night."[117] The birthday party, held on 5 September 1987, has been described as "the most incredible example of excess the Mediterranean island had ever seen", and was attended by some 700 people.[148] A cake in the shape ofAntoni Gaudi'sSagrada Família was provided for the party. The original cake collapsed and was replaced with a two-metre-long sponge cake decorated with the notes from Mercury's song "Barcelona".[147] The bill, which included 232 broken glasses, was presented to Queen's manager,Jim Beach.[149] Before his death, Mercury had told Beach, "You can do what you want with my music, but don't make me boring."[150]
Illness and death
Mercury exhibitedHIV/AIDS symptoms as early as 1982. Authors Matt Richards and Mark Langthorne have stated in their biographical book about Mercury,Somebody to Love: The Life, Death, and Legacy of Freddie Mercury, that Mercury secretly visited a doctor in New York City to get a white lesion on his tongue checked (which might have beenhairy leukoplakia, one of the first signs of an infection) a few weeks before Queen's final American appearance with Mercury onSaturday Night Live on 25 September 1982, where he began to exhibit the symptoms of someone recently infected with HIV.[151]
Mountain Studios in Montreux, Switzerland, Queen's recording studio from 1978 to 1995. Mercury recorded his final vocals here in May 1991. In December 2013, the studio was opened free as the "Queen Studio Experience", with fans asked for a donation to theMercury Phoenix Trust charity.[152]
In October 1986, two months after Mercury's final live performance with Queen atKnebworth House on theMagic Tour, the British newspapers theNews of the World andThe Sun reported that he had his blood tested for HIV/AIDS at aHarley Street clinic, but he was quoted as saying he was "perfectly fit and healthy".[153] According to his partner, Jim Hutton, Mercury was diagnosed with AIDS in late April 1987.[154] Around that time, he said in an interview that he had tested negative for HIV.[37] He told his Queen bandmates of his illness in May 1989.[155]
The British press pursued rumours about Mercury's health during the final years of his life, fuelled by his increasingly gaunt appearance, Queen's absence from touring, and reports from his former lovers totabloid journalists. By 1990, rumours about his health were rife.[156] Mercury and his inner circle of colleagues and friends continually denied the stories. It has been suggested that he could have helped AIDS awareness by speaking earlier about his illness.[52][157] At the1990 Brit Awards held at theDominion Theatre, London, on 18 February, Mercury made his final appearance on stage when he joined the rest of Queen to collect the award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music.[158][159]
Filmed in May 1991, themusic video for "These Are the Days of Our Lives" features a very thin Mercury in his final scenes in front of the camera.[160] The video's director,Rudi Dolezal, said, "AIDS was never a topic. We never discussed it. He didn't want to talk about it. Most of the people didn't even 100 percent know if he had it, apart from the band and a few people in the inner circle. He always said, 'I don't want to put any burden on other people by telling them my tragedy.'"[161] The rest of the band were ready to record when Mercury felt able to come into the studio, for an hour or two at a time. May said of Mercury: "He just kept saying. 'Write me more. Write me stuff. I want to just sing this and do it and when I am gone you can finish it off.' He had no fear, really."[152] Justin Shirley-Smith, the assistant engineer for those last sessions, said: "This is hard to explain to people, but it wasn't sad, it was very happy. He [Freddie] was one of the funniest people I ever encountered. I was laughing most of the time, with him. Freddie was saying [of his illness] 'I'm not going to think about it, I'm going to do this.'"[152]
After the conclusion of his work with Queen in June 1991, Mercury retired to his home inKensington, West London. His former partner, Mary Austin, was a particular comfort in his final years, and in the last few weeks made regular visits to look after him.[162] Near the end of his life, Mercury began to lose his sight, and declined so that he was unable to leave his bed.[162] Mercury chose to hasten his death byrefusing medication and took only painkillers.[162] On 22 November 1991, Mercury called Queen's manager Jim Beach to his Kensington home to prepare a public statement, which was released the following day:[163]
Following the enormous conjecture in the press over the last two weeks, I wish to confirm that I have been tested HIV positive and have AIDS. I felt it correct to keep this information private to date to protect the privacy of those around me. However, the time has come now for my friends and fans around the world to know the truth and I hope that everyone will join with me, my doctors and all those worldwide in the fight against this terrible disease. My privacy has always been very special to me and I am famous for my lack of interviews. Please understand this policy will continue.
Death
On the evening of 24 November 1991, about 24 hours after issuing the statement, Mercury died at the age of 45 at his home in Kensington.[164] The cause of death wasbronchial pneumonia resulting from AIDS.[165] His close friendDave Clark ofthe Dave Clark Five was at the bedside vigil when Mercury died.[166] Austin phoned Mercury's parents and sister to break the news, which reached newspaper and television crews in the early hours of 25 November.[167]
The outer walls of Mercury's final home,Garden Lodge,Logan Place, west London, became a shrine to the late singer.
Mercury's funeral service was conducted on 27 November 1991 by aZoroastrian priest atWest London Crematorium, where he is commemorated by aplinth under his birth name. In attendance at Mercury's service were his family and 35 of his close friends, includingElton John and the members of Queen.[168][169] His coffin was carried into the chapel to the sounds of "Take My Hand, Precious Lord"/"You've Got a Friend" byAretha Franklin.[170] In accordance with Mercury's wishes, Mary Austin took possession of hiscremated remains and buried them in an undisclosed location.[71] The whereabouts of his ashes are believed to be known only to Austin, who has said that she will never reveal them.[171] However, they are traditionally held by Queen fans to be atKensal Green Cemetery, where the plinth marks the supposed burial location.[172]
Mercury spent and donated to charity much of his wealth during his lifetime, with his estate valued around £8 million at the time of his death. He bequeathed his home, Garden Lodge, and the adjoining Mews, as well as 50% of all privately owned shares, to Mary Austin. His sister, Kashmira Cooke, received 25%, as did his parents, Bomi and Jer Bulsara, which Cooke acquired upon their deaths. He willed £500,000 to Joe Fannelli; £500,000 to Jim Hutton; £500,000 to Peter Freestone; and £100,000 to Terry Giddings.[173] Mercury, who never drove a car because he had no licence, was often chauffeured around London in hisRolls-Royce Silver Shadow from 1979 until his death. The car was passed to his sister Kashmira who made it available for display at public events, including the West End premiere of the musicalWe Will Rock You in 2002, before it was auctioned off at theNEC in Birmingham in 2013 for £74,600.[174][175]
Following his death, the outer walls of Garden Lodge inLogan Place became a shrine to Mercury where mourners paid tributes by covering the walls in graffiti messages.[176] Three years laterTime Out magazine reported that "the wall outside the house has become London's biggest rock 'n' roll shrine".[176] Fans continued to visit to pay their respects with letters appearing on the walls[177] until 2017, when Austin had the wall cleared.[178] Hutton was involved in a 2000 biography of Mercury,Freddie Mercury, the Untold Story, and also gave an interview forThe Times in September 2006 for what would have been Mercury's 60th birthday.[154]
Legacy
Continued popularity
The charisma and power in his performance style has over the years led to many artists quoting him as one of their biggest inspirations today. The diverse scope of artists that love Mercury is huge.
Regarded as one of the greatest singers in the history of rock music,[180][181] Mercury was known for his flamboyant stage persona and four-octavevocal range.[182][183][184] He defied the conventions of a rock frontman, with his highly theatrical style influencing the artistic direction of Queen.[185]
The extent to which Mercury's death may have enhanced Queen's popularity is not clear. In the United States, where Queen's popularity had lagged in the 1980s, sales of Queen albums went up dramatically in 1992, the year following his death.[186] In 1992, one American critic noted, "What cynics call the 'dead star' factor had come into play—Queen is in the middle of a major resurgence."[187] The movieWayne's World, which featured "Bohemian Rhapsody", also came out in 1992.[188] According to theRecording Industry Association of America, Queen had sold 34.5 million albums in the United States by 2004, about half of which had been sold since Mercury's death in 1991.[189]
Estimates of Queen's total worldwide record sales to date have been set as high as 300 million.[190] In the United Kingdom, Queen have now spent more collective weeks on theUK Album Charts than any other musical act (includingthe Beatles),[191] andQueen's Greatest Hits is thebest-selling album of all time in the United Kingdom.[192] Two of Mercury's songs, "We Are the Champions" and "Bohemian Rhapsody", have also each been voted as the greatest song of all time in major polls bySony Ericsson[193] andGuinness World Records.[194] Both songs have been inducted into theGrammy Hall of Fame; "Bohemian Rhapsody" in 2004 and "We Are the Champions" in 2009.[195] In October 2007 the video for "Bohemian Rhapsody" was voted the greatest of all time by readers ofQ magazine.[196]
Since his death, Queen were inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, and all four band members were inducted into theSongwriters Hall of Fame in 2003.[197][198] Their Rock Hall of Fame citation reads, "in the golden era ofglam rock and gorgeously hyper-produced theatrical extravaganzas that defined one branch of '70s rock, no group came close in either concept or execution to Queen."[199] The band were among the inaugural inductees into theUK Music Hall of Fame in 2004. Mercury was individually posthumously awarded theBrit Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music in 1992.[200] They received theIvor Novello Award for Outstanding Song Collection from theBritish Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors in 2005, and in 2018 they were presented theGrammy Lifetime Achievement Award.[45][201] Queen were awarded thePolar Music Prize in 2025, with their citation describing Mercury as "one of the most charismatic front figures in the history of music".[202]
Posthumous Queen album
In November 1995, Mercury appeared posthumously on Queen's final studio albumMade in Heaven.[23][203] The album featured Mercury's previously unreleased final recordings from 1991, as well as outtakes from previous years and reworked versions of solo works by the other members.[204] The album cover features the Freddie Mercury statue that overlooks Lake Geneva superimposed with Mercury's Duck House lake cabin that he had rented. This is where he had written and recorded his last songs atMountain Studios.[204] The sleeve of the album contains the words, "Dedicated to the immortal spirit of Freddie Mercury."[204]
Featuring tracks such as "Too Much Love Will Kill You" and "Heaven for Everyone", the album also contains the song "Mother Love", the last vocal recording Mercury made before his death, which he completed using a drum machine, over which May, Taylor, and Deacon later added the instrumental track.[205] After completing the penultimate verse, Mercury had told the band he "wasn't feeling that great" and stated, "I will finish it when I come back next time". He never made it back into the studio, so May later recorded the final verse of the song.[152]
A statue in Montreux, Switzerland, by sculptorIrena Sedlecká, was erected as a tribute to Mercury.[206] It stands almost 10 feet (3.0 metres) high overlooking Lake Geneva and was unveiled on 25 November 1996 by Mercury's father and Montserrat Caballé, with bandmates Brian May and Roger Taylor also in attendance.[207] Beginning in 2003 fans from around the world have gathered in Switzerland annually to pay tribute to the singer as part of the "Freddie Mercury Montreux Memorial Day" on the first weekend of September.[208]
In 1997 the three remaining members of Queen released "No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)", a song dedicated to Mercury and all those that die too soon.[209] In 1999 aRoyal Mail stamp with an image ofMercury on stage was issued in his honour as part of the UK postal service'sMillennium Stamp series.[210][211] In 2009 a star commemorating Mercury was unveiled inFeltham, west London where his family moved upon arriving in England in 1964. The star in memory of Mercury's achievements was unveiled on Feltham High Street by his mother Jer Bulsara and Queen bandmate May.[212]
A statue of Mercury stood over the entrance to theDominion Theatre in London'sWest End from May 2002 to May 2014 for Queen andBen Elton's musicalWe Will Rock You.[213] A tribute to Queen was on display at theFremont Street Experience indowntown Las Vegas throughout 2009 on its video canopy.[214] In December 2009 a large model of Mercury wearingtartan was displayed in Edinburgh as publicity for the run ofWe Will Rock You.[215] Sculptures of Mercury often feature him wearing a military jacket with his fist in the air. In 2018,GQ called Mercury's yellow military jacket (created by British costume designer Diana Moseley) from his 1986 concerts his best known look,[216] whileCNN called it "an iconic moment in fashion."[217]
For Mercury's 65th birthday in 2011, Google dedicated itsGoogle Doodle to him. It included an animation set to his song, "Don't Stop Me Now".[218] Referring to "the late, great Freddie Mercury" in their 2012Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction speech,Guns N' Roses quoted Mercury's lyrics from "We Are the Champions"; "I've taken my bows, my curtain calls, you've brought me fame and fortune and everything that goes with it, and I thank you all."[219][220]
Tribute was paid to Queen and Mercury at theclosing ceremony of the2012 Summer Olympics in London. The band's performance of "We Will Rock You" withJessie J was opened with a video of Mercury's "call and response" routine from 1986's Wembley Stadium performance, with the 2012 crowd at theOlympic Stadium responding appropriately.[221][222] The frog genusMercurana, discovered in 2013 inKerala, India, was named as a tribute because Mercury's "vibrant music inspires the authors". The site of the discovery is very near to where Mercury spent most of his childhood.[223] In 2013, a newly discovered species ofdamselfly from Brazil was namedHeteragrion freddiemercuryi, honouring the "superb and gifted musician and songwriter whose wonderful voice and talent still entertain millions" — one of four similar damselflies named after the Queen bandmates, in tribute to Queen's 40th anniversary.[224]
On 1 September 2016, anEnglish Heritageblue plaque was unveiled at Mercury's home in 22 Gladstone Avenue in Feltham, west London by his sister, Kashmira Cooke, and Brian May.[225] Attending the ceremony,Karen Bradley, the UKSecretary of State for Culture, called Mercury "one of Britain's most influential musicians", and added he "is a global icon whose music touched the lives of millions of people around the world".[226] On 24 February 2020 a street in Feltham was renamed Freddie Mercury Close during a ceremony attended by his sister Kashmira.[227] On 5 September 2016, the 70th anniversary of Mercury's birth, asteroid17473 Freddiemercury was named after him.[228] Issuing the certificate of designation to the "charismatic singer", Joel Parker of theSouthwest Research Institute added: "Freddie Mercury sang, 'I'm a shooting star leaping through the sky' — and now that is even more true than ever before."[228] In an April 2019 interview, British rock concert promoterHarvey Goldsmith referred to Mercury as "one of our most treasured talents".[229]
In August 2019, Mercury was one of the honorees inducted in theRainbow Honor Walk, awalk of fame in San Francisco'sCastro District notingLGBTQ people who have "made significant contributions in their fields".[230][231][232] Freddie Mercury Alley is a 107-yard-long (98 m) alley next to the British embassy in the Ujazdów district inWarsaw, Poland, which is dedicated to Mercury, and was unveiled on 22 November 2019.[233] Until the Freddie Mercury Close in Feltham was dedicated, Warsaw was the only city in Europe with a street dedicated to the singer.[234][235] In January 2020, Queen became the first band to join Queen Elizabeth II on a British coin. Issued by theRoyal Mint, thecommemorative £5 coin features the instruments of all four band members, including Mercury'sBechstein grand piano and his mic and stand.[236] In April 2022, a life-size statue of Mercury was unveiled in South Korea's resort island ofJeju.[237] In May 2024, the craterBulsara on the planetMercury was named after his birth name.[238]
Mercury has featured in international advertising to represent the UK. In 2001, a parody of Mercury, along with prints of other British music icons consisting ofthe Beatles, Elton John,Spice Girls, andthe Rolling Stones, appeared in theEurostar national advertising campaign in France for the Paris to London route.[239] In September 2017 the airlineNorwegian painted the tail fin of two of its aircraft with a portrait of Mercury to mark what would have been his 71st birthday. Mercury is one of the company's six "British tail fin heroes", alongside England's1966 FIFA World Cup winning captainBobby Moore, children's authorRoald Dahl, novelistJane Austen, pioneering pilotAmy Johnson, and aviation entrepreneur SirFreddie Laker.[240][241]
Importance in AIDS history
As the first major rock star to die of AIDS-related complications, Mercury's death represented an important event in the history of the disease.[242] In April 1992, the remaining members of Queen foundedThe Mercury Phoenix Trust and organisedThe Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert for AIDS Awareness, to celebrate the life and legacy of Mercury and raise money for AIDS research, which took place on 20 April 1992.[243] The Mercury Phoenix Trust has since raised millions of pounds for various AIDS charities. The tribute concert, which took place at London'sWembley Stadium for an audience of 72,000, featured a wide variety of guests includingRobert Plant (ofLed Zeppelin),Roger Daltrey (ofthe Who),Extreme,Elton John,Metallica,David Bowie,Annie Lennox,Tony Iommi (ofBlack Sabbath),Guns N' Roses,Elizabeth Taylor,George Michael,Def Leppard,Seal andLiza Minnelli, withU2 also appearing via satellite. Elizabeth Taylor spoke of Mercury as "an extraordinary rock star who rushed across our cultural landscape like a comet shooting across the sky".[244] The concert was broadcast live to 76 countries and had an estimated viewing audience of 1 billion people.[245] TheFreddie for a Day fundraiser on behalf of the Mercury Phoenix Trust takes place every year in London, with supporters of the charity includingMonty Python comedianEric Idle andMel B of the Spice Girls.[246]
Several popularity polls conducted over the past decade indicate that Mercury's reputation may have been enhanced since his death. For instance, in a 2002 vote to determine who the UK public considers the greatest British people in history, Mercury was ranked 58 in the list of the100 Greatest Britons, broadcast by the BBC.[250] He was further listed at the 52nd spot in a 2007 Japanese national survey of the 100 most influential heroes.[251] Although he had been criticised by gay activists for hiding his HIV status, author Paul Russell included Mercury in his bookThe Gay 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Gay Men and Lesbians, Past and Present.[252] In 2008,Rolling Stone ranked Mercury 18 on itsTop 100 Singers Of All Time.[183] Mercury was voted the greatest male singer inMTV's 22 Greatest Voices in Music.[120] In 2011 aRolling Stone readers' pick placed Mercury in second place of the magazine's Best Lead Singers of All Time.[136]Billboard magazine placed him second on their25 Best Rock Frontmen (and Women) of All Time list in 2015,[253] and third on their50 Greatest Rock Lead Singers of All Time list in 2023.[254] In 2016,LA Weekly ranked him first on the list of 20 greatest singers of all time, in any genre.[255] In 2023,Rolling Stone ranked Mercury at No. 14 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.[256]
Portrayal on stage
On 24 November 1997, amonodrama about Freddie Mercury's life, titledMercury: The Afterlife and Times of a Rock God, opened in New York City.[257] It presented Mercury in the hereafter: examining his life, seeking redemption and searching for his true self.[258] The play was written and directed byCharles Messina and the part of Mercury was played byKhalid Gonçalves (né Paul Gonçalves) and then later,Amir Darvish.[259]Billy Squier opened one of the shows with an acoustic performance of a song he had written about Mercury titled "I Have Watched You Fly".[260]
In 2016 a musical titledRoyal Vauxhall premiered at theRoyal Vauxhall Tavern in Vauxhall, London. Written byDesmond O'Connor, the musical told the alleged tales of the nights that Mercury, Kenny Everett andPrincess Diana spent out at the Royal Vauxhall Tavern in London in the 1980s.[261] Following several successful runs in London, the musical was taken to theEdinburgh Fringe Festival in August 2016 starring Tom Giles as Mercury.[261]
Mercury appeared as a supporting character in the BBC television dramaBest Possible Taste: TheKenny Everett Story, first broadcast in October 2012. He was portrayed by actorJames Floyd.[269] He was played by actor John Blunt inThe Freddie Mercury Story: Who Wants to Live Forever, first broadcast in the UK onChannel 5 in November 2016. Although the programme was criticised for focusing on Mercury's love life and sexuality, Blunt's performance and likeness to the singer did receive praise.[270]
From 4 August to 5 September 2023, an exhibition titled, Freddie Mercury: A World of His Own, saw almost 1,500 items of Mercury's, which he had given to his former partner Mary Austin, displayed atSotheby's inNew Bond Street, London before being sold across six auctions. Nearly 140,000 fans visited the exhibition, which Sotheby's had called "the life and work of Britain's greatest rock showman of the 20th century".[275]
AYamaha baby grand piano used by Mercury to compose many of the band's hits, including "Bohemian Rhapsody", sold for £1.7 million, while his handwritten lyrics for the song went for £1.38 million.[276] The door of hisGarden Lodge home in west London, covered in graffiti left by fans, went for £412,750.[276] The crown and cloak designed by Diana Moseley for the 1986 Magic tour (his final concerts) sold for £635,000.[275] A pair of black stripedAdidas high-top shoes (his principal stage footwear from 1984 onward) sold for £127,000.[275] The final evening sale at Sotheby's on 6 September took in £12.2 million ($15.4 million), while the six sales in total reached £39.9 million ($50.4 million), smashing Sotheby's pre-auction estimates.[275][277]
^The Bulsara family gets its name from Bulsar, nowValsad, a city and district that is now in the Indian state ofGujarat. In the 17th century, Bulsar was one of the five centres of theZoroastrian religion (the other four were also in what is today Gujarat) and consequently "Bulsara" is a relatively common name among Parsi Zoroastrians.
^On Mercury's birth certificate, his parents identified as "Nationality: British Indian" and "Race:Parsi".[2] The Parsis are an ethnic group ofPersian origin and have lived on the Indian subcontinent for more than a thousand years.
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^Middleton, Christopher (31 August 2004), Bishton, Derek (ed.),"Freddie's rhapsody",The Daily Telegraph, London, archived fromthe original on 12 January 2008, retrieved2 May 2010
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^Lencioni, F.A.A. (2013). "Diagnoses and discussion of the group 1 and 2 Brazilian species ofHeteragrion, with descriptions of four new species (Odonata: Megapodagrionidae)".Zootaxa.3685 (1):001–080.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3685.1.1.PMID26146690.
^Barron, James; Martin, Douglas (18 February 1998)."Public Lives; Theater Records".The New York Times.Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved8 February 2017.
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Mercury, Freddie; Brooks, Greg; Lupton, Simon (2006),Freddie Mercury: A life, In His Own Words, London: Mercury Songs,ISBN978-0-9553758-0-4.
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Rush, Don (1977b),"Interview with Mercury",Circus (published 5 December 1977), archived fromthe original on 20 October 2007, retrieved24 September 2009.
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