Frank Knight | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Frank Hyneman Knight (1885-11-07)7 November 1885 McLean County, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | 15 April 1972(1972-04-15) (aged 86) Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Spouse | Ethel Verry Knight |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Milligan College (BA) University of Tennessee (BA,BS) Cornell University (PhD) |
| Doctoral advisor | Allyn A. Young Alvin S. Johnson |
| Influences | Clarence Edwin Ayres John Bates Clark Herbert J. Davenport Max Weber |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Risk theory Profit theory Value theory |
| School or tradition | Chicago School of Economics |
| Institutions | Cornell University University of Chicago University of Iowa |
| Doctoral students | Milton Friedman George Stigler Charles E. Lindblom James M. Buchanan |
| Notable ideas | Knightian uncertainty |
| Awards | Francis A. Walker Medal (1957) |
Frank Hyneman Knight (November 7, 1885 – April 15, 1972) was an Americaneconomist who spent most of his career at theUniversity of Chicago, where he became one of the founders of theChicago School.
Nobel laureatesMilton Friedman,George Stigler andJames M. Buchanan were all students of Knight at Chicago.Ronald Coase said that Knight, without teaching him, was a major influence on his thinking.[1]F.A. Hayek considered Knight to be one of the major figures in preserving and promotingclassical liberal thought in the twentieth century.[2][3]
Paul Samuelson named Knight (along withHarry Gunnison Brown,Allyn Abbott Young,Henry Ludwell Moore,Wesley Clair Mitchell,Jacob Viner, andHenry Schultz) as one of the several "American saints ineconomics" born after 1860.[4]
Knight (BA, Milligan College, 1911;BS andAM, Tennessee, 1913;PhD, Cornell, 1916) was born in 1885 inMcLean County, Illinois, the son of Julia Ann (Hyneman) and Winton CyrusKnight.[5] After his early study at theUniversity of Tennessee, most of his academic career was spent at theUniversity of Chicago, where he was the Morton D. Hall Distinguished Service Professor of Social Science and Philosophy. Knight was one of the world's leading economists, having made significant contributions to many problems of both economic theory and social philosophy. He is best known for hisRisk, Uncertainty and Profit, a study of the role of the entrepreneur in economic life.[6] In 1950 he was president of theAmerican Economic Association and in 1957 the recipient of its coveted Francis A. Walker Award, given "not more frequently than once every five years to the living (American) economist who in the judgment of the awarding body has during his career made the greatest contribution to economics." His ashes are interred in the crypt ofFirst Unitarian Church of Chicago.
Knight is best known as the author of the bookRisk, Uncertainty and Profit (1921), based on hisPhD dissertation atCornell University. In that book, he carefully distinguished between economic risk anduncertainty. Situations with risk were those where the outcomes were unknown but governed byprobability distributions known at the outset. He argued that these situations, where decision making rules such as maximizing expected utility can be applied, differ in a deep way from "uncertain" ones, in which not only the outcomes, but even the probability models that governed them, were unknown. Knight argued that uncertainty gave rise toeconomic profits thatperfect competition could not eliminate.
While most economists now acknowledge Knight's distinction between risk and uncertainty, the distinction has not resulted in much theoretical modelling or empirical work. However, the Knightian concept of uncertainty has been recognized in a variety of works:John Maynard Keynes discussed it at length in his Treatise on Probability;[7]Armen Alchian relied on it for discussing market behavior in his seminal paper Uncertainty, Evolution and Economic Theory; Paul Davidson incorporated it as an essential element in thePost Keynesian school of economics he co-founded; andG.L.S. Shackle explored the methodological consequences of Knight's and Keynes's fundamental uncertainty in his Epistemics and Economics. A more model-oriented contribution is the "Markets from Networks" model developed bysociologistHarrison White from 2002.
Knight also famously debatedA. C. Pigou aboutsocial costs. He also contributed to the argument fortoll roads. He said that rather than congestion justifying government tolling of roads, privately owned roads would set tolls to reduce congestion to its efficient level. In particular, he developed the argument that forms the basis of analysis of traffic equilibrium, which has since become known asWardrop's Principle:
Suppose that between two points there are two highways, one of which is broad enough to accommodate without crowding all the traffic which may care to use it, but is poorly graded and surfaced; while the other is a much better road, but narrow and quite limited in capacity. If a large number of trucks operate between the two termini and are free to choose either of the two routes, they will tend to distribute themselves between the roads in such proportions that the cost per unit of transportation, or effective returns per unit of investment, will be the same for every truck on both routes. As more trucks use the narrower and better road, congestion develops, until at a certain point it becomes equally profitable to use the broader but poorer highway.
Knight was a co-founder and vice president of theMont Pelerin Society of like-minded economists.[8]
Knight was raised Christian, but later became an atheist.[9]
He translatedMax Weber'sGeneral Economic History into English in 1927.[10][11]
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