Francisco Craveiro Lopes | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 1951 | |
| President of Portugal | |
| In office 9 August 1951 – 9 August 1958 | |
| Prime Minister | António de Oliveira Salazar |
| Preceded by | Óscar Carmona |
| Succeeded by | Américo Tomás |
| Governor of Portuguese India | |
| Acting September 1936 – July 1938 | |
| President | Óscar Carmona |
| Preceded by | João Carlos Craveiro Lopes |
| Succeeded by | José Ricardo Pereira Cabral |
| Member of the National Assembly | |
| In office 26 November 1945 – 18 June 1951 | |
| Constituency | Coimbra |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes (1894-04-12)12 April 1894 |
| Died | 2 September 1964(1964-09-02) (aged 70) Lisbon,Portuguese Republic |
| Political party | National Union |
| Spouse | Berta Craveiro Lopes |
| Children | 4 |
| Alma mater | Lisbon Polytechnic School |
| Profession | Air force officer |
| Awards | Order of Christ Order of Aviz Order of the Tower and Sword Order of the Bath Royal Victorian Chain |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Portugal |
| Branch/service |  Portuguese Air Force |
| Years of service | 1911–1964 |
| Rank | Marshal of the air force |
| Commands |
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| Battles/wars | First World War |
Francisco Higino Craveiro LopesCvTEComCGCAGCB (Portuguese pronunciation:[fɾɐ̃ˈsiʃkuiˈʒinukɾɐˈvɐjɾuˈlɔpɨʃ]; 12 April 1894 – 2 September 1964) was aPortuguese Air Forceofficer andpolitician who served as thepresident of Portugal from 1951 to 1958.
Born in Lisbon, he was a son ofJoão Carlos Craveiro Lopes [pt],Portuguese armygeneral andgovernor-general ofPortuguese India (1929–1936), and his wife Júlia Clotilde Cristiano Salinas.
He concluded hisColégio Militar studies by 1911, having then entered the Escola Politécnica de Lisboa, in the same year he joined a cavalry regiment. He succeeded his father as the 123rd General Governor ofPortuguese India (1936–1938).[1]
Lopez served as the commander of the Portuguese volunteer forces during the Spanish Civil War.[2]
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Prime MinisterAntónio de Oliveira Salazar chose Craveiro Lopes as the regime's presidential candidate in1951 to succeed the lateÓscar Carmona. Initially, he was to run in what would have been only the second contested election of theEstado Novo, when naval officerManuel Quintão Meireles filed to run against him. However, Quintão Meireles withdrew before election day, and Craveiro Lopes was elected unopposed.
Under the Constitution, the president was vested with near-dictatorial powers. In practice, Carmona had mostly turned over the government to Salazar. However, Craveiro Lopes was not willing to give Salazar the free hand that Carmona had given him. Despite this, he did not go as far as to dismiss Salazar; for all intents and purposes, the president's power to sack the prime minister was the only check on Salazar's power.
Nevertheless, Salazar picked the seemingly more pliant naval minister,Américo Tomás, as the regime's candidate in 1958. The Democratic Opposition then invited Craveiro Lopes to be their candidate, but he knew he stood no chance of winning and refused. The regime, however, as compensation promoted him toMarshal. He was involved in the failed military attempt to overthrow Salazar in 1961, led by the Defence MinisterJúlio Botelho Moniz.
He died in Lisbon on 2 September 1964.
Craveeiro received the following national honours:[3]
Portugal:
Military Medal of the War Cross (1st Class) (MPCG)[a] (Portugal)Craveeiro received the following foreign honours:[4]
Brazil:
Dominican Republic: Grand Cross of theOrder of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella (20 November 1957)
France: Grand Cross of theNational Order of Legion of Honour (8 August 1953)
Greece: Grand Cross of theOrder of the Redeemer (1 March 1955)
Holy See: Grand Cross of theOrder of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem (11 August 1953)
Lebanon: Grand Cross of theNational Order of the Cedar (17 April 1956)
Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Grand Cross of theOrder pro Merito Melitensi (9 March 1954)
Spain:
United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross (Military Division) of the Most HonourableOrder of the Bath (20 April 1956)He married Berta Ribeiro Artur (Lisbon, Pena, 15 October 1899 –Lisbon, Santa Maria de Belém, 5 July 1958), natural daughter ofEngineer Sezinando Ribeiro Artur (Lisbon, 1875 –Lourenço Marques, 1918) by Maria Clara Pereira, by whom he had four children.
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| Preceded by | President of Portugal 1951–1958 | Succeeded by |
| First Republic (1910–1926) |  | |
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| Second Republic (1933–1974) | ||
| Third Republic (1974–present) | ||
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