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Francis Preston Blair Jr.

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Union Army general, politician

Francis Preston Blair Jr.
Blair in 1862

United States Senator fromMissouri
In office January 20, 1871 – March 3, 1873
Preceded by	Daniel T. Jewett
Succeeded by	Lewis V. Bogy
Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromMissouri's1st district
In office March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1859
Preceded by	Luther M. Kennett
Succeeded by	John R. Barret
In office June 8, 1860 – June 25, 1860
Preceded by	John R. Barret
Succeeded by	John R. Barret
In office March 4, 1861 – June 10, 1864
Preceded by	John R. Barret
Succeeded by	Samuel Knox

Personal details
Born	(1821-02-19)February 19, 1821 Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.
Died	July 8, 1875(1875-07-08) (aged 54) St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Resting place	Bellefontaine Cemetery
Political party	Democratic (before 1848, 1866–75) Free Soil (1848–54) Republican (1854–61) Union^[a] (1861–66)
Other political affiliations	Opposition (1857–1860)
Spouse	Appoline Alexander (m. 1847)
Children	8
Parent	Francis Preston Blair (father)
Relatives	Montgomery Blair (brother) Benjamin Gratz Brown (cousin)
Education	Yale University University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Princeton University (BA) Transylvania University
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	U.S. Army (Union Army)
Years of service	1861–1865
Rank	Major general
Commands	1st Brigade, 4th Division, XV Corps 2nd Division, XV Corps XV Corps XVII Corps
Battles/wars	Mexican- American War American Civil War

Francis Preston Blair Jr. (February 19, 1821 – July 8, 1875) was a United States Senator, a United States Congressman and aUnion Army major general during theAmerican Civil War. He representedMissouri in both theHouse of Representatives and theSenate, and was active in preventing the state of Missouri from being absorbed into theConfederacy at the beginning of the war.

Blair was instrumental in appointingNathaniel Lyon as the new military commander of theWestern Department of the U.S. Army. He assisted Lyon in securing help of the St. LouisHome Guard in moving over 20,000 rifles and muskets from theSt. Louis Arsenal toIllinois. Missouri secessionists considered this event as breaking of informal truce established in the state. This set the scene for theCamp Jackson Affair and continuing guerrilla activity by outraged pro-slavery elements. In 1862, Blair joined theMissouri volunteers, being promoted major general, commanded a division atVicksburg underSherman, took part inSherman's March to the Sea and ended the war as a corps commander.

In1868, he wasHoratio Seymour's vice-presidential candidate, but his dramatic speeches about the dangers of black emancipation were believed by some to have cost the Democrats the election. Blair suffered a paralyzing stroke in 1872, but continued to be active in state politics until his death three years later.

Early life and career

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Blair was born inLexington, Kentucky. He was the third and youngest son of newspaper editor and politicianFrancis Preston Blair, andEliza Violet (née Gist) Blair. He was the brother ofMontgomery Blair, a Mayor of St. Louis andPostmaster General under Lincoln, and the cousin ofB. Gratz Brown, a U.S. Senator and Governor of Missouri. Blair attended schools inWashington, D.C., was matriculated inYale and theUniversity of North Carolina, but graduated fromPrinceton University in 1841, and then studied law atTransylvania University. After his admission to the Kentucky bar inLexington, he went on to practice inSt. Louis in 1842 with his elder brother; in 1842–1845, he worked in the law office ofThomas Hart Benton.^[2]

Mexican–American War

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In fall 1845, Blair traveled to the West forbuffalo hunt and stayed for a winter in eastern Colorado with his cousin George Bent inBent's Fort, a settlement on theSanta Fe Trail. Blair played the banjo at some of the parties at the fort.^[3] After theMexican–American War started he joined the expedition of GeneralStephen W. Kearny inSanta Fe, who then appointed Blair as anattorney general for theNew Mexico Territory after it was secured. In collaboration withAlexander William Doniphan,Willard Preble Hall, and David Waldo, Blair developed an American Code of Law for the region and became a judge of the newly established circuit court.^[4]

In the political arena

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Being more interested in politics than law, Blair came back to St. Louis in the summer of 1847. A personal and political friend ofThomas Hart Benton, he became known for his views opposingslavery and strong advocacy of free soil politics, though he was a slaveholder himself.^[5] Blair served in theMissouri House of Representatives from 1852 to 1856, when he was elected to Congress. Missouri and the nation were in the midst of a sweepingpolitical realignment which left Blair's partisan identity uncertain. According to the March 24, 1857 issue ofThe Western Democrat, a newspaper fromCharlotte, North Carolina, Blair was elected as a Democrat and was "generally classed with theOpposition" due to his views on slavery.^[6] Other sources from this period refer to Blair as a "Free Democrat" and an "anti-Administration Democratic candidate ... of theDouglas andWise stamp."^[7] TheBiographical Directory of the United States Congress states he was seated as a Republican in theUnited States House of Representatives. Blair was an outspoken supporter of theWilmot Proviso and opposed the proslaveryLecompton Constitution for theKansas Territory. On January 14, 1858, he delivered a major speech describing slavery as a national problem, proposing to solve it by both gradual emancipation and the settling of freed slaves inLatin andCentral America.^[8]^[9] A year later in Boston, he gained national prominence with his speech,The Destiny of the Races of This Continent.^[10]

Towards the end of his first term, Blair was defeated in his bid for re-election in 1858 byJohn R. Barret. He went on to successfully contest the results and was finally seated in the36th Congress on June 8, 1860. However, he resigned just seventeen days later on June 25, then lost his bid in the subsequent special election, the seat instead being refilled by Barret on December 3. In the regular election of 1860, he was subsequently re-elected to the37th Congress, serving in it as chairman of the importantMilitary Affairs Committee. He again resigned in July 1861 in order to become a colonel in theUnion Army. In 1862, he won election to the38th Congress but in a reversal of fortune was himself forced to relinquish his seat on June 10, 1864, after his opponent,Samuel Knox, successfully contested the results.^[11]

The Blairs were unwavering supporters ofAbraham Lincoln during his rise to the presidency and years in office and in return enjoyed his political patronage. In December 1863, Lincoln said, "The Blairs have to an unusual degree the spirit of clan. Their family is a close corporation. Frank is their hope and pride. They have a way of going with a rush for anything they undertake, especially haveMontgomery and the Old Gentleman."^[12]

In the days following Lincoln's election as president, when it became evident that several Southern states were advocatingsecession, Blair was among the leaders of theUnionist political movement in Missouri which advocated the use of its paramilitaryHome Guard, if necessary, to prevent Missouri from seceding. In time, Blair became alienated from Radical Unionists likeB. Gratz Brown who favored theimmediate emancipation of all enslaved people in Missouri, instead favoring Lincoln's proposal for gradual emancipation. Brown emerged as the leader of the Radical Union Party in Missouri, while Blair's faction became known as the Conservative Party.

Civil War

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Immediately afterSouth Carolina's secession in December 1860, Blair, believing that the southern leaders were planning to carry Missouri into the movement, began active efforts to prevent it.^[13] He personally organized and equipped a force of several thousand strongHome Guard, drawn from theWide Awakes, the Republican marching clubs of the 1860 presidential campaign, and the members of the German gymnastic movement in St. Louis,Turnverein. When tensions rose, Blair and Captain (later brigadier general)Nathaniel Lyon suddenly transferred the arms in theU.S. Arsenal at St. Louis toAlton, Illinois.^[14] On May 10, 1861, Lyon, with the Home Guards and a U.S. regular Army company, captured several hundred secessionist state militia which had been positioned to seize the Arsenal. TheCamp Jackson Affair gave the Federal cause a decisive initial advantage in Missouri but also inflamed secessionist sentiments in the state.^[15]

Open warfare between Union forces and the followers of pro-Southern Missouri governorClaiborne Jackson was imminent. To avoid this, GeneralWilliam S. Harney, the Army commander in Missouri, agreed to thePrice-Harney Truce withMissouri State Guard commanderSterling Price on May 21.

Blair objected, and contacted Republican leaders in Washington. Within a few weeks, Harney was replaced by Lyon as temporary commander. Lyon drove Jackson and Price to the southwestern corner of Missouri before he was killed at theBattle of Wilson's Creek, while Blair helped organize a new all-Unionist state government, andJohn C. Frémont took over as the U.S. Army Western Department commander.

Frémont was himself a prominent Republican with Missouri connections. Blair soon came to regard Frémont as a political rival, and they clashed over many aspects of Frémont's operations in Missouri. Frémont as the regional Army commander was responsible for spending a lot of money in a great hurry for supplies and equipment. Blair expected most of this money to go to his allies in the St. Louis business community, but Frémont and his staff had their own ideas. Blair's bitter complaints, added to the waste and corruption, helped discredit Frémont, who was replaced on November 2.

Blair was appointed a colonel of Missouri volunteers in July 1862. He was promotedbrigadier general of volunteers in August 1862 and then tomajor general in November.^[13] After winning re-election to the House of Representatives, Blair resigned his commission, but he retracted it at a request/order from Lincoln dated in April 1864. In response to this, "the Senate passed a resolution that, thereafter, no officers whose resignations had been duly accepted should be restored to the service without a new appointment and confirmation by the Senate."^[16]

In Missouri, Blair commanded a brigade consisting of the 13th Illinois Infantry, the29th, 30th, 31st, and32nd Missouri Infantry, the58th Ohio Infantry, 4th Company, Ohio Light Artillery, and Company C,10th Missouri Cavalry.

*Francis Preston Blair Jr.*,National Statuary Hall Collection

Bust of Blair byWilliam Couper atVicksburg National Military Park

Blair subsequently commanded a division in theVicksburg campaign and in the fighting aboutChattanooga, and was one ofWilliam T. Sherman's corps commanders in the final campaigns inGeorgia andthe Carolinas.^[13] HisXVII Corps was engaged protecting the rear areas of Sherman's army until later in theAtlanta Campaign. Before it left on the March to the Sea, XVII Corps absorbed part of the detachment ofXVI Corps that had served with Sherman.

Postbellum activities

[edit]

Graves of Francis and Appoline Blair at Bellefontaine Cemetery

At the close of the war, Blair, having spent much of his private fortune in support of the Union, was financially ruined. In 1866, like his father and brother he opposed the CongressionalReconstruction policy, and on that issue left theRepublican Party.^[13]

In 1866 he ran for a seat on theMissouri General Assembly againstCharles Branscomb.^[17] The election was contested, but in the end, Blair was defeated after theMissouri Attorney General Robert Franklin Wingate ruled that votes cast after sundown were valid.^[18]

In 1868, he was the unsuccessfulDemocratic candidate for vice president, running withHoratio Seymour.^[13] Blair contributed to the Democratic defeat by going on a speaking tour in which he framed the contest withUlysses S. Grant and the pro-Reconstruction Republicans in stark racial terms, warning of the rule of "a semi-barbarous race of blacks who are worshipers of fetishes and poligamists" and wanted to "subject the white women to their unbridled lust."^[19] At least one Democratic Congressman saw Blair as the cause of Seymour's defeat, calling his behavior "stupid and indefensible."^[19]

Blair had an odd minor notoriety, when on July 29, 1870, he was an accidental witness to an incident in a famous homicide case. Staying at the then famousFifth Avenue Hotel, facing West 23rd Street off Fifth Avenue, Blair woke up to cries of help from across the street. He watched from his hotel window as two men ran out of a brownstone mansion across the street. They were two of the sons ofBenjamin Nathan, the Vice President of theNew York Stock Exchange. Benjamin Nathan was found in the mansion, bludgeoned to death. There was a series of hearings, and even suspicion towards several people, but the mystery was never solved.^[20]

In 1871 Blair was chosen by theMissouri Legislature as aUnited States Senator. On November 16, 1872, he was stricken with paralysis, from which he never recovered. Largely owing to his stricken condition, he was defeated for reelection to the Senate in January 1873. Blair learned to write painfully with his left hand and continued his political efforts.

Blair's consuming interest in politics kept him active and he served as Missouri's state superintendent of insurance until his death from head injuries after a fall on July 8, 1875, at the age of 54.^[21] He is interred inBellefontaine Cemetery.

Family

[edit]

In 1847, Blair marriedAppoline Alexander; they had eight children.^[22]

Recognition

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William T. Sherman after hearing about Blair's death said, "I always regarded him as one of the truest patriots, most honest and honorable men, and one of the most courageous soldiers this country ever produced."^[23]Ulysses S. Grant wrote about Frank Blair in his memoir that, "There was no man braver than he, nor was there any who obeyed all orders of his superior in rank with more unquestioning alacrity. He was one man as a soldier, another as a politician."^[24]

In 1885, a statue to Senator Blair was erected at the entrance toForest Park in St. Louis at the intersection of Kingshighway and Lindell Blvds.

In 1899, the state ofMissouri donated a marble statue of Blair byAlexander Doyle to theU.S. Capitol'sNational Statuary Hall Collection.^[25]

References

[edit]

^Parrish, William E. (1973).A History of Missouri, Volume 3: 1860 to 1875. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp. 93–94, 101,107–8.ISBN 978-0-8262-0108-9.
^Smith, William E.The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1933.
^Hyde, George E. (1967),Life of George Bent: Written from his Letters, Norman, OK:University of Oklahoma Press, p. 84ISBN 978-0-8061-1577-1
^Francis Preston Blair Jr. (1821–1875)Archived March 9, 2016, at theWayback Machine,Dictionary of Missouri Biography edited by Lawrence O. Christensen, William E. Foley, Gary R. Kremer, and Kenneth H. Winn, published by the University of Missouri Press.
^"Francis P. Blair".Encyclopaedia Britannica. RetrievedJuly 22, 2020.
^"The Next House of Representatives".The Western Democrat. Vol. 5, no. 38.Charlotte, North Carolina: North Carolina Newspapers, Digital North Carolina. March 24, 1857. p. 2.
^
- "The Free Democracy of St. Louis [...]".Glasgow Weekly Times. July 1, 1858.
- "St. Louis Election".Glasgow Weekly Times. August 12, 1858.
- "The Brunswick Press says [...]".Glasgow Weekly Times. June 3, 1858.
^Blair, Frank P.Speech of Hon. Frank P. Blair Jr., of Missouri: On the Acquisition of Territory in Central and South America, to Be Colonized with Free Blacks, and Held As a Dependency by the United States. Washington: Buell & Blanchard, printers, 1858.
^May, Robert E.Slavery, Race and Conquest in the Tropics: Lincoln, Douglas, and the Future of Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 184.
^Blair, Frank P.The Destiny of the Races of This Continent: An Address Delivered Before the Mercantile Library Association of Boston, Massachusetts; on the 26th of January, 1859. Washington, D.C.: Buell & Blanchard, 1859.
^"Blair, Francis Preston, Jr.",US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives.
^"Frank P. Blair, Jr. (1821–1875)".Mr. Lincoln's White House. The Lehrman Institute. Archived fromthe original on March 7, 2016.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eChisholm 1911.
^Peckham, James.General Nathaniel Lyon, and Missouri in 1861: A Monograph of the Great Rebellion. New York: American News Company, 1866.
^Phillips, Christopher.Damned Yankee: The Life of General Nathaniel Lyon. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1990.
^Townsend, E.D. (Adjutant-General, US Army), Anecdotes of the Civil War in the United States. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1884
^"A Good Candidate".Daily Kansas Tribune. October 23, 1866. RetrievedAugust 7, 2018.
^"St. Louis: Frank Blair Defeated—Radical Delegetes[sic] Receive their Certificates".Evansville Journal. November 20, 1866. RetrievedAugust 7, 2018.
^^a ^bFoner, Eric. A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863–1877. New York: Harper & Row, 1990, p. 145.
^SeeThe Twenty-Third Street Murder inEdmund Lester Pearson.Studies in Murder. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1924; Dolphin Books, 1963, pp. 95–126.
^"Frank P. Blair".St. Louis Dispatch. July 9, 1875. p. 4. RetrievedJuly 1, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^Francis Preston Blair Jr.Archived October 7, 2016, at theWayback Machine,HarpWeek
^Francis Preston Blair Jr.,Ohio Civil War Central, 2016.
^Grant, Ulysses S.The Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant. New York, Webster, 1885.
^Statue of Francis Preston Blair,Architect of the Capitol

^During the 1860s,border state unionists were divided between Conservative and Radical factions. Blair became aligned with Missouri's Conservative unionists, who sometimes called themselves the Unconditional Union Party. This should not be confused with theUnconditional Union Party, aRadical political party active in several other border states, and known in Missouri as the Radical Union Party.^[1]

External links

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Blair family papers fromPrinceton University Library. Special Collections
Apolline Alexander Blair, Wife Of Union General And Senator Francis P. Blair, Jr.

Wikimedia Commons has media related toFrancis Preston Blair.

United States Congress."Francis Preston Blair Jr. (id: B000523)".Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2008-02-12
Blair in Statuary Hall at the U.S. Capitol
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Blair, Francis Preston s.v. Francis Preston Blair, jun.".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 34.

U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Luther M. Kennett	Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromMissouri's 1st congressional district 1857–1859	Succeeded by John R. Barret
Preceded by John R. Barret	Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromMissouri's 1st congressional district 1860	Succeeded by John R. Barret
Preceded by John R. Barret	Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromMissouri's 1st congressional district 1861–1864	Succeeded by Samuel Knox
Preceded by Benjamin Stanton	Chair of theHouse Armed Services Committee 1861–1862	Succeeded by James Buffington
Party political offices
Preceded by George H. Pendleton	Democratic nominee forVice President of the United States 1868	Succeeded by Gratz Brown
U.S. Senate
Preceded by Daniel T. Jewett	U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Missouri 1871–1873 Served alongside:Carl Schurz	Succeeded by Lewis V. Bogy

v t e United States senators from Missouri
Class 1	Benton Geyer Polk Henderson Schurz Cockrell Warner Reed Patterson Truman Briggs Kem Symington Danforth Ashcroft Carnahan Talent McCaskill Hawley
Class 3	Barton Buckner Linn Atchison Green Johnson Wilson Brown Drake Jewett Blair Bogy Armstrong Shields Vest Stone Wilfley Spencer Williams Hawes Clark Donnell Hennings Long Eagleton Bond Blunt Schmitt

v t e Chairs of theUnited States House Committee on Armed Services
Military Affairs Committee (1822–1947)	Eustis Hamilton Vance Hamilton Drayton R. Johnson McKay C. Johnson Thompson Dawson Stanly Haralson Botts Burt Bissell Benton Quitman Faulkner B. Stanton Blair Buffington Schenck Garfield Logan Coburn Banning Sparks Henderson Rosecrans Bragg Townshend Cutcheon Outhwaite Hull Hay Dent Kahn McKenzie Morin James Quin McSwain Hill May
Naval Affairs Committee (1822–1947)	Fuller Crowninshield Storrs Hoffman Anderson White Jarvis Ingham Thomas Wise Parmenter Holmes King F. Stanton Bocock Benson Bocock Morse Sedgwick Rice Pike Scofield Whitthorne Harris Cox Herbert Boutelle Herbert Cummings Geissenhainer Boutelle Foss Padgett Butler Britten Vinson
Armed Services Committee* (from 1947)	Andrews Vinson Short Vinson Rivers Philbin Hébert Price Aspin Dellums Spence Stump Hunter Skelton McKeon Thornberry Smith Rogers
^*Alternately namedNational Security in 104th and 105th Congresses.

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(← 1864)1868 United States presidential election (1872 →)

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Nominees	President:Horatio Seymour Vice President:Francis P. Blair Jr.
Other candidates	George H. Pendleton Thomas A. Hendricks Winfield S. Hancock Andrew Johnson (incumbent) Sanford E. Church Asa Packer James E. English Joel Parker James R. Doolittle Stephen J. Field Francis P. Blair Jr. Salmon P. Chase John T. Hoffman

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