| Fox River | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Map of the Fox River watershed | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | NearFriesland |
| • coordinates | 43°36′54″N89°04′05″W / 43.615°N 89.068°W /43.615; -89.068 |
| • elevation | 890 ft (270 m) |
| Mouth | Green Bay /Lake Michigan |
• coordinates | 44°32′24″N88°00′18″W / 44.54°N 88.005°W /44.54; -88.005 |
• elevation | 577 ft (176 m) |
| Length | 200 mi (320 km) |
| Basin size | 6,429 sq mi (16,650 km2) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 4,132 cu ft/s (117.0 m3/s) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | St. Lawrence River system |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Wolf River |
TheFox River is a river in easternWisconsin in theGreat Lakes region of theUnited States. It is the principal tributary of theGreen Bay, and via the bay, the largest tributary ofLake Michigan. The city ofGreen Bay, one of the first European settlements in the interior ofNorth America, is on the river at its mouth on the Green Bay.
Hydrographers divide the Fox into two distinct sections, the Upper Fox River, flowing from its headwaters in south-central Wisconsin northeasterly intoLake Winnebago, and the Lower Fox River, flowing from Lake Winnebago northeasterly to the Green Bay. Together, the two sections give the Fox River a length of 182 miles (293 km).[1] Counting the distance through Lake Winnebago gives a total of 200 miles (322 km).[1]
The river's name is the English translation of the French name for theMeskwaki people in the 17th century. The river was part of the famous 1673–74 expedition ofJolliet andMarquette, in which they went on to become the first Europeans to traverse the upperMississippi River. A particular set of cities on the lower Fox River identify themselves as theFox Cities.
The Upper Fox River begins as a small stream northeast ofPardeeville. It flows west by southwest towardsPortage where it comes within two miles (3.2 km) of theWisconsin River before turning north. The Fox River and the Wisconsin River are connected via thePortage Canal, which was the first waterway between theGreat Lakes and theMississippi River. After flowing pastMontello, the river goes northeasterly until reachingLake Butte des Morts. Here it is joined by the tributaryWolf River before entering the west side ofLake Winnebago atOshkosh. The Upper Fox flows for a total of 142 miles (229 km).[1]
The Lower Fox begins at the northern end of Lake Winnebago, where it flows north pastNeenah,Menasha, andAppleton as it begins its 40-mile (64 km)[1] course northeast towards Lake Michigan. The river drops around 164 feet (50 m) over this short stretch. Prior to the construction of European-styledams after 1850, the river had many sizable rapids. The Lower Fox ends after flowing through thecity of Green Bay and into Lake Michigan through theGreen Bay.
Altogether, the Fox-Wolfwatershed drains an area of about 6,429 square miles (16,650 km2). The Fox has an average annual discharge of 5,200 cubic feet per second (150 m3/s) into the Green Bay.[2] The highest recorded flow on the Fox near its mouth was 33,800 cubic feet per second (960 m3/s) on June 3, 1990.
Tributaries of the Fox River include the East,Fond du Lac, Wolf, White, Mecan, Grand, andMontello rivers.
The name is the translation ofRivière aux Renards (French for "River of the Foxes"), given by explorersLouis Jolliet andJacques Marquette because it went through the territory of theMeskwaki people, calledRenards in French. In theMenominee language, the river is known asMeskwahkīw-Sīpiah, which means "Red Earth River".[3] In theHo-Chunk language (Winnebago, Hoocąk, Hocąk), Fox River is known asNionigera.[4] According to a member of the party ofLa Salle, it was also called the Kakaling River.[5]
Along the banks is a chain of cities and villages, includingOshkosh,Neenah,Menasha,Appleton,Little Chute,Kimberly,Combined Locks, andKaukauna. Except for Oshkosh, located on the Upper Fox River nearLake Winnebago, these cities and villages identify as theFox Cities. Farther north along the Lower Fox River, from its outlet from Lake Winnebago and before its mouth at Lake Michigan, are the cities ofDe Pere andGreen Bay (located at the lake), and the villages ofAshwaubenon andAllouez; although they are in the Fox River Valley, this grouping of cities and villages does not refer to themselves as Fox Cities.
Since the recession of theglaciers that once covered much ofWisconsin, the Fox River has supported severalNative American cultures, and has been important for its fisheries, waterfowl,wild rice, forests, and water. Archaeologists have claimed that indigenous peoples lived in the Fox River area as early as 7000 BC.[6]
Prior to European settlement in the late 17th century, the shores of the Fox River and the Green Bay were home to roughly half the estimated 25,000 Native Americans who lived in what is today Wisconsin. The first Europeans to reach the Fox wereFrench, beginning with explorerJean Nicolet in 1634. In 1673 explorersJacques Marquette andLouis Joliet canoed up the river as far as Portage. Here they made the shortportage from the Fox to the Wisconsin River and then canoed on toward theMississippi River. They established an important water route between theGreat Lakes and the Mississippi River known as theFox–Wisconsin Waterway. It was likely long used by Native Americans prior to European encounter, as they had extensive cross-country trading routes related to the Mississippi River.
During theFrench colonization of the Americas, this route was used frequently byfur traders. French-Canadian men who established homes on the Fox River marriedFirst Nation women, producingmixed-race descendants who were generally raised within thematrilineal cultures of their mothers and identified with the tribes. In Canada, theMétis of the Red River of the North are classified as a distinct ethnicity because of their shared culture.[6]
The Fox-Wisconsin Waterway's importance continued into the 1850s, when the Fox and Wisconsin Improvement Company builtlocks and dams on the Fox and thePortage Canal to connect it to theWisconsin River at Portage.[7] The company was hoping to establish Green Bay as a port city to rivalChicago by making the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway into the principal shipping route between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River. This goal was never achieved, as the Upper Fox remained too shallow for significant shipping even after damming and dredging. In addition, the lakes that the narrow, winding stream flows through were frozen solid for five months every year.[6]
The Lower Fox was developed instead as a center of riverfront industry.[7] During the mid-19th century, when Wisconsin was a leading producer ofwheat, severalflour mills were built along the river to harness its abundant water power. During the 1860s, as Wisconsin's wheat production declined, these flour mills were replaced by a growing number ofpaper mills, which processed the great amount of timber being harvested from the forests. The Lower Fox proved an ideal location for paper production, owing to its proximity to lumbering areas that could supplywood pulp to make paper. Several well-known paper companies were founded in cities along the river, includingKimberly-Clark, Northern Paper Mills (makers of Quilted Northern), and the Hoberg Paper Company (manufacturer ofCharmin).
TheVulcan Street Plant on the Fox river in Appleton was the first Edison hydroelectric station and one of the first in the world. It was put into service in 1882 within the building of the Appleton Paper and Pulp Company.
The Lower Fox remains a major area forpaper production. There are 24 paper and pulp mills along the Lower Fox River that produce more than five million tons of paper per year and employ around 50,000 people.[citation needed] The principal cities located in this valley are Green Bay, Appleton, Neenah, Menasha, De Pere, and Kaukauna. Although Oshkosh is a major city in the chain, active production of paper products is no longer located there.
In the section between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay at Lake Michigan, the Fox River flows roughly south to north and descends through a height equal to that ofNiagara Falls.[citation needed] As such, the Fox River was an ideal location for constructing powerful sawmills that made the Fox River area famous for its paper industry. A negative side effect of this industrialization was the dumping ofhazardous material by-products of the paper mills. To repair the ecological damage from this toxic waste, there has been a widespread effort to clean the Fox River.[8] Dredging of the chemicals in the river began on April 28, 2009[9][10] and capping started soon after during the summer of 2009.[11] The cleaning project concluded in 2020 and cost an estimated $1 billion.[12] The Fox River will continue to be monitored by theEnvironmental Protection Agency andWisconsin Department of Natural Resources for many years following the cleaning project's completion.[8]
The high concentration of paper mills and other industry along the Lower Fox has historically been the source of muchpollution of the river. Public debate about this contamination began as early as 1923, but little was done to improve the river until the federalClean Water Act was passed in 1972. Much effort has since been put into cleaning the Fox, but problems still exist. According to some measures of pollution (e.g.dissolved oxygen, pollution-tolerant worm counts), the Lower Fox River is much cleaner than it was before 1972. However, according to other measures of pollution (e.g.,phosphorus, estrogenic compounds, discardedpharmaceuticals), the river waters are slightly more contaminated than before 1972. As a result, debate over the river's contamination continues between environmentalists, the paper industry, Indian tribes, and elected officials at the federal, state, and local levels.
While not officially designated as a U.S.Superfund site, the Lower Fox River bottom has some sections contaminated with toxic chemicals. Thesecontaminatedsediments are the river's current environmental problem. One contaminant of special concern is a group of chemicals calledPolychlorinated biphenyls or PCBs. The largest deposits of contaminated sediments are traceable to the local paper recycling mills. Beginning in the 1950s, many mills along to Fox River began producing and recyclingcarbonless copy paper. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources explains that carbonless copy paper caused PCB pollution in the Fox River and Lake Michigan.[8] The federal government banned PCBs in 1979 due to their environmental threat to humans and other wildlife.[13]
The U.S. government and State of Wisconsin filed suit on October 14, 2010, against nine paper companies and two municipalities for their failure to pay for PCB cleanup actions. The companies named in the suit wereNCR Corporation, Appleton Papers, CBC Coating,Kimberly-Clark, Menasha Corporation,NewPage Corporation,Glatfelter, U.S. Paper Mills (Sonoco) and WTM (Wisconsin Tissue Mills). The local agencies sued were the City of Appleton and Neenah-Menasha Sewerage Commission.[14][15] Several settlements ensured that the responsible parties paid for a large sum of the cleaning project costs and other restoration efforts. A settlement, reached in 2019, required that NCR Corporation, P.H. Glatfelter Company, and Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products LP cover the cost of all future cleaning efforts.[16]
Since the late 19th century, dredging of river bottom sediments has been done to allow large ships to enter the Fox River. The contaminated sediment has been used since the 1960s to fill local wetlands, causing adverse effects on wildlife and plants. After 1978 it was used to develop an off-shore engineered holding area calledRenard Isle, also known as Kidney Island. Renard Isle was capped in 2015 and its ownership was transferred to Brown County in 2017.[17] There have been several proposed plans for the land, including turning it into aNational Estuarine Research Reserve.[18]
Among the wildlife in the Fox River Valley are birds such asmallard ducks andCanada geese, and fish such aswalleye.
Before the 1950s parts of the Fox River were used for recreational purposes. This only lasted for a short period of time as thewater quality deteriorated, and the water was considered unhealthy.[6]
The Fox River region has been dominated bydairy farms that benefited from the rich soil and plentiful water supply.
The 25-mile (40 km)Fox River State Recreational Trail is part of theBrown County Park System. The trailhead is in the city of Green Bay where seven miles (11 km) of paved trail follow the Fox River south through the city ofDe Pere. Biking, walking, jogging, and rollerblading are among the most popular activities on the trail. The trail also has a section of unpaved terrain that permits horseback riding.[19]
TheWiouwash State Trail runs concurrent with the Fox River from downtown Oshkosh to Lake Butte des Morts for about four miles (6.4 km).[20]
Fishing was a huge aspect of life on the water as many fisheries were set up along the river. This remained large for a short period of time[when?] but also was soon limited bywater pollution and the depleted amount of fish. Restrictions were placed on how many and what kind of fish could be caught.
The Fox River has produced multiplestate records in fishing. Currently the records forStriped bass,Shortnose gar andNorthern hogsucker have all been caught in the river.[21]
Media related toFox River (Wisconsin) (category) at Wikimedia Commons| International | |
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