| Fortress | |
|---|---|
| Developer | Sun Labs |
| First appeared | 2006 |
| Final release | 1.0_5033 / September 7, 2011; 13 years ago (2011-09-07) |
| Typing discipline | Static |
| Platform | Java SE 1.6+ |
| OS | Cross-platform |
| License | BSD |
| Website | github |
| Influenced by | |
| Fortran,Scala,Haskell | |
Fortress is a discontinued experimentalprogramming language forhigh-performance computing, created bySun Microsystems with funding fromDARPA'sHigh Productivity Computing Systems project. One of the language designers wasGuy L. Steele Jr., whose previous work includesScheme,Common Lisp, andJava.
The name "Fortress" was intended to connote a secureFortran, i.e., "a language for high-performance computation that provides abstraction and type safety on par with modern programming language principles".[1] Language features includedimplicit parallelism,Unicode support and concretesyntax similar tomathematical notation. The language was not designed to be similar to Fortran. Syntactically, it most resemblesScala,Standard ML, andHaskell. Fortress was designed from the outset to have multiple syntactic stylesheets. Source code can be rendered asASCII text, inUnicode, or as a prettied image. This would allow for support of mathematical symbols and other symbols in the rendered output for easier reading. Anemacs-based tool calledfortify transforms ASCII-based Fortress source code intoLaTeX output.[2]
Fortress was also designed to be both highly parallel and have rich functionality contained within libraries, drawing from Java. For example, thefor loop construct was a parallel operation, which would not necessarily iterate in a strictly linear manner, depending on the underlying implementation. However, thefor construct was a library function and could be replaced by another version of the programmer's liking rather than being built into the language.
Fortress' designers made its syntax as close as possible topseudocode and analyzed hundreds ofcomputer science andmathematics papers, courses, books and journals using pseudocode to extract the common usage patterns of the English language and standard mathematical notation when used to representalgorithms in pseudocode. Then they made the compiler trying to maintain a one-to-one correspondence between pseudocode and executable Fortress.[3][better source needed]
Fortress was one of three languages created with funding from theHigh Productivity Computing Systems project; the others wereX10 from IBM andChapel fromCray, Inc. In November 2006, when DARPA approved funding for the third phase of the HPCS project, X10 and Chapel were funded, but Fortress was not,[4] leading to uncertainty about the future of Fortress.
In January 2007, Fortress was released as open-source.[5]Version 1.0 of the Fortress Language Specification was released in April 2008, along with a compliant implementation targeting theJava Virtual Machine.
In July 2012, Steele announced that active development on Fortress would cease after a brief winding-down period, citing complications with using Fortress's type system on existing virtual machines.[6]
This is the Fortress version of the archetypalhello world program, as presented in theFortress Reference Card:[2]
component helloexport Executablerun() = println("Hello, World!")endTheexport statement makes the programexecutable and every executable program in Fortress must implement therun() function. The file where the program is saved for compilation must have the same name as the one specified in the initialcomponent statement. Theprintln() function is what outputs the "Hello, World!" words on the screen.
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