Built in 1838 and first incorporated in 1911, Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during theSecond Seminole War.[12] The forts took their name from MajorWilliam Lauderdale (1782–1838), younger brother of Lieutenant ColonelJames Lauderdale. Development of the city did not begin until 50 years after the forts were abandoned at the end of the conflict. Three forts named "Fort Lauderdale" were constructed including the first at the fork of theNew River, the second at Tarpon Bend on the New River between the present-day Colee Hammock andRio Vista neighborhoods, and the third near the site of the Bahia Mar Marina.[13]
Known as the "Venice of America", Fort Lauderdale has 165 miles of inland waterways across the city.[14] In addition to tourism, Fort Lauderdale has a diversified economy including marine, manufacturing, finance, insurance, real estate, high technology, avionics/aerospace, film, and television production. The city is a populartourist destination with an average year-round temperature of 75.5 °F (24.2 °C) and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year. Greater Fort Lauderdale, encompassing all ofBroward County, hosted more than 13 million overnight visitors in 2018.[15] Nearly four million cruise passengers annually pass through itsPort Everglades, making it the world's third-busiest cruise port.[16] With over 50,000 registered yachts and 100 marinas, Fort Lauderdale is also known as the "yachting capital of the world."[17]
The area of present-day Fort Lauderdale was inhabited for over 2,000 years by theTequesta Indians.[18] Contact with Spanish explorers in the 16th century proved disastrous for the Tequesta, as the Europeans brought with them diseases, includingsmallpox, to which the native populations possessed no resistance. For the Tequesta, disease, coupled with continuing conflict with theirCalusa neighbors, contributed greatly to their decline over the next two centuries.[19]
By 1763, there were only a few Tequesta left in Florida, and most of them were evacuated to Cuba when the Spanish ceded Florida to the British in 1763, under the terms of theTreaty of Paris, which ended theSeven Years' War.[18] Although control of the area changed between Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, and theConfederate States of America, it remained largely undeveloped until the 20th century.[citation needed] The Fort Lauderdale area was known as the "New River Settlement" before the 20th century.
In the 1830s, there were approximately 70 settlers living along the New River.William Cooley, the localJustice of the Peace, was a farmer andwrecker, who traded with theSeminole Indians. On January 6, 1836, while Cooley was leading an attempt to salvage a wrecked ship, a band of Seminoles attacked his farm, killing his wife and children, and the children'stutor. The other farms in the settlement were not attacked, but all the white residents in the area abandoned the settlement, fleeing first to theCape Florida Lighthouse onKey Biscayne, and then toKey West.[20]
The first United States stockade named Fort Lauderdale was built in 1838,[21] and subsequently was a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. The fort was abandoned in 1842, after the end of the war, and the area remained virtually unpopulated until the 1890s. In 1893, a ferry operated Frank Stranahan provided transit across New River.Florida East Coast Railroad also was completed, providing a route through the area, which sparked the city's development.
Fort Lauderdale's first major development began in the 1920s, during theFlorida land boom.[23] TheGreat Miami Hurricane of 1926[24] and theGreat Depression of the 1930s caused a great deal of economic dislocation. In July 1935, an African-American man named Rubin Stacy was accused of robbing a white woman at knifepoint. He was arrested and being transported to a Miami jail when police were run off the road by a mob. A group of 100 white men proceeded to hang Stacy from a tree near the scene of his alleged robbery. His body was riddled with some 20 bullets.[25] The murder was subsequently used by the press inNazi Germany to discredit U.S. critiques of its own persecution of Jews, Communists, and Catholics.[26]
WhenWorld War II began, Fort Lauderdale became a major U.S. base, with a Naval Air Station to train pilots, radar operators, and fire control operators. A Coast Guard base atPort Everglades was also established.[27]
Until July 1961, only whites were allowed on Ft. Lauderdale beaches. There were no beaches for African-Americans in Broward County until 1954, when "the Colored Beach," todayDr. Von D. Mizell-Eula Johnson State Park, was opened inDania Beach; however, no road was built to it until 1965. On July 4, 1961, African Americans started a series of wade-ins as protests at beaches that were off-limits to them, to protest "the failure of the county to build a road to the Negro beach."[28]: 30 [29] On July 11, 1962, a verdict byTed Cabot went against the city's policy of racial segregation of public beaches, and Broward County beaches were desegregated in 1962.
Fort Lauderdale is a major center foryachting,[30][31] one of the nation's largest tourist destinations,[31] and the center of a metropolitan division with 1.8 million people.[32]
After end ofWorld War II, service members returned to the area, spurring an enormous population explosion that dwarfed the 1920s boom.[19] The 1960 census counted 83,648 people in the city, about 230% of the 1950 figure.[33] A 1967 report estimated that the city was approximately 85% developed,[34] and the 1970 population figure was 139,590.[35]
After 1970, growth in the area shifted to suburbs to the west. As cities such asCoral Springs,Miramar, andPembroke Pines experienced explosive growth, Fort Lauderdale's population stagnated, and the city actually shrank by almost 4,000 people between 1980, when the city had 153,279 people,[36] and 1990, when the population was 149,377. A slight rebound brought the population back up to 152,397 at the 2000 census. Since 2000, Fort Lauderdale has gained slightly over 18,000 residents through annexation of seven neighborhoods in unincorporated Broward County.[37]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 38.6 square miles (99.9 km2), 34.7 square miles (90.0 km2) of which is land and 3.8 square miles (9.9 km2) of which is water (9.87%).[38] Fort Lauderdale is known for its extensive network of canals; there are 165 miles (266 km) of waterways within the city limits.[39]
The city of Fort Lauderdale is adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean, includes 7 miles (11 km) of beaches,[40] and borders the following municipalities:[citation needed]
Aerial photo of Fort LauderdaleTarpon River neighborhood in Fort Lauderdale
The northwestern section of Fort Lauderdale is separate from the remainder of the city, connected only by the Cypress Creek Canal as it flows under I-95. This section of Fort Lauderdale borders the cities of Tamarac and Oakland Park on its south side. Oakland Park also borders Fort Lauderdale on the west side of its northeastern portion. The greater portion of Fort Lauderdale in the south is bordered, along its north side by Wilton Manors.[41][42]
Off the coast of Fort Lauderdale is theOsborne Reef, anartificial reef made of discarded tires that has proven to be an ecological disaster.[43] The dumping began in the 1960s, with the intent of providing habitat for fish, while disposing of trash from the land. However, in the rugged and corrosive environment of the ocean, nylon straps used to secure the tires wore out, cables rusted, and tires broke free. The tires posed a particular threat after breaking free from their restraints. The tires then migrated shoreward, and ran into a living reef tract, washed up on its slope, and killed many things in their path. In recent years, thousands of tires have also washed up on nearby beaches, especially during hurricanes. Local authorities are now working to remove the 700,000 tires, in cooperation with theU.S. Army,Navy, andCoast Guard.[44]
Fort Lauderdale is increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, particularly rising sea levels and coastal flooding. NOAA data indicates that even moderate sea level rise could inundate portions of the city’s low-lying neighborhoods, threatening infrastructure, property, and public safety (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2023)[45]. Local authorities have begun implementing mitigation strategies, including improved stormwater management and shoreline protection, to address these growing environmental risks.
Fort Lauderdale has a program for designating and recognizing neighborhoods. Under the Neighborhood Organization Recognition Program,[46] more than 60 distinct neighborhoods have received official recognition from the city. An additional 25–30 neighborhoods exist without official recognition, although the city's neighborhood map displays them as well.[47]
According to theKöppen climate classification, Fort Lauderdale has atropical rainforest climate (KöppenAf). While the city does not have a fullydry season, much of the seasonal rainfall comes between May and October. Winters are frequently dry and sunny, and drought can be a concern in some years.
Fort Lauderdale is situated in USDAhardiness zones 10b to 11a near the coast.
The wet season runs from May through October, and weather is typically hot, humid, and wet with average high temperatures of 86–90 °F (30–32 °C) and lows of 73–78 °F (23–26 °C). During this period, more than half of summer days may bring brief afternoon or evening thunderstorms with lightning and bursts of intense rainfall. The record high temperature of 100 °F (38 °C) was recorded on June 22, 2009, and August 4, 1944.
The dry season often arrives some time in November, and lasts through early to mid April. Seasonable weather is often warm, dry, and sunny. Average high temperatures of 75–83 °F (24–28 °C) and lows of 60–70 °F (16–21 °C) are typical in the dry season. On rare occasions, cool fronts may make it all the way south to Fort Lauderdale, and the city will see a day or two of highs in the 60s °F (16–21 °C) and lows in the 40s °F (4–10 °C). Rare frosts occur every few decades, and only once in recorded history havesnow flurries been reported in the air, which occurred on January 19, 1977.[48][49] During the dry season (winter), brush fires can be a concern in many years.
Annual average precipitation is 60.95 inches (1,550 mm), with most of it occurring during the wet season from May through October. However, rainfall occurs in all months, even during the drier months from November through April, such as during theApril 2023 flash flood where about two feet of rain fell in half a day. Fort Lauderdale has an average of 131 precipitation days annually. Thehurricane season is between June 1 and November 30, with major hurricanes most likely to affect the city or state in September and October.[50] The most recent storms to directly affect the city wereHurricane Irma in 2017,[51] in addition toHurricane Katrina andHurricane Wilma, both of which struck the city in 2005. Other direct hits wereHurricane Cleo in 1964,Hurricane King in 1950, and the1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane. OnApril 12, 2023, Fort Lauderdale received 25.91 inches (658 mm) of rainfall, causing historic flooding and the temporary closure of theFort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport.[52]
Fort Lauderdale is the second-largest city in theMiami metropolitan area and the largest city inBroward County, holding nearly a tenth of the county's population. It grew at a fast pace throughout the first seventy years of the twentieth century, with its population expanding from 91 in 1900 to 139,590 in 1970. After this, it experienced a period of slow growth. During the 1970s, the city's population only grew by 10.2% to 153,279 in 1980.
This began a period of stagnation for the city of Fort Lauderdale, even as the metro area and the county continued their population boom. In the 1980s, the population of the city shrank for the first time, and by the1990 census the number of residents of Fort Lauderdale fell just below 150,000. The next decade saw a slight rebound, but by the time of the2000 census, the city's population was at 152,397, still below its first peak in 1980.
In the 21st century, the population grew significantly. By the2010 census, the city's population had reached 165,521 as its population grew by 8.6% over the previous decade. By the2020 census, the city's population had reached 182,760 as its population grew by 10.4% over the previous decade.
According to the 2022 U.S. Census Bureau data, Fort Lauderdale has a population of approximately 183,000 residents. The city’s population is diverse, with significant communities of Hispanic or Latino, African American, and non-Hispanic White residents, reflecting broader demographic trends in South Florida (United States Census Bureau, 2022)[61]. Fort Lauderdale also has a relatively young population, with a median age slightly below the national average, contributing to its dynamic workforce and urban culture.
In 2010, 7.1% of the population considered themselves to be of onlyAmerican ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity).[88][89]
In 2000, Fort Lauderdale had the twenty-sixth highest percentage ofHaitian residents in the United States, at 6.9% of the city's population,[91] and the 127th highest percentage ofCuban residents, at 1.7% of the city's residents.[92]
The city, along with adjacent small citiesOakland Park andWilton Manors, is known for its notably largeLGBT community, and has one of the highest ratios ofgay men and lesbians, with gay men being more largely present.[93][94] The city is also known as a popular vacation spot forgays andlesbians,[95] with many LGBT or LGBT-friendly hotels and guesthouses.[96] Fort Lauderdale hosts theStonewall Library & Archives, and in neighboringWilton Manors, there is thePride Center, a large LGBT community center, in addition to the World AIDS Museum and Educational Center. The current mayor of Fort Lauderdale,Dean Trantalis, is the first openly gay person to hold this office.[97]
Fort Lauderdale also exemplifies several statewide trends described in Florida’s Megatrends, including rapid urban growth, increasing political diversity, and socioeconomic stratification. The city has become a focal point for discussions on sustainable development, public policy, and infrastructure investment, reflecting the broader challenges facing Florida’s urban centers (Colburn & DeHaven-Smith, 2021)[98]. Its role in these statewide patterns highlights both the opportunities and pressures that accompany South Florida’s continued population and economic growth.
Fort Lauderdale'scentral business district is the largest in Broward County, and second-largest in South Florida afterMiami.
Fort Lauderdale's economy has diversified over time. From the 1940s through the 1980s, the city was known as aspring break destination for college students.[99] The college crowd has since dwindled, however, with the city now attracting wealthier tourists.[100]Cruise ships and nautical recreation provide the basis for much of the revenue raised by tourism. There is a convention center west of the beach and southeast of downtown, with 600,000 square feet (55,742 m2) of space, including a 200,000-square-foot (18,581 m2) main exhibit hall.[101] Approximately 30% of the city's 10 million annual visitors attend conventions at the center.[102]
Since the early 2000s, Fort Lauderdale has experienced significant economic transformation driven by the redevelopment of its downtown and beach areas. Investments in luxury hotels, cultural districts, and improved public spaces have contributed to a tourism boom, attracting millions of visitors annually and generating substantial revenue for the local economy (Bauknight, 2020)[103]. The revitalization has also spurred growth in retail, dining, and entertainment sectors, positioning Fort Lauderdale as one of South Florida’s premier tourist destinations.
Fort Lauderdale is a major manufacturing and maintenance center for yachts. The boating industry is responsible for over 109,000 jobs in the county.[107] With its many canals, and proximity to theBahamas andCaribbean, it is also a popular yachting vacation stop, and home port for 42,000 boats, and approximately 100 marinas and boatyards.[31] Additionally, the annual Fort Lauderdale International Boat Show, the world's largest[108]boat show, brings over 125,000 people to the city each year.[109][110]
Fort Lauderdale’s marine industry extends beyond tourism, playing a crucial role in the local economy through shipbuilding, yacht maintenance, and other marine services. These sectors support a substantial number of jobs and contribute significantly to the city’s economic output (Stanley, 2019)[111]. The city’s reputation as a global maritime hub is further reinforced by its extensive boating infrastructure and the international attention brought by events like the Fort Lauderdale International Boat Show.
Like many parts of Florida, the city's population has a strong seasonal variation, as "snowbirds" from the northern United States, Canada, and Europe spend the winter and spring in Florida.[113] The city is known for its beaches, bars, nightclubs, and history as aspring break location, back in the 1960s and 1970s, for tens of thousands of college students.[114] The city has discouraged college students from visiting the area since the mid-1980s, however, by passing strict laws aimed at preventing the mayhem that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s.[99] The city had an estimated 350,000 college visitors for spring break 1985;[115] by 1989, that number had declined to about 20,000.[99] Since the 1990s, Fort Lauderdale has increasingly catered to those seeking the resort lifestyle seasonally or year-round, and is often a host city to many professional venues, concerts, and art shows.[citation needed]
Fort Lauderdale's arts and entertainment district, otherwise known as the Riverwalk Arts & Entertainment District, runs east–west alongLas Olas Boulevard, from the beach to the heart of downtown. The district is anchored in the West by theBroward Center for the Performing Arts, and runs through the city to the intersection of Las Olas and A1A. This intersection is the "ground zero" of Fort Lauderdale Beach, and is the site of theElbo Room bar featured in the 1960 filmWhere the Boys Are, which led in large measure to the city's former reputation as a spring break mecca.[99] The city and its suburbs host over 4,100 restaurants and over 120 nightclubs, many of them in the arts and entertainment district.[31] The city is also the setting for the 1986 movieFlight of the Navigator, and host ofLangerado, an annual music festival. In 2013, the county welcomed about 1.3 million LGBT travelers who spent about $1.5 billion in area restaurants, hotels, attractions, and shops, according to the Greater Fort Lauderdale Convention & Visitors Bureau.[116]
TheNew River provides a popular and scenic route for watercraft.
Hugh Taylor Birch State Park is a 180-acre (0.73 km2) park along the beach, with nature trails, camping and picnicking areas, canoeing, and features the Terramar Visitor Center, with exhibits about the ecosystem of the park.[118] Hugh Taylor Birch came to Florida in 1893. He purchased ocean-front property for about a dollar per acre, he eventually owned a 3.5-mile stretch of beachfront.[119] TheBonnet House is a historic home in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States. Bonnet House's modern history began when Birch gave the Bonnet House property as a wedding gift to his daughter, Helen, and her husband, Chicago artistFrederic Clay Bartlett in 1919. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic places in 1984, and declared a historic landmark by the City of Fort Lauderdale in 2002.[120]
TheRiverside Hotel, Fort Lauderdale's oldest operating hotel
Henry E. Kinney Tunnel on U.S. Route 1 is the only tunnel on a state road in the state of Florida.[121] It was constructed in 1960, and its 864-foot (263 m) length travels underneath the New River and Las Olas Boulevard.
The Riverwalk Arts and Entertainment District in downtown Fort Lauderdale features the Broward Center for the Performing Arts; Museum of Discovery and Science, with its AutoNation 3D IMAX Theater; Florida Grand Opera; Fort Lauderdale Historical Center; Stranahan House; theRiverside Hotel; and the Museum of Art.[122]
Las Olas Boulevard is a popular thoroughfare in downtown Fort Lauderdale that runs from Andrews Avenue in the Central Business District to A1A and Fort Lauderdale Beach. The boulevard is a popular attraction for locals and visitors, being ideally situated close to Fort Lauderdale beach, Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, and Port Everglades. It is considered to be South Florida's most architecturally unique, authentic, and eclectic shopping and dining district.[123]
The following are images of some of the remaining historical structures in Fort Lauderdale. Some are listed in the National Register of Historic Places:[130][131][132]
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
The Bonnet House was built in 1895 and is at 900 Birch Road. In 1919, the owner, Hugh Taylor Birch, gave the property to his daughter Helen and artist Frederic Clay Bartlett as a wedding gift. The property was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1984; reference #84000832.
TheDr. Willard Van Orsdel King House was built in 1951 and is at 1336 Seabreeze Boulevard. On February 21, 2006, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places; reference #06000059.
The Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel House in Fort Lauderdale, Florida along the riverside of New River. This was the residence of the infamous mobster known asBugsy Seigel.
Fort Lauderdale is also home to the Fort Lauderdale Aquatic Complex, which is at theInternational Swimming Hall of Fame. It contains two 25-yard (23 m) by 50-meter competition pools, as well as one 20 by 25-yard (23 m) diving well. The complex is open to Fort Lauderdale residents, and has also been used in many different national and international competitions since its opening in 1965. Tenworld records have been set there, fromCatie Ball's 100 m breaststroke in 1966,[137] toMichael Phelps' 400 m individual medley in 2002.[138]
The Fort is a pickleball center that opened in 2024. It feature 43pickleball courts, including the world's first dedicated pickleball stadium,[140] a 4,000-square-foot (370 m2) event center, and several other sporting and entertainment venues. It serves as the headquarters and training center for theAssociation of Pickleball Players.[141]
Fort Lauderdale has acommission-manager form of government. City policy is set by a city commission of five elected members: themayor and fourdistrict commission members. In 1998, the municipal code was amended to limit the mayoral term. The mayor of Fort Lauderdale now serves a three-yearterm, and cannot serve more than three consecutive terms.[143] The current mayor isDean Trantalis, who succeeded Jack Seiler in 2018. The longest-serving mayor isJim Naugle, who served from 1991 to 2009.[144] Administrative functions are performed by acity manager, who is appointed by the city commission.Fort Lauderdale Fire-Rescue Department provides Fire andEmergency Medical Services.
The town of Fort Lauderdale council in 1911 appointed Kossie A. Goodbread as its firstCity Marshal.[145] G. D. Tenbrook, appointed Marshal in 1920, was the first to receive the title ofChief of Police.[145] Between 1924 and 1926, the size of the Fort Lauderdale Police Department increased from two officers to 26 officers.[145]Scott Israel, later the Sheriff of Broward County and the Opa-locka Police Chief, worked for the Fort Lauderdale Police Department from 1979 to 2004.[146] As of 2022, the department had 499 officers.[147]
According to 2000 census data, 79.0% of the city's population aged 25 or older were high school graduates, slightly below the national figure of 80.4%. Additionally, 27.9% held at least a baccalaureate, slightly higher than the national figure of 24.4%.Broward County Public Schools operates 23 public schools in Fort Lauderdale. The 2007Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) results for Fort Lauderdale's public schools were mixed; while 10 (of 16) elementary schools and one (of four) middle schools received "A" or "B" grades, Sunland Park Elementary School[148] and Arthur Ashe Middle School[149] received failing grades.Boyd Anderson High School, which is inLauderdale Lakes but whose attendance zone includes part of Fort Lauderdale, also received a failing grade.[150] None of the three failing schools have failed twice in a four-year period, thus triggering the "Opportunity Scholarship Program" school choice provisions of the Florida's education plan.[151]
Ten institutions of higher learning have main or satellite campuses in the city:
Fort Lauderdale is serviced by three major forms of public transit:Broward County Transit bus system (top), commuter railTri-Rail (middle), and inter-city railBrightline (bottom).
Broward County Transit (BCT), the county bus system, provides local bus transportation. BCT provides for connections with the bus systems in other parts of the metropolitan area:Metrobus inDade County, andPalm Tran inPalm Beach County.Tri-Rail, acommuter rail system, connects south Florida's major cities and airports. In November 2006, Broward County voters rejected[154] a one-cent-per-hundred sales tax increase intended to fund transportation projects, such aslight rail and bus system expansion.[155]The Wave, a new 2.7-mile (4.3 km) electric streetcar system costing $125 million, was being planned for the downtown. Most of the construction funding would have come from federal ($62.5 million), state ($37 million), and city taxpayers ($10.5 million), with approximately $15 million from assessments on properties within the Downtown Development Authority. Broward County (BCT) had committed to operating the system for the first 10 years at an expected annual cost of $2 million, and had guaranteed funding to cover any shortfall in ridership revenues.[156] The construction cost of $50 million per mile was considerably higher than other recently built streetcar projects, in part due to the challenges of building an electric transit system over the 3rd Avenue drawbridge. The project was canceled in 2018 by the city and the county.[157]
The Sun Trolley is a bus service, running buses (styled asstreetcars) around Fort Lauderdale andBroward County.[158]
Tri-Rail also provides daily commuter service between Palm Beach County, Broward County (including two stations in Fort Lauderdale), and Miami-Dade County with dozens of local stations.Amtrak provides long-distance passenger service daily on theSilver Meteor andSilver Star lines connecting to cities on the Atlantic coast via theFort Lauderdale station.[citation needed]
Fort Lauderdale is home toPort Everglades, the nation's third busiest cruise port.[163] It is Florida's deepest port, and is an integral petroleum receiving point.[164] Fort Lauderdale is served by a regular international passenger ferry service toFreeport,Grand Bahama Island,Bahamas operated by Baleària Caribbean.[citation needed]
Fort Lauderdale is served by Broward General Medical Center and Imperial Point Medical Center, which are operated byBroward Health, the third-largest hospital consortium in the United States. Broward General is a 716-bed[165] acute care facility that is designated as aLevel I trauma center.[166] It is also home to Chris Evert Children's Hospital and a Heart Center of Excellence. The hospital serves as a major training site for medical students fromNova Southeastern University'sCollege of Osteopathic Medicine, as well asnursing andparamedic programs from throughout the area.
^Language spoken at home among residents at least five years old; only languages (or language groups) which at least 2% of residents have spoken at any time since 1980 are mentioned
^Only countries of birth which at least 1.5% of residents were born in at any time since 1980 are mentioned
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^Not counted separately; aggregated into "Other" category
^abMcGoun, Bill (1978)."A History of Broward County"(PDF).Broward Legacy (Broward County Historical Commission). Vol. 2, no. 3 and 4. pp. 15–22. RetrievedJuly 3, 2007.
^Kirk, Cooper (1985)."Foundations of Broward County Waterways"(PDF).Broward Legacy (Broward County Historical Commission). Vol. 8, no. 1 and 2. pp. 2–18. RetrievedJuly 14, 2007.
^"Census Counts: 1890-2020".Florida Municipal Population Census Counts: 1890 to 2020. Office of Economic and Demographic Research, The Florida Legislature. 2023.Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. RetrievedApril 12, 2023.
^abcdGeorge, Paul S. (1991)."Where the boys were"(PDF).South Florida History Magazine. No. 1. Historical Association of Southern Florida. pp. 5–8. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on March 13, 2016. RetrievedNovember 16, 2017 – viaHistoryMiami.
^"Fall 2006 newsletter:The Way We Were"(PDF) (Press release). Greater Fort Lauderdale/Broward County Convention Center. Fall 2006. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on August 10, 2007. RetrievedJuly 18, 2007.
^"SkyscraperPage.com". RetrievedSeptember 2, 2010. Other improvements include a wide array of new boutiques, art galleries, and restaurants.[citation needed]
^Cantanese Center for Urban and Environmental Studies (January 2005)."Interim Boat Facility Siting Plan"(PDF). Draft. Broward County Environmental Protection Department. p. 38. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on August 10, 2007. RetrievedJuly 22, 2007.
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.svg)
