| Fort Henry National Historic Site | |
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 Interactive map of Fort Henry National Historic Site | |
| Location | Point Henry,Kingston, Ontario, Canada |
| Established | First fort: 1812–1814 Second fort: 1832–1836 |
| Owned by | Government of Canada (Parks Canada), Operated by Ontario Ministry of Heritage, Sport, Tourism and Culture Industries (St Lawrence Parks Commission) |
| Managed by | Kathryn Lowe |
| Designation | National Historic Site of Canada |
| Website | http://www.forthenry.com |
| Designated | 1936 |
Fort Henry National Historic Site is located inKingston, Ontario, Canada on Point Henry, a strategic, elevated point near the mouth of theCataraqui River where it flows into theSt. Lawrence River at the east end ofLake Ontario. The fort and the point on which the fort was built were named afterHenry Hamilton, former Lieutenant-Governor of theProvince of Quebec.[1]
A fortification was constructed during theWar of 1812 to protect theKingston Royal Naval Dockyard (the site of the present-dayRoyal Military College of Canada) on Point Frederick from a possible American attack during the war and to monitor maritime traffic on the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario.[2][page needed] A much larger fort replaced this construction in the 1830s to maintain protection of the naval dockyard and protect the southern entrance to theRideau Canal. The fort was restored in the 1930s and is a significant tourist attraction.
Interest in Point Henry as a defensible strategic location was first noted by the British in 1783. At that time, the British military established a post in what is now Kingston by partly refurbishing and garrisoning the ruined French fort (Fort Frontenac). The garrison and the developing townsite near the fort were deemed difficult to defend and soCaptain John Ross, the British officer in charge of settlingLoyalist refugees in the area following theAmerican Revolutionary War, proposed moving the stronghold along with the townsite to the more defensible Point Henry. British-American hostilities still concerned the British, and the high promontory of Point Henry was considered to be a good location for a defensive fortification.[3][4]
In 1794,Lord Dorchester ordered the survey of Point Henry, Point Frederick, and "the adjacent Country and Coves taking in whatever may lye near enough to affect the Security or convenience of the Port" to investigate the location of a navy base.Lt. Alexander Bryce of theRoyal Engineers preferred Haldimand Cove (now Navy Bay) as a navy base and recommended a fortification on Point Henry to defend it. However, a fortification was not built on the hill until the beginning of theWar of 1812.[5]
At the beginning of the War of 1812, local militia erected ablockhouse and battery on Point Henry to defend the important naval base on Point Frederick, located across Haldimand Cove to the west, and to monitor maritime traffic on the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario.[2][page needed] On November 10, 1812, this battery was involved in repelling several American warships that were attacking theProvincial Marine sloopRoyal George as the ship was taking refuge in Kingston Harbour.[2][page needed][6] This naval action strengthened the view that a stronger fortification was needed and so the militia and regular army began building batteries and barracks in 1813.[2][page needed] The fort was one of several defensive structures built in and around Kingston during the war.
By 1820 the fort consisted of earth and stone ramparts,demi-bastions,redans, ditches, magazines, barracks, signal towers and support batteries.[2][page needed][7][8]
Distrust between the Americans and British continued after the War of 1812. This led to the original fort being demolished to make way for a more extensive fort, which was constructed between 1832 and 1836[9][10] to defend the Lake Ontario end of the strategicRideau Canal, the harbour, and the naval dockyard. In 1843, the advanced battery overlooking the lake to the south was completed when thecasemated commissariat stores and magazines were built. These stone buildings connected the advanced battery to the mainredoubt. A system of more elaborate defensive works was planned but cost overruns in the construction of the canal limited the fortifications to fourMartello towers and the fort itself. At the time, these fortifications were the strongest defences in Canada west ofQuebec City. Neither the original nor the second Fort Henry was ever attacked. The fort was once referred to as the "Citadel ofUpper Canada".
Imperial (British) troops were deployed at the site of Fort Henry from 1813 to 1870. TheCanadian Militia then garrisoned the fort until 1891. British garrisons included theRoyal Regiment of Artillery,24th Regiment of Foot,Black Watch, theArgyll and Sutherland Highlanders, theRoyal Welch Fusiliers and theRoyal Canadian Rifle Regiment. Canadian units who used the fort include "A" and "B' Batteries of Garrison Artillery, and the14th Battalion, Princess of Wales' Own Rifles. As relations with the United States continued to improve, the need for defences along the border ceased. Abandoned by the military, the fort fell into disrepair.
Fort Henry temporarily held prisoners of the1837–38 Rebellions. German, Austrian and Turkish prisoners of war and some civilians, including Ukrainian immigrants described as "enemy aliens" during Canada's first national internment operations of 1914–1920 were also held at the fort. During theSecond World War, the fort served as a prisoner of war camp for GermanLuftwaffe andKriegsmarine personnel.
In the 1930s, under the leadership of Ronald L. Way, restorations took place as part of a government work program during theGreat Depression. "Old Fort Henry" became aliving museum with the introduction of theFort Henry Guard, and was opened on August 1, 1938.
Fort Henry is administered byParks Canada and operated by theSt. Lawrence Parks Commission. Uniformed military interpreters known as theFort Henry Guard conduct demonstrations of British military life and tours for visitors. The Fort Henry Guard has a long history in itself. The Guard, founded in 1938 has been integral to the Fort's ability to maintain the spirit of 1867 life and the preservation of the fort. The Guard is not exclusive to military interpreters but includes domestic interpreters as well. Self-guided tours are also available. Other activities and demonstrations includehistorical reenactments of drills and battle tactics, the Garrison Parade, the Victorian School Room, and the Muster Parade, where young visitors are dressed in period uniforms and taught to march by a qualified member of the Guard. Sunset Ceremonies occur weekly throughout the later part of the summer, where a full program of historic drill, music and artillery is presented.[11] During evenings year-round a tour company conducts tours of the fort that highlight the fort's supposedly haunted past.
Fort Henry has been designated as aNational Historic Site of Canada, and in 2007 was included in the designation of the Rideau Canal as aUNESCO World Heritage Site.
On 30 June 1983 Canada Post issued 'Fort Henry, Ont.' in the "Forts Across Canada Series" (1983 and 1985). The stamps are based on the designs by Rolf P. Harder.[12]
44°13′48.95″N76°27′34.85″W / 44.2302639°N 76.4596806°W /44.2302639; -76.4596806
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