Fort Bend County is acounty located in theU.S. state ofTexas. The county was founded on December 29, 1837, and organized the next year.[1] It is named fora blockhouse at a bend of theBrazos River. The community developed around the fort in early days. Thecounty seat isRichmond. The largest city located entirely within the county borders isSugar Land. The largest city by population in the county isHouston, but most of Houston's population is located in neighboring Harris County.
Before European settlement, the area was inhabited byKarankawa Indians.Spanish colonists generally did not reach the area during their colonization, settling more in South Texas.
The former Sugar Land Refinery in Sugar Land
After Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Anglo-Americans started entering from the east. In 1822, a group ofStephen F. Austin's colonists, headed by William Travis, built a fort at the present site of Richmond. The fort was calledFort Bend because it was built in the bend of the Brazos River.[5] The city of Richmond was incorporated under theRepublic of Texas, along with 19 other towns, in 1837. Fort Bend County was created from parts of Austin, Harris, and Brazoria Counties in 1838.
Fort Bend developed aplantation economy based on cotton as the commodity crop. Planters had numerous African-American slaves as laborers. By the 1850s, Fort Bend was one of six majority-black counties in Texas.[6] In 1860, the slave population totaled 4,127, more than twice that of the 2,016 whites.[7] Fewfree Blacks lived there, as Texas refused them entry.
While the area began to attract White immigrants in the late 19th century, it remained majority-Black during and after Reconstruction. Whites endeavored to controlfreedmen and their descendants through violence and intimidation. Freedmen and their sympathizers supported the Republican Party because of emancipation, electing their candidates to office. The state legislature was still predominately White. By the 1880s, most White residents belonged to the Democratic Party. Factional tensions were fierce, as political elements split largely along racial lines. The Jaybirds, representing the majority of the Whites, struggled to regain control from the Woodpeckers, who were made up of some Whites who were consistently elected to office by the majority of African Americans, as several had served as Republican officials during Reconstruction.
Fort Bend County was the site of theJaybird–Woodpecker War in 1888–89. After a few murders were committed, the political feud culminated in a gun battle at the courthouse on August 16, 1889, when several more people were killed and the Woodpeckers were routed from the county seat.[8]
GovernorLawrence Sullivan Ross sent in militia forces and declared martial law. With his support, the Jaybirds ordered a list of certain Blacks and Woodpecker officials out of the county, overthrowing the local government. The Jaybirds took over county offices and established a "White-only pre-primary",disenfranchising African Americans from the only competitive contests in the county.[8] This device lasted until 1950, when Willie Melton andArizona Fleming won a lawsuit against the practice inUnited States District Court, though it was overturned on appeal. In 1953, they ultimately won their suit when theSupreme Court of the United States declared the Jaybird primary unconstitutional inTerry v. Adams,[9] the last of theWhite primary cases.[10]
In the 1960s, the first of several master-planned communities that came to define the county were developed, marking the beginning of its transformation from a largely rural county dominated by railroad and oil and gas interests to a major suburban county dominated by service and manufacturing industries. Among the earliest such developments were Sugar Land'sSugar Creek and Missouri City'sQuail Valley, whose golf course hosted theHouston Open during the 1973 and 1974 seasons of thePGA Tour.[11] Another wasFirst Colony in Sugar Land, a 9,700-acre development commenced in the 1970s by Houston developerGerald D. Hines that eventually became the southwest Greater Houston area's main retail hub, anchored byFirst Colony Mall andSugar Land Town Square.[12]
Since the 1980s, new communities have continued to develop, withGreatwood,New Territory, andSienna (originally Sienna Plantation) among the more recent notable developments.[13] In addition to continued development in the eastern part of the county around Sugar Land and Missouri City, theGreater Katy area began to experience rapid growth and expansion into Fort Bend County in the 1990s, led by the development ofCinco Ranch.[14] By 2010, the county's population exceeded 500,000, and it had become the second-largest county in the greater Houston area (behind Harris County).
In 2017,Hurricane Harvey caused significant flooding in Fort Bend County, leading to the evacuation of 200,000 residents and over 10,000 rescues. The unprecedented flooding, the result of record rainfall and overflow from the Brazos River andBarker Reservoir, resulted in damage to or destruction of over 6,800 homes in the county.[15]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 885.250 square miles (2,292.79 km2), of which 23.465 square miles (60.77 km2) (2.65%) are covered by water.[16] It is the 181st-largest of the 236 counties in Texas by total area.
From 1930 to 1950, the county showed a decline in the rate of expansion and even a decrease in population. This was a period when many African Americans migrated in the second wave of theGreat Migration from Texas and other parts of the South to the West Coast, where a buildup in the defense industry provided more job opportunities. Other minorities settled in the county during its residential development, and African Americans are now a minority.
As of the third quarter of 2024, the median home value in Fort Bend County was $395,730.[32]
As of the 2023American Community Survey, an estimated 281,259 households are in Fort Bend County, with an average of 3.04 persons per household. The county has a median household income of $113,409. About 8.5% of the county's population lives at or below thepoverty line. Fort Bend County has an estimated 66.7% employment rate, with 49.3% of the population holding a bachelor's degree or higher and 91.9% holding a high-school diploma.[3]
The top-five reported ancestries (people were allowed to report up to two ancestries, thus the figures will generally add to more than 100%) were English (57.2%), Spanish (18.3%), Indo-European (9.5%), Asian and Pacific Islander (11.9%), and other (3.0%). The median age in the county was 37.6 years.
Fort Bend County, Texas – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
As of the2020 census, 822,797 people, 263,128 households, and 215,579 families resided in the county.[43] Thepopulation density was 954.8 inhabitants per square mile (368.7/km2). The 277,910 housing units had an average density of 322.5 per square mile (124.5/km2). Theracial makeup of the county was 34.3% White, 20.78% African American, 0.56% Native American, 22.18% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 9.14% from some other races and 12.99% from two or more races.Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 24.14% of the population.[44]
As of the2000 census, 354,452 people, 110,915 households, and 93,057 families resided in the county. The population density was 405.0 inhabitants per square mile (156.4/km2). The 115,991 housing units had an average density of 133.0 per square mile (51.4/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 56.96% White, 19.85% African American, 0.30% Native American, 11.20% Asian, 9.14% from some other race, and 2.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 21.12% of the population. Other self-identifications were 8.8% ofGerman ancestry, 6.3% American, and 5.8% English ancestry.
Of the110,915 households, 49.8% had children under 18 living with them, 68.8% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.10% were not families. About 13.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.10% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.14 and the average family size wass 3.46.
In the county, the age distribution of the population was 32.0% under 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% who were 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.1 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 96.30 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $63,831, and that for a family was $69,781. Males had a median income of $47,979 versus $32,661 for females. Theper capita income for the county was $24,985; 7.1% of the population and 5.5% of families were below thepoverty line. Of the total population, 8.5% of those under 18 and 9.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
Since the 1970s, Fort Bend County has been attracting people from all ethnic backgrounds. According to a 2001 Claritas study, it was the fifth-most diverse U.S. county, among counties with a population of 100,000 or more.[45]
It is one of a growing number of U.S. counties with no single ethnic group forming a majority of the population. Fort Bend County has the highest percentage of Asian-American residents in the Southern United States; the largest groups are ofVietnamese,Chinese,Indian, andFilipino ancestry. By 2011, Fort Bend was ranked the fourth-most racially diverse county in the United States byUSA Today. The newspaper based the ranking on calculating the probability that two persons selected at random would be of different ethnic groups or races. According to theUSA Today methodology, the chance of people of being two different ethnic groups/races being selected was 75%. Karl Eschbach, a former demographer with the State of Texas, has said that many people from Houston neighborhoods and communities with clear racial identities, such as theEast End,Sunnyside, and theThird Ward, moved to suburban areas that were too new to have established racial identities. Eschbach explained, "[a]s a large minority middle class started to emerge, Fort Bend was virgin territory that all groups could move to."[46]
In 2020, Fort Bend County had the highest percentage of Asian Americans of any county in Texas. In 2019,Indian Americans made up almost 50% of the Asian Americans in the county, with the second- and third-largest subsets beingChinese Americans andVietnamese Americans. From 2010 to 2020, the percentage of non-Hispanic White residents declined by 4.8% (though this population grew in absolute numbers), the Asian-American community grew by 83,167 (83.7% increase), the percentage of Hispanic people increased by 42.9%, and the percentage of Black people increased by 35.9%.[47] Fort Bend County also has the highest percentage ofFilipino Americans in the Greater Houston area and in state of Texas.[48] Filipinos are also the fourth-largest Asian subset in the county.[48]
According to the 2008 American Community Survey, the median income for a household in the county was $81,456, and for a family was $90,171.[49] Males had a median income of $54,139 versus $41,353 for females. Theper capita income for the county was $30,862. About 5.5% of families and 7.1% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 8.5% of those under 18 and 9.4% of those 65 or over.
As of 2006, Fort Bend County was the wealthiest county in Texas, with a median household income of $95,389 and a median family income of $105,944, having surpassed Collin and Rockwall Counties since the 2000 census. However, the Council for Community and Economic Research ranked Fort Bend County America's third-wealthiest county when the localcost of living was factored in.[50] This estimate did not include property taxes and local taxes, as effective tax rates and home insurance were not measured. Along with other Texas counties, Fort Bend County has one of the nation's highest property-tax rates. In 2007, it was ranked fifth in the nation for property taxes as a percentage of the homes' value on owner-occupied housing. The list includes only counties with a population over 65,000.[51] Fort Bend County also ranked in the top 100 in property taxes paid and percentage of taxes of income. Part of this is due to Texas's complexRobin Hood plan school financing law.[52]
County politics in Fort Bend County, as in all Texas counties, center around a commissioners' court. It is composed of four popularly elected county commissioners, one representing each precinct drawn decennially on the basis of population, and a county judge elected to represent the entire county. Other county officials include a sheriff, district attorney, tax assessor-collector, county clerk, district clerk, county treasurer, and county attorney.
For decades, Fort Bend County was a stronghold for theDemocratic Party, having achieveddisenfranchisement of Blacks at the county level in 1889 in the aftermath of theJaybird–Woodpecker War.[8] The state effectively disfranchised them with apoll tax andWhite primaries; the latter device was declared unconstitutional in 1944. By 1960, so few Republicans resided in Fort Bend County that the county'sRepublican chair once received a letter addressed simply to "Mr. Republican".[55]
As the 1960s progressed, though, rapid suburban-style development in west and southwest Houston began to overflow into Fort Bend County, where the development of numerous master-planned communities attracted many upper-middle-class families to developments in the eastern portion of the county. This development, along with the shift of conservative white Democrats towards the Republican Party in the wake of theVoting Rights Act of 1965, led to increased support for the GOP in the following years.[56]Richard Nixon narrowly carried the county in 1968, making it the only county in greater Houston outside of Harris County to go Republican that year, and carried it again in 1972. In 1976, conservative physicianRon Paul of Brazoria County, noted for his opposition to most government programs, which earned him the nickname "Dr. No", captured the22nd district in theUnited States House of Representatives in a special election, before narrowly losing re-election in the November election in whichGerald Ford also won Fort Bend, despite losing Texas toJimmy Carter.
Beginning in 1978, Republicans began to win several offices within the county, withWilliam P. Clements carrying the county in his successful run for governor. That same year, Paul was returned to Congress, while businessmanTom DeLay captured the county's seat in theTexas House of Representatives. In 1984 DeLay succeeded Paul in Congress after the latter ran an unsuccessful U.S. Senate campaign, and became House majority leader by 2002. Beginning in 1982, Republicans won a number of county-level offices and judicial benches, and Fort Bend County's new reputation as a Republican stronghold culminated in the 1994 election of a Republican county judge to the commissioners' court for the first time since Reconstruction. As of 2019, five of Fort Bend County's eight countywide offices, including two precinct-level positions, are held by Republicans. The remaining three are held by Democrats.
With growing populations of minorities and more socially moderate suburban voters who often break Republican on fiscal and economic issues, Fort Bend County has recently become more competitive. In 2008, DemocratBarack Obama came very close to winning the county, with 48.6% of the vote to RepublicanJohn McCain's 50.9%. In 2016,Hillary Clinton became the first Democrat to carry the county sinceLyndon B. Johnson in 1964, largely due to the unpopularity of Republican nomineeDonald Trump amongst the county's largely suburban electorate (not unlike the situation with other similarly suburban counties during the Trump era), with many voterssplitting their tickets between Clinton and Republicans for other offices; Republicans won every elected countywide office by a margin similar to Clinton's, while also defeating an incumbent Democrat on the Fort Bend County Commissioners' Court.[57][58] In 2018, significant enthusiasm for U.S. Senate candidateBeto O' Rourke and strong Democratic infrastructure resulted in Democratic control of the commissioners' court (including county judge) and a number of countywide administrative and judicial posts, withFort Bend Independent School District board trustee K.P. George becoming Texas's first Asian-American county judge.[59] The county would continue its Democratic trend in the 2020 election, withJoe Biden winning Fort Bend County over Trump by a margin of over 10 percent and Democrats sweeping all countywide races. In 2024, the diverse county swung slightly more Republican, with Vice PresidentKamala Harris only winning a narrow plurality over Trump and Republicans winning a majority of contested countywide and state judicial races.
Today, Fort Bend County is often considered a swing county, with election results usually tilting more Democratic than statewide results, which continue to favor Republicans. Elections within the county are often decided by margins in more Republican-leaning areas in Sugar Land, Rosenberg, and Sienna, with Republicans dominating in the Katy, Fulshear, and rural southern areas of the county and Democrats in the county's northeast corner around Missouri City and Fresno, as well as heavily Hispanic Mission Bend.
Fort Bend County is one of six "reverse pivot counties", counties that voted Republican in 2008 and 2012 before voting Democratic in 2016 onward.[60]
Since the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the federal government has enforced it by regularly reviewing voting patterns and local practices, and plaintiffs have sometimes sued state or local governments over discriminatory practices. In April 2009, as part of a settlement with theUnited States Department of Justice, officials of Fort Bend County agreed to increase assistance toSpanish-speaking Latino voters in elections held in the county.[56]
Jester I Unit – Substance Abuse Felony Punishment Facility (unincorporated area)[68] (co-located with the Jester units)
Wayne Scott Unit (formerly Jester IV Unit) – Psychiatric Facility (unincorporated area)[69] (co-located with the Jester units), renamed in 2021[70]
The TDCJ announced that theCentral Unit in Sugar Land was closing in 2011. The City of Sugar Land is exploring the property for future economic development, including light industrial uses, as well as a potential expansion of Sugar Land Regional Airport.[71]
In contrast to greater Houston in general, Fort Bend County's economy is more diverse, with numerous service-sector jobs in healthcare, energy, education, hospitality, and other areas. Major companies with a presence in the county includeSchlumberger,Minute Maid,Fluor, andSunoco's logistics operations in Sugar Land. TheHouston Business Journal reported in 2010 that the diversity of industries promoted decades of rapid population growth.[72] AfterMemorial Hermann Hospital andSt. Luke's Episcopal Hospital opened facilities in Fort Bend County, already home to local facilities forHouston Methodist Hospital in Sugar Land, as well as locally based OakBend Medical Center in Richmond, many doctors moved their offices to the county.[73] Compared to Montgomery County, which has experienced rapid growth in corporate employment followingExxonMobil's decision to move its greater Houston operations to an area directly south of The Woodlands, Fort Bend County has yet to experience significant corporate growth, though Schlumberger recently announced plans to move its North American headquarters to Sugar Land.
TheTexas Legislature assigns these community college districts to the following:[78]
Houston Community College System: Katy ISD, Stafford MSD, and portions of FBISD in the Houston, Missouri City, and Pearland city limits, and areasnot in Wharton County Junior College (in other words, not in Sugar Land, not in Sugar Land'sextraterritorial jurisdiction)[79]
Wharton County Junior College: The City of Sugar Land and its extraterritorial jurisdiction, Lamar CISD (including the former Kendleton ISD), Needville ISD, and Brazos ISD (stated in the legislation as Wallis-Orchard)
Local newspapers in the county include three weeklies: theFort Bend Star, headquartered inStafford; theFort Bend Independent; and theFort Bend Sun, headquartered in Sugar Land. The dailyFort Bend Herald and Texas Coaster focuses on news coverage in the Richmond-Rosenberg area. Fort Bend County is also a major service area for theHouston Chronicle, which provides separate local coverage for the Sugar Land and Katy areas.
Fort Bend County officially created a department of public transportation in 2005 that provides commuter buses toUptown,Greenway Plaza, andTexas Medical Center. It also provides demand-and-response buses to senior citizens and the general public that travel only in Fort Bend County.[82] Parts of the county, such as Katy and Missouri City, participate in theMetropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County and are served by severalpark-and-ride routes.
^Compiliation of American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut categories
^Compiliation of Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Asian Indian, and Vietnamese categories. Other Asian groups would be included in the Some Other Race category
^Compiliation of Hawaiian, Guamanian, and Samoan categories. Other Pacific Islander groups would be included in the Some Other Race category
^ Calculated as the difference between the total population and all other categories
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties ±Former CDP annexed by Missouri City ^Former CDP annexed by Sugar Land #Still active as a community, but is no longer listed as a census-designated place
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