Theforeign relations ofIreland are substantially influenced by its membership of theEuropean Union, although bilateral relations with the United States and United Kingdom are also important. It is one of the group of smaller nations in the EU and has traditionally followed anon-aligned foreign policy. Ireland has historically tended towards independence in foreign military policy, thus it is not a member of theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation and has alongstanding policy of military neutrality.
Ireland was not invited to join the United Nations when it was formed in 1945. Both Washington and London were opposed because of Ireland's neutrality during the war. Ireland applied in 1946 and the US and UK voted approval, but the Soviet Union vetoed it. Ireland was finally admitted to the UN in 1955.[1] It joined theEuropean Economic Community (EEC) in 1973; it is now known as theEuropean Union (EU). In 1974 it began the Irish Aid programme to provide assistance to developing countries. In 1991 it established the Irish Institute of International and European Affairs to conduct research and analysis on international and European affairs. In 1992 theIrish Refugee Council began as a humanitarian advocate for the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in Ireland.[2]
Since at least the 12th century Ireland, as a result of military conquest, has had political connections with the United Kingdom and its predecessor states, with the whole island becoming a part of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1801 to 1922. From the time Ireland became independent from the United Kingdom in 1922, the two countries have been involved in a dispute over the status ofNorthern Ireland.Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland formerly claimed Northern Ireland as a part of the"national territory", though in practice the Irish government did recognise the UK's jurisdiction over the region. From the onset ofthe Troubles in 1969, the two governments sought to bring the violence to an end. TheSunningdale Agreement of 1973 and theAnglo-Irish Agreement of 1985 were important steps in this process. In 1998, bothstates signed theGood Friday Agreement and now co-operate closely to find a solution to the region's problems.Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland were amended as part of this agreement, the territorial claim being replaced with a statement of aspiration to unite the people of the island of Ireland. As part of the Good Friday Agreement, the states also ended theirdispute over their respective names:Ireland and theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Each agreed to accept and use the others' correct name.
Whenthe Troubles were raging in Northern Ireland, theIrish Government sought, with mixed success, to prevent the import of weapons and ammunition through its territory by illegal paramilitary organisations for use in their conflict with the security forces in Northern Ireland. In 1973 three ships of theIrish Naval Service intercepted a ship carrying weapons fromLibya which were probably destined forIrish Republican paramilitaries.[3] Law enforcement acts such as these additionally improved relations with the government of the United Kingdom. However, the independent judiciary blocked a number of attempts to extradite suspects between 1970 and 1998 on the basis that their crime might have been 'political' and thus contrary tointernational law at the time.
Ireland is one of the parties to theRockall continental shelf dispute that also involves Denmark,Iceland, and the United Kingdom. Ireland and the United Kingdom have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area. However, neither has concluded similar agreements with Iceland or Denmark (on behalf of theFaroe Islands) and the matter remains under negotiation. Iceland now claims[4] a substantial area of thecontinental shelf to the west of Ireland, to a point 49°48'N 19°00'W, which is further south than Ireland.
The United States recognised theIrish Free State on 28 June 1924 with diplomatic relations being established on 7 October 1924. In 1927, the United States opened an American Legation in Dublin.[7] Due to the ancestral ties between the two countries, Ireland and the US have a strong relationship, both politically and economically, with the US being Ireland's biggest trading partner since 2000.[8] Ireland also receives moreforeign direct investment from the US than many larger nations, with investments in Ireland equal toFrance andGermany combined and, in 2012, more than all of developing Asia put together.[9]
The use ofShannon Airport as a stop-over point forUS forces en route toIraq has caused domestic controversy in Ireland. Opponents of this policy brought an unsuccessfulHigh Court case against the government in 2003, arguing that this use of Irish airspace violatedIrish neutrality.[10] Restrictions such as carrying no arms, ammunition, or explosives, and that the flights in question did not form part of military exercises or operations were put in place to defend Irish neutrality, however, allegations have been made against theCentral Intelligence Agency that the airport has been used between 30 and 50 times for illegalextraordinary rendition flights to the U.S. without the knowledge of the Irish Government, despite diplomatic assurances by the US that Irish airspace would not be used for transport of detainees.[11][12]
In July 2006, the former Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs,Dermot Ahern voiced concern over the2006 Lebanon War.[13] A shipment of bombs being sent toIsrael by the United States was banned using Irish airspace or airfields.[14]
In 1995 a decision was made by the U.S. government to appoint aSpecial Envoy to Northern Ireland to help with theNorthern Ireland peace process. During the2008 presidential campaign in the United States, however, Democratic Party candidateBarack Obama was reported as having questioned the necessity to keep a US Special Envoy for Northern Ireland. His remarks caused an uproar within the Republican Party, with SenatorJohn McCain questioning his leadership abilities and his commitment to the ongoing peace process in Northern Ireland.[15]
Ireland's official relationship with the People's Republic of China began on 22 June 1979.[16] Following his visit to China in 1999, formerTaoiseachBertie Ahern authorised the establishment of an Asia Strategy.[17] This Strategy aimed to ensure that the Irish Government and Irish enterprise work coherently to enhance the important relationships between Ireland and Asia.[17] In recent years due to the rapid expansion of the Chinese economy, China is becoming a key trade partner of Ireland, with over $6bn worth ofbilateral trade between the two countries in 2010. In July 2013, theTánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade were invited to China by the Chinese foreign ministerWang Yi on a trade mission to boost both investment and political ties between the two countries.[18]
Ireland has raised its concerns in the area of human rights with China on several occasions. On 12 May 2007, during a visit to Beijing, formerTaoiseachBrian Cowen (then Minister for Finance) discussed human rights issues with Chinese Foreign MinisterLi Zhaoxing.[19] Former TánaisteMary Coughlan also raised human rights issues and concerns with visiting Chinese Vice-PremierZeng Peiyan.[19] Ireland also participates in the EU-China Human Rights Dialogue.
Concerning theTaiwan issue, Ireland follows aOne-China policy and emphasizes the Taiwan issue being best settled through dialogue "between the parties concerned". Ireland does not maintain official diplomatic ties with Taiwan although there is a Taipei Representative Office that has a representative function about economic and cultural promotion.
In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Ireland, signed a joint letter to theUNHRC condemning China'smistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close theXinjiang internment camps.[20][21]
Although diplomatic relations with Burkina Faso are maintained through Ireland's Permanent Mission to theUnited Nations inNew York (United States), Ireland is represented in Burkina Faso consularly through its embassy inAbuja (Nigeria).[188]
Ireland is represented in the Democratic Republic of Congo through its embassy inPretoria (South Africa).
Democratic Republic of Congo received €7.4 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[190]
There are 1,770 citizens from between both the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo living in Ireland. The exact number from each is uncertain due to the factCongo with no distinction was used solely in census reports.[184]
In 2011, Ethiopia received €36.4 million in aid from Ireland.[190]
In November 2014 the President of IrelandMichael D. Higgins visited Ethiopia on a state visit to celebrate 20 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries. During this visit a bilateral transport agreement was signed which paved the way forEthiopian Airlines to commence direct flights to Dublin from Addis Ababa, the first between Ireland andSub-Saharan Africa.[194]
Although diplomatic relations with the Ivory Coast are maintained through Ireland's Embassy inLondon (United Kingdom), Ireland is represented in the Ivory Coast consular through its embassy inMonrovia (Liberia).[197]
Ivory Coast is represented in Ireland through its embassy inLondon (United Kingdom).
Liberia is represented in Ireland through its embassy inLondon (United Kingdom).
Liberia received €7.5 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[190]
Between 2003 and 2007, as part of theUnited Nations Mission in Liberia, Ireland deployed a quick reaction force of 430 troops to assist with peacekeeping.[200]
Ireland is represented in Mauritius through its embassy inPretoria (South Africa).
Mauritius is represented in Ireland through its high commission inLondon (United Kingdom).
There are 2,844 citizens of Mauritius living in Ireland.[205]
Following themurder of Irish tourist Michaela McAreavey on the island in January 2011, several Irish businesses proposed a boycott of the island due to the questionable trial in which all 3 suspects were acquitted.[206] Another source of discontent was the investigation by theMauritian authorities. The Major Crime Investigation Team (MCIT), who was in charge, admitted they failed to interview fellow guests at the hotel who were staying close to the room in which the murder occurred. They also failed to preserve the crime scene and did not provide any solidDNA evidence against the accused.[207] As a result, the Irish ambassador to Mauritius conveyed in person to the Prime Minister of Mauritius,Navin Ramgoolam, a formal government to government protest over what happened.[208][209]
Ireland is represented in Namibia through its embassy inPretoria (South Africa).
Namibia is represented in Ireland through its embassy inLondon (United Kingdom).
Following Namibia's Independence fromSouth Africa in 1990, Ireland sent 50 Garda officers as well as 20 military observers to the country as part of theUnited Nations Transition Assistance Group. This group was sent to monitor the peace process and elections taking place there at the time.[215]
Although diplomatic relations with Seychelles are maintained through Ireland's Permanent Mission to theUnited Nations inNew York (United States), Ireland is represented in Seychelles consular through its embassy inDar es Salaam (Tanzania).[216]
A principled stand againstapartheid by Ireland came to prevent the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. As a result, Ireland was the onlyEU country that did not have full diplomatic relations with South Africa until 1993, when an exchange of ambassadors was agreed with theDe Klerk administration in anticipation of the ending of apartheid.
Uganda is represented in Ireland through its high commission inLondon (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate inDublin.
In 2011 Uganda received €42.7 million from Ireland through a variety of aid programmes.[190]
Irish people are one of the few citizens that do not need a visa to travel to Uganda.[225]
It was found in November 2012 that €4 million worth of Irish foreign aid was misappropriated by senior officials of the country. Instead of going towards aiding the development of the country, this money was redirected into the personal account of the prime minister of Uganda. The Irish government then halted all aid payments towards Uganda until the money was recouped, which eventually occurred in January 2013.[226]
The founder of the Argentinean Navy and greatest naval hero was Irish seaman William Brown.
In 2012 the Irish presidentMichael D. Higgins became the third Irish President in succession to visit Argentina on a state visit.
In March 2008, a new visa programme between the two countries allowing young people from each country to work in the other for up to 9 months was announced.[229]
There are 2,384 Canadian citizens residing in Ireland.[205]
Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations, the importance of these relations centres on the history ofIrish migration to Canada. Approximately 4 million Canadians have Irish ancestors, or approximately 14% of Canada's population.
A large number of Irish people migrated to Cuba in the 19th century.
The Irish Republican political party,Sinn Féin is also known to have close political links to the Cuban government. In 2015 Sinn Féin party leader,Gerry Adams made an official visit to the country.[247]
Ireland is represented in Haiti through Ireland's embassy inMexico City (Mexico).
In 2014 Haiti received €2.1m from Ireland in development aid.[251]
Following the devastating2010 Haiti earthquake, Ireland donated €37.3m to the country in response through governmental bodies such asIrish Aid and through donations toNGO'S from the public.[252]
Although diplomatic relations with Panama are maintained through Ireland's embassy inBogotá (Colombia), Ireland is represented in Panama consularly through its embassy inMexico City (Mexico) and through an honorary consulate inPanama City.[259]
Ireland is represented in Georgia through its embassy inKyiv (Ukraine).
Georgia has an embassy in Dublin.
Ireland supports EU initiatives to promote peace betweenGeorgia andRussia. Ireland recognises Georgian sovereignty over the separatist regions ofAbkhazia andSouth Ossetia. Ireland condemned the decision of Russia to recognise South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent states.[271]
The parallel the Abkhaz Parliament referred to stems from the fact that the breakaway and largely unrecognisedIrish Republic (1919–22), enjoyed some form of recognition from theRSFSR.[citation needed]
Ireland is represented in Iran through its embassy inAnkara (Turkey) and an honorary consulate inTehran. The Irish embassy in Iran was closed in 2012 for cost reasons,[273] however, the embassy is due to reopen before the end of 2023.[274][275][276]
Ireland is represented in Lebanon through its embassy inCairo (Egypt) and an honorary consulate inBeirut.
Lebanon is represented in Ireland through its embassy inLondon (United Kingdom).
From 1978 to 2001, a battalion of 580 Irish troops was deployed in Lebanon, rotating every 6 months, as part of theUnited Nations led forceUNIFIL. In all, 30,000 Irish soldiers served in Lebanon over the 23 years. Over the course of this mission 48 Irish soldiers died in Lebanon.[289]
DPR Korea opened an embassy in Ireland after they both established diplomatic relations. However, on 16 July 2005, North Korea closed the embassy in Dublin.[citation needed]
Ireland is represented to DPR Korea from its embassy in Seoul.
As of July 2009 the ambassador Ireland to South Korea wasEamonn McKee.
Ireland has aWorking Holiday Programme Agreement with the Republic of Korea It was at the first time an agreement of its kind of visa with a country of the Asia.
Ireland is consistently the mostpro-European of EU member states, with 88% of the population approving of EU membership according to a poll in 2022.[1]Archived 20 May 2022 at theWayback Machine Ireland was a founding member of theeuro single currency. In May 2004, Ireland was one of only three countries to open its borders to workers from the 10 new member states. EU issues important to Ireland include theCommon Agricultural Policy, corporationtax harmonisation and theEU Constitution. The Irish electoratedeclined to ratify theTreaty of Lisbon in 2008. A second referendum in October 2009 passed the bill, allowing the treaty to be ratified. Before it was ratified Ireland required legal guarantees on issues such as the right of Ireland to remain militarily neutral (and not engage in any kind of "European army"), the right of the state to maintain its low levels of corporation tax and that the treaty would not change theEighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland makingabortion illegal (since deleted). Ireland has held thePresidency of the Council of the European Union on seven occasions (in 1975, 1979, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2004 and 2013), and is due to hold it for the eight time from July to December 2026.
Although Ireland is accredited to Andorra from its embassy inMadrid (Spain) all consular queries are with regard to Andorra are dealt with through Ireland's consulate-general inBarcelona.[315]
Andorra does not have an accreditation to Ireland.[316]
Austria has an embassy in Ireland, located at 6 Ailesbury Road, Ballsbridge,Dublin.[313] Austria also maintains a Commercial Section at the Merrion Centre, 2nd Floor, Nutley Lane, Dublin.[313]
Ireland is represented in Bosnia and Herzegovina through its embassy inLjubljana (Slovenia).[267]
Bosnia and Herzegovina is represented in Ireland through its embassy inLondon (United Kingdom).
Since 1997 Ireland has contributed peacekeeping troops to Bosnia on a number of occasions including theNATO-ledStabilization Force and the EU ledEUFOR Althea.
Both countries, throughout history, were very friendly with each other, and both fought against Great Britain cooperatively, especially during the1798 Uprising (however, this was unsuccessful).
There are approximately 9,749French living in Ireland.[222]
Germany is one of Ireland's biggest trading partners, ranking third in 2014 with an approximately eight per cent share of Ireland's total foreign trade.
There are approximately 11,531Germans living in Ireland.[222]
Ireland has signed several tax treaties with theGuernsey.[348] The treaties provide a mechanism for inter-governmental sharing of information about offshore assets, and avoidance of dual-taxation.[349]
The Holy See has an apostolic nunciature inDublin.
In November 2011 Ireland closed its embassy in theVatican over the Irish Church's handling of sex abuse cases and accusations that the Vatican had encouraged secrecy and obstructed investigations into these matters.[351] The embassy was reopened in January 2014, a sign of thawing relations between the two jurisdictions.[352]
Ireland has signed several tax treaties withJersey.[348] The treaties provide a mechanism for inter-governmental sharing of information about offshore assets, and avoidance of dual-taxation.[349]
On 6 December 2011, Kosovan Ambassador to the United KingdomMuhamet Hamiti presented the credentials of Kosovan PresidentAtifete Jahjaga to Irish President Michael D. Higgins; thus making Hamiti the non-resident ambassador to Ireland.[362]
Ireland contributed 279 peacekeeping troops to theNATO ledKosovo Force, of which 12 personal are still active.[363]
Ireland has signed several tax agreements with theIsle of Man.[374] The agreements provide a mechanism for inter-governmental sharing of information about offshore assets, and avoidance of dual-taxation.
Ireland and the Isle of Man have collaborated on preparing reports and jointly opposing theSellafield nuclear plant to the UK government.[375]
TheRussian SFSR drafted a treaty which would have made it the first country to recognise the independence of Ireland in 1920, however, the Russian SFSR failed to ratify it.[396][397]
Cooperation between both countries has been more active since the end of theCold War. Many bilateral treaties exist between both nations in various fields (taxation, investment protection, cultural and scientific, aviation, etc.).
In 2010 Slovak airport security planted actual explosives in the luggage of unsuspecting passengers as part of a security exercise. As result of additional mistakes, the explosives were flown toDublin, Ireland causing international controversy.[402] Prime Minister Fico refused to dismiss the interior minister after the incident.
From 2018 Ireland will establish an embassy in New Zealand confirmed by the President of Ireland in October 2017 during his State visit to New Zealand. Respectively, New Zealand's Prime Minister announced they would also open an embassy in Dublin in the same year. Previously, New Zealand had been represented in Ireland via its High Commission in London,[422] and Ireland in New Zealand via its Australian embassy in Canberra.[423]
The United Nations was founded in 1945, but Ireland's membership wasblocked by theSoviet Union until 1955,[425] "partly because ofDublin's neutrality" during the Second World War.[426] Since 2017, the Irish ambassador to the UN Office at Geneva has been Michael Gaffey.[427] Ireland has been elected to theUN Security Council as a non-permanent member on four occasions — in 1962, in 1981–1982, in 2001–2002 and most recently in 2021–2022.[428]
Irish Aid, the Government of Ireland's programme of assistance to developing countries financed the redesign of the UNV Online Volunteering service website in 2008 and supported its operations from 2007 to 2010, which led to a significant growth in the number of online volunteers and the tasks they completed.[430]
Ireland has a long history of participation in UNpeacekeeping efforts starting in 1958, just three years after joining the UN. As of August 2018[update], 90 members of theIrish Defence Forces had been killed on peacekeeping missions.[432]
Ireland was a member state of the British Commonwealth from 1922 until 1949, initially as aDominion called theIrish Free State from 1922 until 1937, when Ireland adopted a new constitution and changed the name of the state to "Ireland". Although the King's position was removed from the Constitution in 1936, but included in theExternal Relations Act 1936 itself, a republic was only formally declared from 18 April 1949 when theRepublic of Ireland Act 1948 came into effect.
Under the rules for membership at the time, a republic could not be a member state of the Commonwealth. Only a Dominion could be a British Commonwealth member state, along withKing George VI as their head of state.
There have been no serious civil, human or social rights abuses/problems in the State, according toAmnesty International and theU.S. State Department.[442][443] The country consistently comes among the top nations in terms offreedom and rights ratings.
^Ronan Fanning, "The Anglo-American Alliance and the Irish Application for Membership of the United Nations."Irish Studies in International Affairs 2#2 (1986), pp. 35–61.onlineArchived 22 May 2023 at theWayback Machine
^John Doyle, "100 years of Irish Foreign Policy."Irish Studies in International Affairs 30.1 (2019): 1–5.
^Centre for Asian Studies, University Collete Dublin, China the Emerging Power: Prospects for Sino-Irish Relations, By Keisha Carty, Asia Correspondent, The Irish Times
^abIrish Department of Foreign Affairs: a Decade of the Asia Strategy
^abIreland today (2). Information Section, Dept. of Foreign Affairs. 1983. p. 177.Diplomatic relations with Denmark were established on a non-residential basis in January 1962 and the first resident Ambassador presented his credentials in May 1970. Although this was the first visit of an Irish Head of State
^abNews Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1975. p. 70.
^ARR Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1975. p. 88.
^"Ireland".Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved5 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^abForeign Affairs Bulletin. Department of Information, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand. 1970. p. 35. Retrieved30 October 2020.
^abcdMiller, Rory (2005).Ireland and the Palestine Question: 1948–2004. p. 84.
^abDíosbóireachtaí Párlaiminte: Tuairisc Oifigiúil 268.Oireachtas. 1986. p. 2335.
^Middle East Economic Digest Volume 19. 1975. p. 10.
^Informe de labores. Mexico. Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. 1975. p. 39.
^Relatório (in Portuguese). Brazil. Ministério das Relações Exteriores. 1975. p. 140.
^abIreland Today 879–941. Information Section, Department of Foreign Affairs. 1976. p. 24.
^"Irlandia" (in Polish).Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved23 July 2023.
^abMagyar külpolitikai évkönyv (in Hungarian). 1976. p. 47.
^Ireland Today - Issues 942-983. Information Section, Department of Foreign Affairs. 1979. p. 13.
^Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
^ab"Bilateral Relations". Embassy of the Republic of Korea in Ireland.Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved30 October 2020.
^Quarterly Economic Review of Ireland. Vol. 1. Economist Intelligence Unit Limited. 1983. p. 10.
^Đogić, Mojca Pristavec (September 2016)."Priznanja samostojne Slovenije"(PDF) (in Slovenian).Archived(PDF) from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved11 July 2023.
^"Ireland – Bilateral Relations".Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia.Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved20 January 2024.
^ab"Republic of Ireland". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan. Archived fromthe original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved30 October 2020.
^Diplomatic and Consular Directory Issue 33. Malawi. Ministry of External Affairs, Malawi. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. 2002. p. 189.
^Relatório, 1975 (in Portuguese). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil. 1975. p. 140. Retrieved30 October 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^"Consular Agencies".Ambassade de France en Irlande – French Embassy in Ireland.Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved15 January 2018.
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Clérigh, Gearóid Ó. "A Changed Approach to Diplomacy: The Department of Foreign Affairs Then and Now."Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 109.434 (2020): 202–208.onlineArchived 22 May 2023 at theWayback Machine
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O'Brien, Ann Marie. "A century of change: The (in) visibility of women in the Irish Foreign Service, 1919–2019."Irish Studies in International Affairs 30.1 (2019): 73–92.excerpt
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