Theforeign policy of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments: to theAtlantic cooperation, toEuropean integration, tointernational development and tointernational law. While historically theKingdom of the Netherlands was a neutral state, since 1945 it has become a member ofNATO, theUnited Nations, theEuropean Union and many other international organizations. The Dutch economy is very open and relies on international trade. During and after the 17th century—itsGolden Age—the Dutch built up a commercial and colonial empire. It was a leading shipping and naval power and was often at war with England, its main rival. Its main colonial holding was Indonesia, which fought for and achieved independence after 1945. The historical ties inherited from its colonial past still influence the foreign relations of the Netherlands. Foreign trade policy is handled by the European Union. The Dutch have been active in international peacekeeping roles.
In theDutch Golden Age, which had its zenith around 1667, there was a flowering of trade, industry, the arts and thesciences. A rich worldwideDutch empire developed and theDutch East India Company became one of the earliest and most important of national mercantile companies based on entrepreneurship and trade.
During the 18th century, the power and wealth of the Netherlands declined. A series of wars with the more powerfulBritish andFrench neighbors weakened it. Britain seized the North American colony ofNew Amsterdam, turning it into New York. There was growing unrest andconflict between theOrangists and thePatriots. The French Revolution spilled over after 1789, and a pro-FrenchBatavian Republic was established in 1795–1806. Napoleon made it a satellite state, theKingdom of Holland (1806–1810), and later simply a French imperial province.
In 1815–1940 it was neutral and played a minor role in world diplomacy, apart from a failed effort to control the seceding Southern provinces that became Belgiumbefore giving up in 1839.[1]
Unlike most European countries, the Netherlands succeeded inremaining neutral throughoutThe Great War. This approach failed during theSecond World War however and the kingdom quickly fell to an unprovokedGerman invasion in 1940 and would remain under Nazi occupation until being liberated by the allies in 1945. After the war, as a member of the allies, the Netherlands was included in the first class of U.N. members. During theCold War like most Western European countries, the Dutch aligned with the United States against theSoviet Union, co-founding theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), in 1949.[2][3] The Dutch were also at the forefront of promoting European cooperation and integration during this time period; co-founding theEuropean Coal and Steel Community and becoming one of theEuropean Union's (EU) original members.[4]
The Dutch have been strong advocates of European integration, and most aspects of their foreign, economic, and trade policies are coordinated through theEuropean Union (EU). The Dutch postwar customs union withBelgium andLuxembourg (theBenelux group) paved the way for the formation of the European Community (precursor to the EU), of which the Netherlands was a founding member. Likewise, the Benelux abolition of internal border controls was a model for the widerSchengen Accord, which today has 29 European signatories (including the Netherlands) pledged to common visa policies and free movement of people across common borders.
The Dutch stood at the cradle of the 1992Maastricht Treaty and have been the architects of theTreaty of Amsterdam concluded in 1998. The Dutch have thus played an important role in European political and monetary integration; indeed, until the year 2003, DutchmanWim Duisenberg headed the European Central Bank. In addition, Dutch financial minister Gerrit Zalm was the main critic of the violation of theStability and Growth Pact by France and Germany in 2004 and 2005.[5]
The Netherlands was the 9th-largest donor country in 2021, giving about $5 billion, about 0.5% of its gross national income (GNI), in official development assistance (ODA).[6] The country contributes through multilateral channels, especially theUnited Nations Development Programme, the international financial institutions, and EU programs. A large portion of Dutch aid funds is also channeled through private ("co-financing") organizations that have almost total autonomy in choice of projects.[citation needed]
"Developing countries aspiring to purchase foreign goods and services to invest in, inter alia, port facilities, roads, public transport, health care, or drinking water facilities may be eligible for a special Dutch grant facility. The grant facility, known as ORET (a Dutch acronym for Ontwikkelingsrelevante Exporttransacties, or Development-Related Export) serves to award grants to governments of developing countries for making payments to foreign suppliers."[8]
The Dutch work with the U.S. and other countries on international programs against drug trafficking and organized crime. The Dutch-U.S. cooperation focuses on joint anti-drug operations in theCaribbean, including an agreement establishingForward Operating Locations on the Dutch Kingdom islands ofCuraçao andAruba. The Netherlands is a signatory to international counter-narcotics agreements, a member of the United NationsInternational Drug Control Program, the UNCommission on Narcotic Drugs, and is a contributor to international counter-narcotics.
From June 26 until December 22, 2006, two children, Ammar (12–13) and Sara (10–11), lived in the Dutchembassy inDamascus because of achild custody dispute between the Dutch mother, supported by Dutch law and theHague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, and the Syrian father, supported by Syrian law (Syria is no participant of this convention). The children had been living in Syria since 2004, after an allegedinternational child abduction by the father from the Netherlands to Syria, during afamily contact in which he supposedly would visit Paris with them. The children fled to the embassy because they would like to live with their mother in the Netherlands.Minister of Foreign AffairsBen Bot traveled to Damascus, negotiated and on December 22 the children finally could return to the Netherlands.
The father claims that the Dutch government has promised not to prosecute him for the abduction. However, a Dutch prosecutor claims that he is free to prosecute the father and may well do that and that the Dutch have only retracted the international request to arrest him outside the Netherlands.[12]
Mark Rutte's government provided materials to theLevant Front rebel group inSyria.[13] In September 2018, the Dutch public prosecution department declared the Levant Front to be a "criminal organisation of terrorist intent", describing it as a "salafist and jihadistic" group that "strives for the setting up of the caliphate".[14]
In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including the Netherlands, signed a joint letter to theUNHRC condemning China'smistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close theXinjiang internment camps.[15][16]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1922 when Mr. J. P. graaf van Limburg Stirum was accredited as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Netherlands to Egypt.[208]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 1949.[79] Also both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 March 1936 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Liberia to the Netherlands Baron Otto van den Bogaerde van Terbrugge.[209]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 January 1939[220]
Canada has an embassy inThe Hague and the Netherlands has one inOttawa, and three Consulates-General inToronto, Montreal andVancouver. Canada and the Netherlands have worked closely together on many foreign issues and enjoy an especially close relationship. To foster business and commercial relations between the Netherlands and Canada, the Dutch business community set up the Netherlands-Canadian Chamber of Commerce.[221] They are both members of the United Nations (and its Specialized Agencies), theWorld Trade Organization, andInterpol; they are both founding members of theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), theEuro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), theOrganization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and theStability Pact for South Eastern Europe. Canada and the Netherlands also work together on such issues as the prohibition and elimination of anti-personnel mines, the control of the proliferation of small arms and light weapons, eradicating the worst forms of child labour, the provision of rapid reaction peacekeeping forces to the United Nations (SHIRBRIG) and regional security issues such as Bosnia (SFOR) and Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE).
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 May 1946 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Netherlands to Hohduras with residence in Guatemala Mr. G. M. Bijvanck.[233]
Honduras is accredited to Netherlands from its embassy inBrussels, Belgium.
Netherlands is accredited to Honduras from its embassy inSan José, Costa Rica. and an honorary consulates in Tegucigalpa.
On September 27, 1993, the Netherlands Ministry of Finance announcedThe Netherlands – Mexico Tax Treaty and Protocol. The regulations detail the formalities residents of the Netherlands must observe "in order to be exempt from, or obtain a refund of, the Mexican withholding taxes on dividends, interest and royalties."[235] In 2008 Mexico and the Netherlands modified their existing tax treaty, initially signed in 1993 to strength cooperation to curb tax evasion.[236][237]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 April 1782[242]
The bilateral relations between the two nations are based on historical and cultural ties as well as a common dedication to individual freedom and human rights. The Netherlands shares with the United States a liberal economic outlook and is committed to free trade. The Netherlands is the third-largest direct foreign investor in the United States,[243] and Dutch holding companies employ more than 650,000 Americans.[244] The United States is the third-largest direct foreign investor in the Netherlands.
The United States and the Netherlands often have similar positions on issues and work together both bilaterally and multilaterally in such institutions as the United Nations and NATO. The Dutch have worked with the United States at theWorld Trade Organization, in theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, as well as within theEuropean Union to advance the shared U.S. goal of a more open and market-ledglobal economy.
The United States and the Netherlands joinedNATO as charter members in 1949. The Dutch were allies with the United States in theKorean War and the firstGulf War and have been active in global peacekeeping efforts in the former Yugoslavia,Afghanistan andIraq. Netherlands also support and participate in NATO and EU training efforts in Iraq. They are active participants in the International Security Assistance Force andOperation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 August 1956 when first Envoy of Afgnanistan Dr. Sardir Najib-Ullah Khan presented his credentials to Queen of the Netherlands.[93]
Afghanistan has an embassy in The Hague.
The Netherlands closed its embassy in Kabul in 2021.[250][251]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1883 when Mirza Jawad Khan, Persian Minister in Belgium, was also accredited to the Netherlands.[265][266]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1935 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Netherlands to Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) C. Adriaanse also to Iraq.[69]
Iraq has an embassy in The Hague.
Netherlands has an embassy inBaghdad and a consulate-general inErbil.
Relations between Japan and the Netherlands date back to 1609, when the first formal trade relations were established.[270][271] The relations between Japan and the Netherlands after 1945 have been a triangular relationship. The invasion andoccupation of theNetherlands East Indies during World War II, brought about the destruction of the colonial state in Indonesia, as the Japanese removed as much of the Dutch government as they could, weakening the post war grip the Netherlands had over the territory. Under pressure from the United States, the Netherlands recognised Indonesian sovereignty in 1949 (seeUnited States of Indonesia).
Japan has an embassy in The Hague.
Netherlands has an embassy inTokyo and a consulate-general inOsaka.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1992.[272]
The Netherlands is Kazakhstan's largest foreign investor and the second largest European Union partner in terms of foreign trade turnover with Kazakhstan.[273]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1957.[274]
The graves of Dutch dignitaries inMelaka's ruined St. Paul's Church.
The Dutch involvement in theMalay Peninsula used to be much more extensive than it is now. The Dutch established relations with theSultanate of Johor in the early 17th century, and in 1641 they captured the Portuguese colony ofMalacca (on the south-eastern coast of today's Peninsular Malaysia). With a long interruption during theNapoleonic Wars, theDutch Malacca era lasted until 1824.In the 20th century, the Netherlands established diplomatic relations with Malaysia soon after the Asian state became independent. The erudite Dutch Sinologist and authorRobert van Gulik (who was raised in the former Dutch East Indies himself) served as the ambassador of the Netherlands in Kuala Lumpur in the early 1960s. During his diplomatic service there he became closely acquainted with Malaysia'sgibbons (he kept a few in his ambassadorial residence) and became sufficiently interested in this ape species to start the study ofits role in ancient Chinese culture, the results of which he later published in his last book (Gibbon in China).[275]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1930 when first the Netherlands Chargé d'Affaires, M. Van de Meulen, presented letters of credence to King Ibn Saud.[68]
The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Kingdom of the Netherlands began on April 1, 1961.
Relations between the Netherlands and South Korea are excellent. The Netherlands are known in the country, thanks to increasing trade and the investments made by Dutch businesses.
Political relations
South Koreans still appreciate the contribution made by Dutch troops, serving under the UN flag, during theKorean War of 1950–1953. The Netherlands was an ally to South Korea throughout the war, against communistNorth Korea (backed by the Soviet Union). The Netherlands still monitors developments between South Korea and North Korea with interest, and remain an ally. In 2011 the Netherlands and South Korea marked 50 years of diplomatic relations.
The Netherlands frequently serves as an example to South Korea, for example in the areas of development cooperation and water management. In 2011, for instance, a South Korean delegation visited parts of the Room for the River project – designed to make the Dutch river delta safer by 2015 – to gain inspiration for a South Korean water management plan.[279]
The Netherlands has aWorking Holiday Program Agreement with South Korea. Citizens of both countries can live and work in the other for up to two years.
the Netherlands is anEUmember and Turkey is anEUcandidate. the Netherlands opposes Turkey's accession negotiations to the EU, although negotiations have now been suspended.
Both countries were establishment of diplomatic relations in 1991 after the fall of theSoviet Union.Peter the Great studied inHolland. During theCold War, all the Dutch consecutive governments perceived theWarsaw pact including theSoviet Union and Russia as a threat to its safety.
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