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Foreign relations of Vietnam

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Foreign ministry in Hanoi

As of September 2025,Vietnam (officially theSocialist Republic of Vietnam) maintains diplomatic relations with all 192 other member states of the UN, as well as with theState of Palestine andSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.[1]

Since the end of the Vietnam War and the unification of Vietnam, Vietnam's foreign policy has reflected a tension between two choices: "to reject the Western-led world order and oppose Western influence, or to accept the Western-led world order and adapt Western influence."[2] Over time, Vietnam has become more engaged in the international community.[2] Vietnam has shifted from a fierce opponent of the United States to a friendlier relations.[2] Vietnam has for decades has both kept close economic and political ties with China[3] and consistently sought to deny Chinese regional dominance.[2]

History

Monarchial Vietnam

In its early history, Vietnam tried to maintain good relations with its neighbours. From theHồng Bàng dynasty to many feudal dynasties like theNgô,Đinh,Anterior Lê,Lý,Trần,Lê,Tây Sơn andNguyễn, Vietnam's main diplomatic relationships were with neighboringImperial China,Kingdom of Champa,Khmer Empire,Lan Xang kingdom andSiam. Later trading relationship were established with European countries (such as through theDutch East India Company) andJapan.

Cold War era and the two Vietnams

Following Japan's surrender,British and Chinese Nationalist forces entered Vietnam to supervise the disarmament of Japanese troops. Following the 1946Ho–Sainteny Agreement, the communist-ledDemocratic Republic of Vietnam was recognized as afree state within theFrench Union. However, total war broke out later that year. The anti-communistState of Vietnam was established in 1949 under theÉlysée Accords and recognized as anindependent state associated with theFrench Union.

In January 1950, thePeople's Republic of China and theSoviet Union were the first two countries to recognize the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.[4] Meanwhile, theUnited States and other Western countries recognized the State of Vietnam. Thecolonial war and thecivil war in Vietnam became internationalized and intertwined with the globalCold War.[5] The1954 Geneva Accords temporarily divided the country into North Vietnam and South Vietnam.

By 1966, South Vietnam had been recognized by about 60 states, while by 1972 North Vietnam had been recognized by 49 states.[6]

During theVietnam War (1959–1975),North Vietnam tried to balance relations with its two major allies, theSoviet Union and thePeople's Republic of China. In 1964,Zhou Enlai, worried about the escalation of U.S. forces inSouth Vietnam, made an informal agreement with the North. The agreement stipulated that if U.S. and South Vietnamese forces invaded North Vietnam, the Chinese would respond by loaning pilots to the North. During the invasion,Mao Zedong failed to send as many trained pilots as he promised. As a result, the North became more reliant on theSoviet Union for its defense.[4]

By 1977, tension began to grow as Beijing increasingly viewedVietnam as a potential Soviet instrument to encircle China. Meanwhile, Beijing's increasing support forCambodia'sKhmer Rouge sparked Vietnamese suspicions of China's motives.

Vietnamese-Chinese relations deteriorated significantly afterHanoi instituted a ban in March 1978 on private trade, a move that particularly affected the Sino-Vietnamese sector of the population. Following Vietnam'sDecember 1978 invasion of Cambodia, China launched a retaliatory invasion of Vietnam's northern border region. Faced with severance of Chinese aid and strained international relations, Vietnam established even closer ties with the Soviet Union and its allies in theComecon member states. Throughout the 1980s, Vietnam received nearly US$3 billion a year in economic and military aid from the Soviet Union and conducted most of its trade with the U.S.S.R. and Comecon countries. Soviet andEastern bloc economic aid, however, ceased after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

International memberships

In 1951, both theState of Vietnam (SVN) and theDemocratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) applied forUnited Nations membership. In 1952, the SVN, which would later continue as theRepublic of Vietnam (RVN), was grantedobserver status in theUN General Assembly. The DRV and theRepublic of South Vietnam gained observer status only in July 1975.[7]

TheSoviet Union in 1952 vetoed the SVN's admission to full UN membership. In 1957, the General Assembly twice reaffirmed that the RVN was fully qualified for membership and should be admitted, yet both attempts were again vetoed by the Soviet Union.[8] TheSocialist Republic of Vietnam, unified in 1976, maintained a sole observer mission and was admitted as a full UN member in September 1977.[7]

TheState of Vietnam was admitted to several specialized agencies of the United Nations, including theWorld Health Organization (WHO), theInternational Labour Organization (ILO), theFood and Agriculture Organization (FAO), theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), theInternational Telecommunication Union (ITU), and theUniversal Postal Union (UPU).[9] As the continuator of the State of Vietnam, theRepublic of Vietnam maintained membership in these organizations and later joined theInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), theWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO), and theInternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), among others.[10]

Meanwhile, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was not a member of any of these organizations and only joined the WMO in August 1975 and the WHO in October 1975. After the reunification of Vietnam in 1976, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam substituted for or continued South Vietnam's membership in many organizations, while in other cases it joined as a new member state.[11]

Đổi mới reforms

Vietnam didn't begin to emerge from international isolation until it withdrew its troops from Cambodia in 1989. Within months of the 1991 Paris Agreements, Vietnam established diplomatic and economic relations withAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states and also with most countries of Western Europe and Asia's Far East. China re-established full diplomatic ties with Vietnam in 1991. The two nations concluded a land border demarcation agreement in 1999. In 1995, the US and Vietnam re-established diplomatic ties.[12]United States–Vietnam relations improved in August 1995, when both nations upgraded their liaison offices opened during January 1995 to embassy status, with the United States later opening aconsulate general inHo Chi Minh City, and Vietnam opening a consulate in San Francisco.[12]

In 2001, Vietnam signed 16free trade agreements.[13]: 41 

Full diplomatic relations were restored withNew Zealand who opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995, while Vietnam established an embassy in Wellington in 2003.Pakistan reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000. Vietnam also reopened its embassy in Islamabad in December 2005 and trade office in Karachi in November 2005.

In the past decade, Vietnam has recognized the importance of growing global economic interdependence and has made concerted efforts to adjust its foreign relations to reflect the evolving international economic and political situation in Southeast Asia. The country has begun to integrate itself into the regional and global economy by joining international organizations. Vietnam has stepped up its efforts to attract foreign capital from the West and regularize relations with the world financial system. In the 1990s, following the lifting of the US veto on multilateral loans to the country, Vietnam became a member of theWorld Bank, theInternational Monetary Fund (IMF), and theAsian Development Bank. The country has expanded trade with its East Asian neighbors as well as with countries in Western Europe and North America. Of particular significance was Vietnam's acceptance into ASEAN in July 1995. Vietnam joined theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) in November 1998 and also hosted the ASEAN summit the following month. In 2005, Vietnam attended the inauguralEast Asia Summit. Vietnam became a member of theWorld Trade Organization in November 2006.

Current issues

Vietnamese troops onSpratly Island

In 2011 theCentral Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, at the11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, released an official statement about Vietnam's foreign policy and a section of the statement stated: "Vietnam is a friend and reliable partner of all countries in the international community, actively taking part in international and regional cooperation processes. Deepen, stabilize and sustain established international relations. Develop relations with countries and territories in the world, as well as international organizations, while showing: respect for each other's independence; sovereignty and territorial integrity; non-interference in each other's international affairs; non-use or threat of force; settlement of disagreements and disputes by means of peaceful negotiations; mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit."[14]

While Vietnam has remained relatively conflict-free since its Cambodia days, tensions have arisen in the past between Vietnam and its neighbors, especially in the case of China since both nations assert claims to theSpratly andParacel Islands - the two archipelagos in a potentially oil-rich area of theSouth China Sea. Conflicting claims have produced over the years small scale armed altercations in the area. In 1988, more than 70 Vietnamese troops were killedduring a confrontation with Chinese forces, when China occupied several islands under Vietnamese control in the Spratly Islands. China's assertion of control over the Spratly Islands and the entire South China Sea has elicited concern from Vietnam and its Southeast Asia neighbors. The territorial border between the two countries is being definitively mapped pursuant to a Land Border Agreement signed in December 1999, and an Agreement on Borders in the Gulf of Tonkin signed in December 2000. Vietnam and Russia declared a strategic partnership in March 2001 during the first visit ever to Hanoi of a Russian head of state, largely as an attempt to counterbalance China's growing profile in Southeast Asia.

Disputes – international:maritime boundary withCambodia not defined; involved in a complex dispute over theSpratly -Paracel Islands with the People's Republic of China (PRC),Malaysia,Philippines, and possiblyBrunei; maritime boundary withThailand resolved in August 1997; maritime boundary dispute with the PRC in theGulf of Tonkin resolved in 2000; Paracel Islands occupied by the PRC since 1974; offshore islands and sections of boundary with Cambodia are in dispute; agreement on land border with the People's Republic of China was signed in December 1999.

Illicit drugs: minor producer of opium poppy with 21 km2 cultivated in 1999, capable of producing 11 metric tons of opium; probably minor transit point for Southeast Asian heroin destined for the US and Europe; growing opium/heroin addiction; possible small-scale heroin production.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Vietnam maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate[15]
1China18 January 1950
2Russia30 January 1950
3North Korea31 January 1950
4Czech Republic2 February 1950
5Hungary3 February 1950
6Romania3 February 1950
7Poland4 February 1950
8Bulgaria8 February 1950
9Albania11 February 1950
10Mongolia17 November 1954
11Indonesia30 December 1955
12Serbia10 March 1957
13Guinea9 October 1958
14Mali30 October 1960
15Cuba2 December 1960
16Morocco27 March 1961
17Democratic Republic of the Congo13 April 1961
18Laos5 September 1962
19Algeria28 October 1962
20Egypt1 September 1963
21Yemen16 October 1963
22Republic of the Congo16 July 1964
23Tanzania14 February 1965
24Mauritania15 March 1965
25Ghana25 March 1965
26Syria21 July 1966
27Cambodia24 June 1967
28Iraq10 July 1968
29Sweden11 January 1969
30Sudan26 August 1969
31Senegal29 December 1969
32Somalia7 June 1970
33Sri Lanka21 July 1970
34Chile25 March 1971
35  Switzerland11 October 1971
36Denmark25 November 1971
37Norway25 November 1971
38India7 January 1972
39Cameroon30 August 1972
40Equatorial Guinea1 September 1972
41Zambia15 September 1972
42Pakistan8 November 1972
43Austria1 December 1972
44Tunisia15 December 1972
45Madagascar19 December 1972
46Finland25 January 1973
47Uganda9 February 1973
48Bangladesh11 February 1973
49Australia26 February 1973
50Benin14 March 1973
51Belgium22 March 1973
52Italy23 March 1973
53Malaysia30 March 1973
54Netherlands9 April 1973
55France12 April 1973
56Burundi16 April 1973[16][17]
57Singapore1 August 1973
58Iran4 August 1973
59Iceland5 August 1973
60Canada21 August 1973
61United Kingdom11 September 1973
62Japan21 September 1973
63Guinea-Bissau30 September 1973
64Argentina25 October 1973
65Gambia30 October 1973
66Luxembourg15 November 1973
67Burkina Faso16 November 1973
68Malta14 January 1974
69Afghanistan16 September 1974
70Gabon9 January 1975
71Togo8 February 1975
72Niger7 March 1975
73Libya15 March 1975
74Greece15 April 1975
75Guyana19 April 1975
76   Nepal15 May 1975
77Mexico19 May 1975
78Myanmar28 May 1975
79Maldives18 June 1975
80New Zealand19 June 1975
81Mozambique25 June 1975
82Portugal1 July 1975
83Cape Verde8 July 1975
84Panama28 August 1975
85Germany23 September 1975
86Rwanda30 September 1975
87Ivory Coast6 October 1975
88Angola12 November 1975
89Cyprus1 December 1975
90Jamaica5 January 1976
91Kuwait10 January 1976
92Ethiopia23 February 1976
93Costa Rica24 April 1976
94Nigeria25 May 1976
95Philippines12 July 1976
96Thailand6 August 1976
97São Tomé and Príncipe6 November 1976
98Spain23 May 1977
99Turkey7 June 1978
100Sierra Leone24 June 1978
101Colombia1 January 1979
—Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic2 March 1979
102Grenada15 July 1979
103Seychelles16 August 1979
104Nicaragua3 September 1979
105Ecuador1 January 1980
106Jordan19 August 1980[18]
107Lebanon12 February 1981
108Zimbabwe24 July 1981
109Chad5 October 1981
110Vanuatu3 March 1982
111Bolivia10 February 1987
—State of Palestine19 November 1988
112Brazil8 May 1989
113Papua New Guinea3 November 1989
114Venezuela18 December 1989
115Namibia21 March 1990
116Djibouti30 April 1991
117Uzbekistan17 January 1992
118Ukraine23 January 1992
119Belarus24 January 1992
120Latvia12 February 1992
121Estonia20 February 1992
122Brunei29 February 1992
123Lithuania18 March 1992
124Kyrgyzstan4 June 1992
125Oman9 June 1992
126Moldova11 June 1992
127Kazakhstan29 June 1992[18]
128Georgia30 June 1992
129Marshall Islands1 July 1992
130Armenia14 July 1992
131Tajikistan14 July 1992
132Turkmenistan29 July 1992
133Azerbaijan23 September 1992
134South Korea22 December 1992
135Slovakia1 January 1993[19]
136Guatemala7 January 1993
137Qatar8 February 1993
138Fiji14 May 1993
139Israel12 July 1993
140Eritrea20 July 1993
141United Arab Emirates1 August 1993
142Uruguay11 August 1993
143South Africa22 December 1993
144Samoa9 March 1994
145Mauritius4 May 1994
146Slovenia7 June 1994
147North Macedonia10 June 1994
148Croatia1 July 1994
149Peru14 November 1994
150Belize4 January 1995
151Bahrain31 March 1995
152Paraguay30 May 1995
153United States12 July 1995
154Barbados25 August 1995
155Federated States of Micronesia22 September 1995
156Saint Vincent and the Grenadines18 December 1995
157Kenya21 December 1995
158Bosnia and Herzegovina26 January 1996
159Ireland5 April 1996
160Solomon Islands30 October 1996
161Haiti26 September 1997
162Suriname19 December 1997
163Lesotho6 January 1998
164Saudi Arabia21 October 1999
165Timor-Leste28 July 2002
166Honduras17 May 2005
167Dominican Republic7 July 2005
168Nauru21 June 2006
169Montenegro4 August 2006
170Andorra12 June 2007
171San Marino6 July 2007
172Monaco29 November 2007
173Liechtenstein2 July 2008
174Palau18 August 2008
175Central African Republic10 November 2008
176Botswana11 February 2009
177El Salvador16 January 2010
178Bhutan19 January 2012
179Eswatini21 May 2013[20]
180Dominica1 November 2013[20]
181Saint Kitts and Nevis1 November 2013[20]
182Antigua and Barbuda8 November 2013[20]
183Kiribati15 September 2014[20]
184Comoros24 September 2015[20]
185Liberia28 June 2016[21]
186Saint Lucia26 June 2018[20]
187South Sudan21 February 2019[20]
—Cook Islands26 April 2022[22]
188Bahamas6 January 2023[20]
189Trinidad and Tobago1 February 2023[23]
190Tonga21 September 2023[24]
191Malawi23 September 2024[20]
192Tuvalu24 September 2025[25]

Bilateral relations

Africa

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
AlgeriaSeeAlgeria–Vietnam relations
  • Algeria has an embassy inHanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inAlgiers.
AngolaSeeAngola–Vietnam relations
  • Angola has an embassy inHanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inLuanda.
Kenya21 December 1995SeeKenya–Vietnam relations
  • Kenya is accredited to Vietnam through its embassy in Bangkok, Thailand.[26]
  • Vietnam's embassy in Tanzania is accredited to Kenya.[27]
Libya15 March 1975SeeLibya–Vietnam relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1975.
  • Libya has an embassy inHanoi.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Libya from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
Tanzania14 February 1965[28]SeeTanzania–Vietnam relations

Americas

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Argentina1973-10-25
  • Since December 1996, Argentina has an embassy inHanoi.[29]
  • Since January 1995, Vietnam has an embassy inBuenos Aires.
  • Argentine Ministry of Foreign Relations: list of bilateral treaties with Vietnam (in Spanish only)[30]
  • Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Argentina[31]
Canada1973-08-21SeeCanada–Vietnam relations
  • Canada maintains an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate general in Ho Chi Minh City.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inOttawa and a consulate general inVancouver.
ChileSeeChile–Vietnam relations
  • Chile has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inSantiago.
Cuba1960-12-02SeeCuba–Vietnam relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inHavana.
Guyana19 April 1975
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 April 1975.[32]
  • Economic and commercial relations are very limited.[33]
Mexico1975-07-15SeeMexico–Vietnam relations
Panama28 August 1975
  • Panama has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate-general inHo Chi Minh City[36]
  • Vietnam is accredited to Panama from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.
Paraguay30 May 1995
  • Paraguay is accredited to Vietnam from embassy inTokyo, Japan.[37]
  • Vietnam is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aíres, Argentina.
PeruSeePeru–Vietnam relations
  • Peru has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
United States1995-07-11SeeUnited States–Vietnam relations
UruguaySeeUruguay–Vietnam relations
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Venezuela1989-12-18SeeVenezuela–Vietnam relations

Vietnam has an embassy inCaracas and Venezuela an embassy inHanoi. Though bilateral trade was $11.7 million in 2007[38] relations show "great potential".[39] Over the past ten years, the two countries have witnessed new developments in various fields, including politics, economics, culture and society, particularly in the oil and gas industry.[40]

Vietnamese PresidentNguyễn Minh Triết arrived in Caracas on 18 November for a two-day official visit on an invitation from Hugo Chávez.[41] Triet hailed Vietnam's friendship with Venezuela as he sought to focus on tying up oil and gas deals, including a joint development fund. He said that "We (Vietnamese) are grateful for the support and solidarity that they (Venezuelans) have offered us until now." Triết said.

Since Hugo Chávez's visit to Vietnam in 2006, his government stepped up bilateral relations with the country, which also included a visit by the Communist Party general secretary,Nông Đức Mạnh in 2007.Petróleos de Venezuela andPetrovietnam also announced a number of joint projects since the 2006 visit, including Petrovietnam's was given a concession in theOrinoco basin and an agreement to transport Venezuelan oil to Vietnam, where the two would together build an oil refinery that Vietnam lacks. On the 2006 visit, Chávez praised Vietnam's revolutionary history as he attacked the United States for its "imperialist" crimes in theVietnam War. On the 2008 visit Triết returned similar comments as he lauded a group of Venezuelans who captured a US soldier during the Vietnam war in an unsuccessful bid to prevent the execution of a Vietnamese revolutionary.[38] The two leaders also signed a deal for a $200 million joint fund and 15 cooperation projects.[42]

In March 2008 an agreement was signed to cooperate in tourism between Vietnam and Venezuela. President Nguyễn Minh Triết received the PDVSA's vice president Asdrubal Chavez and stated that oil and gas cooperation would become a typical example of their multi-faceted cooperation.[43] In 2009 the Venezuelan government approved $46.5 million for an agricultural development project with Vietnam.[44]

Asia

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Afghanistan16 September 1974
  • Vietnam had an embassy inKabul from 1978 to 1992.[45]
Armenia14 July 1992
  • Diplomatic relations betweenArmenia andVietnam were established on 14 July 1992.[46]
  • Vietnam is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[47]
  • Armenia has an embassy in Hanoi.
Bangladesh2 November 1973SeeBangladesh–Vietnam relations
Brunei29 February 1992SeeBrunei–Vietnam relations

Brunei has an embassy in Hanoi, and Vietnam has an embassy inBandar Seri Begawan.[48]

Cambodia24 June 1967SeeCambodia–Vietnam relations

Since the 1990s, relations between these nations have been improving. Both countries are members of multilateral regional organizations ASEAN and theMekong–Ganga Cooperation. Both have opened and developed cross-border trade and sought to relax visa regulations to that end.[49] Both governments have set official targets of increasing bilateral trade by 27% to US$2.3 billion by 2010 and to $6.5 billion by 2015.[49][50] Vietnam exported US$1.2 billion worth of goods to Cambodia in 2007. While Cambodia is only the 16th largest importer of Vietnamese goods, Vietnam is Cambodia's third-largest export market.[49]

  • Cambodia has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate-general in Ho Chi Minh City.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inPhnom Penh and consulates-general inBattambang andSihanoukville.
China960 (Song)
18 January 1950 (PRC)		SeeChina–Vietnam relations
Countries which signed cooperation documents related to theBelt and Road Initiative

After both sides resumed trade links in 1991, growth in bilateral trade has increased from US$32 million in 1991 to almost $7.2 billion by 2004.[51] Both governments have set the target of increasing trade volume to US$10 billion by 2010.[51] Vietnam's exports to China includecrude oil, coal, coffee and food, while China exports pharmaceuticals, machinery, petroleum, fertilizers and automobile parts to Vietnam. China has become Vietnam's second-largest trading partner and the largest source of imports.[51][52] Both nations are working to establish an "economic corridor" from China'sYunnan to Vietnam's northern provinces and cities, and similar economic zones in the Gulf of Tonkin and connecting the Nanning of Guangxi province, Lang Son province, Hanoi, Haiphong and Quang Ninh province of Vietnam.[51] Air and sea transport as well as railway have been opened between the two countries, so have the 7 pairs of national-level ports in the frontier provinces and regions of the two countries.[52] Both sides have also launched joint ventures such as the Thai Nguyen Steel Complex, which produces hundreds of thousands of tonnes of steel products.[51]

India7/1/1972SeeIndia–Vietnam relations

India and Vietnam are members of theMekong–Ganga Cooperation, created to develop to enhance close ties between India and nations of Southeast Asia. Vietnam has supported India's bid to become apermanent member of the U.N. Security Council and join theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).[53] In the 2003 joint declaration, India and Vietnam envisaged creating an "Arc of Advantage and Prosperity" in Southeast Asia;[54] to this end, Vietnam has backed a more important relationship and role between India and theAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its negotiation of an Indo-ASEANfree trade agreement.[54][55] India and Vietnam have also built strategic partnerships, including extensive cooperation on developingnuclear power, enhancing regional security and fighting terrorism,transnational crime and drug trafficking.[54][56][57]

Indonesia30 December 1955SeeIndonesia–Vietnam relations
  • Vietnam and Indonesia are both members of (ASEAN), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
  • PresidentMegawati Sukarnoputri of Indonesia visited Vietnam in June 2003. At this time the two countries signed a "Declaration on the Framework of Friendly and Comprehensive Cooperation Entering the 21st Century".
  • In May 2005 PresidentSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono of Indonesia visited Vietnam. In the December of the same year festivities were organized in the respective capital cities to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties.[58] Due to the ongoing South China Sea disputes, both Vietnam and Indonesia has supported a restraint in militarizing the issue. China claims the EEZ of the Natuna Island of Indonesia, while it also claims most of the South China Sea including the Vietnam-claimed Paracel and Spratly islands.
Iran4 August 1973SeeIran–Vietnam relations
Iraq10 July 1968

SeeIraq–Vietnam relations

  • Since December 1969, Iraq has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Iraq from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
Israel12 July 1993SeeIsrael–Vietnam relations
Japan1605 (Tokugawa shogunate)
21 September 1973		SeeJapan-Vietnam relations
  • LordNguyễn Hoàng started to send national letter toTokugawa Ieyasu to invite Japanese merchant to come to Hội An in 1605
  • Prince Cường Để exiled in Japan in 1905
  • Việt Nam Duy Tân Hội (Vietnam Modernization Association) created in 1904 byPhan Bội Châu, The Vietnamese nationalist who wished to bring his people to Japan to study through Đông Du Movement
  • Empire of Japan invadedFrench Indochina in 1940
  • Surrender of Japan in 1945
  • Both nation established relation on 21 September 1973
  • Following 23 October 1991 Final Act of the InternationalParis Conference on Cambodia among the Cambodian parties,Indonesia (as co-chair with France), and the five permanent members of theUnited Nations Security Council, Japan promptly established diplomatic relations and ended economic restrictions with Cambodia and Vietnam. In November 1992, Tokyo offered Vietnam US$370 million in aid. Japan also took a leading role in peacekeeping activities in Cambodia. Japan'sAkashi Yasushi, UN Undersecretary General for Disarmament, was head of the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia, and Japan pledged US$3 million and even sent approximately 2,000 personnel, including members of theSDF, to participate directly in maintaining the peace. Despite the loss of a Japanese peacekeeper killed in an ambush, the force remained in Cambodia until the Cambodians were able to elect and install a government.

Japan is the single biggest country donor to Vietnam. It has pledged US$890 million in aid for the country this year, or 6.5 percent higher than the 2006 level of $US 835.6 million.[61]

Laos5/9/1962SeeLaos-Vietnam relations

Although Vietnam's historical record of leadership in the revolution and its military power and proximity will not cease to exist, Laos struck out ahead of Vietnam with its New Economic Mechanism to introduce market mechanisms into its economy. In so doing, Laos has opened the door to rapprochement with Thailand and China at some expense to its special dependence on Vietnam. Laos might have reached the same point of normalization in following Vietnam's economic and diplomatic change, but by moving ahead resolutely and responding to Thai and Chinese gestures, Laos has broadened its range of donors, trading partners, and investors independent of Vietnam's attempts to accomplish the same goal. Thus, Vietnam remains in the shadows as a mentor and emergency ally, and the tutelage of Laos has shifted dramatically to development banks and international entrepreneurs.[62]

Malaysia30 March 1973SeeMalaysia-Vietnam relations
Mongolia1280 (Yuan dynasty)
17 November 1954[63]		SeeMongolia–Vietnam relations

The countries signed a Friendship and Cooperation Treaty in 1961, renewed it in 1979, and signed a new one in 1995.[63] On 13 January 2003, the countries signed an 8-point cooperative document committing to cooperation between the two governments and their legislative bodies, replacing an earlier document signed in 1998.[64]

There have been 13 sessions of the Vietnam-Mongolia inter-governmental committee on cooperation in trade, economics and sci-tech, with the next to be held in Ulaanbaatar in 2010.[65] On 25 May 2004 in Ulaanbaatar, the countries signed agreements on railway transport and scientific and technological cooperation.[66] Other agreements have covered areas such as plant protection and quarantine regulations, customs, health and education.[65]

Myanmar28 May 1975SeeMyanmar-Vietnam relations
  • Myanmar has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inYangon.
North Korea1226 (Goryeo)
31 January 1950		SeeNorth Korea–Vietnam relations
  • PrinceLý Long Tường of theLý dynasty fled and exiled in Kingdom of Goryeo in 1226 to avoid the execution of theTrần dynasty
  • Both had some meetings when both of them sent envoys to pay tribute to China Empire.
  • North Korea recognised Communist ally North Vietnam on 31 January 1950
  • In July 1957, President Ho Chi Minh visited North Korea
  • North Korean leader Kim Il-sung visited North Vietnam in November–December 1958 and November 1964.
  • In February 1961, the two governments concluded an agreement on scientific and technical cooperation.
  • President Kim Il Sung sent some fighter squadron to North Vietnam to back up the North Vietnamese 921st and 923rd fighter squadrons defending Hanoi while Hanoi was bombed by The US air forces.
  • From 1950 to 1960s, students from North Vietnam began studying in North Korea as early as the 1960s.
  • Relations later declined due to investment and trade disputes in the 1990s and 2000s and emerging relationship between South Korea and Vietnam[67]
Pakistan8 November 1972SeePakistan–Vietnam relations

Pakistan opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1973. However, due to economic reasons, Pakistan closed the embassy in 1980. Vietnam also opened its embassy in Islamabad in 1978 and had to close it down in 1984 due to its own economic difficulty. Bilateral relations between Pakistan and Vietnam in recent years have considerably improved. Both countries' leaders expressed their willingness to strengthen their existing relations, not only in the political sphere but also in other areas such as trade and economics, and exchange more visits from one to another's country, including both high-ranking and working visits. Pakistan reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000. Vietnam also reopened its embassy in Islamabad in December 2005 and trade office in Karachi in November 2005.

Philippines12 July 1976SeePhilippines–Vietnam relations

Ever since the end of the Cold War relations between the Philippines and Vietnam has warmed rapidly. Today the Philippines and Vietnam are economic allies and have a free trade deal with each other. Both nations are a part of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). The Philippines and Vietnam have conducted joint military exercises together in the South China Sea and are trying to find ways to turn the Spratly Islands from an area of conflict to an area of cooperation. Vietnam is also sometimes called the only communist military ally of the Philippines. The Philippines and Vietnam are also monitoring China's expansion into the South China Sea making sure that China is no threat to either Philippine or Vietnamese islands in the South China Sea. The Philippines also imports a large amount of writing material, clothes and other products from Vietnam. In May 2009, The Philippines has inked an agreement with Vietnam to cooperate in the fight against crimes and ensuring social order. In January 2010, the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE) has signed a memorandum of understanding with the Vietnam bourse "for mutual collaboration and communication of information and experience" to facilitate the development and efficient operations of both securities markets. In 2012, Vietnam sent two military assets for a good will visit to the Philippines. Both Vietnam and the Philippines have the same stand on the South China Sea disputes, patronizing multilateral talks and international court rulings to solve the issue, tactics which China has avoided. In 2016, the Philippines strengthened its stand on the dispute through a court ruling in an international court not associated with UN and poised to create stronger relations with Vietnam for strategic defense and economic cooperation.

Qatar8 February 1993SeeQatar–Vietnam relations
  • Qatar has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inDoha.
Saudi ArabiaSeeSaudi Arabia–Vietnam relations
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inRiyadh.
Singapore1 August 1973SeeSingapore–Vietnam relations
  • Singapore has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Singapore.
South Korea1226 (Goryeo)
22 December 1992		SeeSouth Korea–Vietnam relations

History

  • PrinceLý Long Tường of theLý dynasty fled and exiled in Kingdom of Goryeo in 1226 to avoid the execution of theTrần dynasty
  • Both had some meetings when both of them sent envoys to pay tribute to China Empire.
  • South Korea recognised Capitalist ally South Vietnam
  • PresidentPark Chung Hee sent ROK troops to fight in Vietnam war in 1960s.

The establishment ofdiplomatic relations between theSocialist Republic of Vietnam and theRepublic of Korea started on 22 December 1992.

  • 1994 August Prime Minister Lee Young-deok
  • 1996 November President Kim Young-sam
  • 1998 December President Kim Dae-jung
  • 2002 April Prime Minister Lee Han-dong
  • 2004 October President Roh Moo-hyun
  • 2006 January Speaker of National Assembly Kim Won-ki
  • 2006 November President Roh Moo-hyun (APEC)
  • 2008 April Speaker of National Assembly Lim Chae-jung
  • 2009 May Presidential Envoy Lee Byung-suk
  • 2009 October President Lee Myung-bak
  • 2009 November Speaker of National Assembly Kim Hyong-o
  • 2010 October President Lee Myung-bak
  • 2013 January Speaker of National Assembly Kang Chang Hee
  • 2013 September President Park Geun-hye(G20).[68]
Taiwan960 (Song)
unofficial relation (Now)		seeTaiwan–Vietnam relations
Thailand6/8/1976SeeThailand–Vietnam relations
  • Thailand has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate-general in Ho Chi Minh City.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inBangkok and a consulate-general inKhon Kaen.
Turkey1978[74]SeeTurkey–Vietnam relations
United Arab Emirates1 August 1993SeeUnited Arab Emirates–Vietnam relations
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inAbu Dhabi.

Europe

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
EU1990SeeVietnam–European Union relations
Austria1 December 1972SeeAustria–Vietnam relations
  • Austria has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inVienna.
Belarus24 January 1992[76]SeeBelarus–Vietnam relations
  • Since 1997, Belarus has an embassy inHanoi.[77]
  • Since November 2003, Vietnam has an embassy inMinsk.[78]
Bulgaria8 February 1950SeeBulgaria–Vietnam relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy inHanoi.[79]
  • Vietnam has an embassy inSofia.[80]
  • In 2006, the Bulgarian Government agreed to a healthcare cooperation plan with Vietnam. The two-year plan includes cooperation in many areas, mainly in public healthcare, inpatient and outpatient help, food security, medical education.[81]
Czech Republic2 February 1950 (as Czechoslovakia)SeeCzech Republic–Vietnam relations
  • The Czech Republic has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inPrague.
Denmark25 November 1971SeeDenmark–Vietnam relations
FinlandSeeFinland–Vietnam relations
  • Finland has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inHelsinki.
France12 April 1973SeeFrance–Vietnam relations
  • France has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate-general in Ho Chi Minh City.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inParis.
Germany3 February 1955 (withEast Germany and unifiedGermany)
23 September 1975 (withWest Germany)		SeeGermany–Vietnam relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inBerlin and a consulate-general inFrankfurt.
Greece15 April 1975SeeGreece–Vietnam relations
  • Greece has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inAthens.
Holy SeeNo relationSeeHoly See–Vietnam relations
Hungary3 February 1950SeeHungary–Vietnam relations
  • Hungary has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inBudapest.
Italy23 March 1973SeeItaly–Vietnam relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate-general in Ho Chi Minh City.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inRome.
Luxembourg15 November 1973SeeLuxembourg–Vietnam relations
  • Luxembourg is represented in Vietnam through its embassy inBeijing, China.[84]
  • Vietnam is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy inBrussels, Belgium.[85]
North Macedonia10 June 1994
  • The countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1994.[32]
  • North Macedonia is represented in Vietnam through its embassy inBeijing, China.[86]
  • Vietnam is represented in North Macedonia through its embassy inSofia,Bulgaria.[86]
Poland4 February 1950SeePoland–Vietnam relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inWarsaw.
Portugal1 July 1975
  • In 2015 both countries are celebrating 500 years of relations, remembering 1515 when the Portuguese travelerDuarte Coelho, reachedCochinchina,Champa andTonkin[87] starting a long period of trading relations with the Portuguese established inMacau and inMalacca.
  • Portugal is accredited to Vietnam from its embassy in Bangkok,Thailand and has honorary consulates both inHanoi (31 Pho Duc Chinh, Truc Bach Ward, Ba Dinh District, Ha noi) and inHo Chi Minh City (66/11 Pham Ngoc Thach, Q3, Ho Chi Minh)[88]
  • Vietnam is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Paris, France.
Russia30 January 1950 (as USSR)
Russia (now)		SeeRussia–Vietnam relations
Serbia10 March 1957 (as SFR Yugoslavia)
  • Serbia is represented in Vietnam through its embassy inJakarta (Indonesia).
  • Vietnam is represented in Serbia through its embassy inBucharest (Romania).
  • Vietnam supports Serbia in Kosovo issue.
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Vietnam[90]
  • Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Serbia[91]
Slovakia2/2/1950 (asCzechoslovakia)SeeSlovakia–Vietnam relations
  • Slovakia has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inBratislava.
Spain23 May 1977[92]SeeSpain–Vietnam relations
  • Spain has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inMadrid.
Ukraine23 January 1992[93]SeeUkraine–Vietnam relations
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy inKyiv.
United Kingdom11 September 1973SeeUnited Kingdom–Vietnam relations
Vietnamese Foreign MinisterBùi Thanh Sơn withBritish Foreign SecretaryDavid Lammy in Kuala Lumpur, July 2025.

Vietnam establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 11 September 1973.

  • Vietnam maintains anembassy inLondon.[94]
  • The UK is accredited to Vietnam through its embassy in Hanoi, and a Consulate General in Ho Chi Minh City.[95]

The UK occupiedSouthern Vietnam and Saigon from 1945–1946.

Both countries share common membership ofCPTPP, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,[96] aFree Trade Agreement,[97] an Investment Agreement,[98] and aStrategic Partnership.[99]

Oceania

CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Australia26 February 1973SeeAustralia–Vietnam relations
  • Australian prime ministersPaul Keating andJohn Howard have visited Vietnam, in 1994 and 2006 respectively.
  • In the fiscal year 2006–2007 Australia Overseas Development Aid was 81.5millionA$.
  • In 2006, the volume of bilateral trade was 4.75 US$ billion.
  • Australia has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate in Ho Chi Minh City. Vietnam has an embassy in Canberra.
  • Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs: VIETNAM – AUSTRALIA RELATIONS[100]
New Zealand19 June 1975[101]SeeNew Zealand–Vietnam relations

See also

References

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Works cited

Further reading

  • Amer, Ramses. "Border conflicts between Cambodia and Vietnam."IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin 5.2 (1997): 80-97online.
  • Asselin, Pierre (2024).Vietnam's American War: A New History. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9781009229302.
  • Bühler, Konrad G. (2001).State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories versus Political Pragmatism. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.ISBN 9789041115539.
  • Brown, Frederick Z. "Rapprochement Between Vietnam and the United States."Contemporary Southeast Asia (2010): 317-342online.
  • Cuong, Nguyen Xuan, and Nguyen Thi Phuong Hoa. "Achievements and Problems in Vietnam: China Relations from 1991 to the Present."China Report 54.3 (2018): 306-324.online
  • Gin, Christopher M. "How China Wins: A Case Study of the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War" (Army Command And General Staff College Fort Leavenworth KS, 2015)onlineArchived 25 March 2020 at theWayback Machine.
  • Goscha, Christopher E. (2009). "Choosing between the Two Vietnams: 1950 and Southeast Asian Shifts in the International System". In Goscha, Christopher E.; Ostermann, Christian E. (eds.).Connecting Histories: Decolonization and the Cold War in Southeast Asia, 1945–1962. Woodrow Wilson Center Press & Stanford University Press. pp. 207–237.ISBN 9780804769433.
  • Ha, Lam Thanh, and Nguyen Duc Phuc. "The US-China Trade War: Impact on Vietnam." (2019).onlineArchived 14 August 2022 at theWayback Machine
  • Hiep, Nguyen Quang. "Vietnam-China trade relations and the effects of the US-China trade war."Business and Economic Research 9.4 (2019): 1-11.
  • Hood, Steven J.Dragons Entangled: Indochina and the China-Vietnam War (ME Sharpe, 1993).
  • Leighton, Marian Kirsch. "Perspectives on the Vietnam-Cambodia border conflict."Asian Survey 18.5 (1978): 448–457.online
  • Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen, eds.Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. (2002) vol 6.
  • Morris, Stephen J.Why Vietnam invaded Cambodia: Political culture and the causes of war (Stanford University Press, 1999).
  • Path, Kosal. "The Duality of Vietnam’s Deference and Resistance to China."Diplomacy & Statecraft 29.3 (2018): 499–521.online
  • Thanh, Luong Ngoc. "Vietnam's Foreign Policy in the post-Cold War Era: Ideology and Reality." (PhD dissertation Hiroshima University 2013)online.
  • Thayer, Carlyle A. "Vietnam in 2013: Domestic contestation and foreign policy success."Southeast Asian Affairs (2014): 355-372online.
  • Tran, Thi Bich, and Yoichiro Sato. "Vietnam's Post‐Cold War Hedging Strategy: A Changing Mix of Realist and Liberal Ingredients."Asian Politics & Policy 10.1 (2018): 73-99online.
  • Vuving, Alexander L. "Strategy and evolution of Vietnam's China policy: a changing mixture of pathways."Asian Survey 46.6 (2006): 805-824onlineArchived 10 November 2022 at theWayback Machine
  • Westad, Odd Arne, and Sophie Quinn-Judge, eds.The third Indochina war: conflict between China, Vietnam and Cambodia, 1972-79 (Routledge, 2006).
  • Womack, Brantly. "Asymmetry and systemic misperception: China, Vietnam and Cambodia during the 1970s."Journal of Strategic Studies 26.2 (2003): 92-119online.

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