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Foreign relations of Sweden

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The foreign policy ofSweden was formerly based on the premise that national security is best served by stayingfree of alliances in peacetime in order to remain a neutral country in the event of war, with this policy lasting from 1814 in the context of theFrench Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars until the2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine. In 2002, Sweden revised its security doctrine. The security doctrine at that point still stated that "Sweden pursues a policy of non-participation in military alliances," but permitted cooperation in response to threats against peace and security. Thegovernment also seeks to maintain Sweden's highstandard of living. These two objectives required heavy expenditures for social welfare, defence spending at rates considered low by Western European standards (around 1.2% of GNP prior to 2022),[1] and close attention to foreign trade opportunities and world economic cooperation. In 2024, Sweden formally became part of a military alliance for the first time since the end of theWar of the Sixth Coalition byjoiningNATO.

Foreign policy

[edit]

The foreign policy of Sweden encompasses a range of themes over the centuries. Some of the main issues include:[2][3][4][5]

  • Sweden has historically pursued a policy of neutrality, aiming to avoid involvement in conflicts between major powers. This neutrality allowed Sweden to navigate the tumultuous European political landscape and maintain its sovereignty. It dropped the neutrality policy in 2022–2024 in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and joined NATO on 7 March 2024.
  • Sweden has sought to maintain a balance of power in Northern Europe, acting as a counterweight to dominant regional powers. This approach aimed to prevent any single power from gaining excessive influence and threatening Swedish interests.
  • Sweden's historical dominance in the Baltic Sea region played a crucial role in shaping its diplomatic history. Through territorial expansion, Sweden established control over strategic territories, such as present-day Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and parts of Russia, impacting its relations with neighboring states.
  • During the 17th and 18th centuries, Sweden emerged as a major European power, participating in conflicts such as the Thirty Years' War and the Great Northern War. Its diplomatic efforts were often influenced by power struggles with other European great powers, such as Russia and Poland.
  • Sweden has actively engaged in peace mediation efforts, seeking to resolve conflicts and broker peace agreements. Notable examples include the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, and various mediation efforts during the 20th century.
  • Sweden has a longstanding tradition of promoting international cooperation, human rights, and humanitarian initiatives. It has been involved in the establishment of international organizations such as the League of Nations and the United Nations, and has championed causes such as humanitarian aid and disarmament.
  • Sweden has pursued close ties and cooperation with its neighboring Nordic countries, particularly Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway. This commitment to Scandinavian unity has been reflected in diplomatic initiatives, trade agreements, and cultural exchanges.
  • Sweden's relationship with the European Union (EU) has been a significant theme in its recent diplomatic history. While Sweden joined the EU in 1995, it has maintained a somewhat reserved approach, often balancing its national interests with EU membership.
  • Sweden has been an advocate for global development and has provided substantial aid to developing countries. It has sought to address global inequalities and promote sustainable development through its aid programs, often challenging neocolonial practices.
  • In the 21st century, Sweden has gained attention for its feminist foreign policy approach, which aims to integrate gender equality into its diplomatic efforts. Sweden has been a leading advocate for women's rights globally, emphasizing the inclusion and empowerment of women in peacebuilding, conflict resolution, and development processes.

United Nations

[edit]
Main article:Sweden and the United Nations

Sweden has been amember of the United Nations since November 19, 1946, and participates actively in the activities of the organization, including as anelected member of theSecurity Council (1957–1958, 1975–1976, 1997–1998 and 2017–2018), providingDag Hammarskjöld as the second electedSecretary-General of the UN, etc. The strong interest of theSwedish Government and people in international cooperation and peacemaking has been supplemented in the early 1980s by renewed attention toNordic and European security questions.

Sweden decided not to sign theTreaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[6]

European Union

[edit]
  EU members in 1995
  Sweden, Austria and Finland

After the then Prime MinisterIngvar Carlsson had submitted Sweden's application in July 1991 the negotiations began in February 1993. Finally, on January 1, 1995, Sweden became a member of theEuropean Union. While some argued that it went against Sweden's historic policy of neutrality, where Sweden had not joined during theCold War because it was seen as incompatible with neutrality, others viewed the move as a natural extension of the economic cooperation that had been going on since 1972 with the EU.[citation needed] Sweden addressed this controversy by reserving the right not to participate in any future EU defence alliance. In membership negotiations in 1993–1994, Sweden also had reserved the right to make the final decision on whether to join the third stage of theEMU "in light of continued developments." In a nationwide referendum in November 1994, 52.3 percent of participants voted in favour of EU membership. Voter turnout was high, 83.3 percent of the eligible voters voted. The main Swedish concerns included winning popular support for EU cooperation, EU enlargement, and strengthening the EU in areas such as economic growth, job promotion, and environmental issues.

In polls taken a few years after the referendum, many Swedes indicated that they were unhappy with Sweden's membership in the EU. However, after Sweden successfully hosted its first presidency of the EU in the first half of 2001, most Swedes today have a more positive attitude towards the EU. The government, with the support of theCenter Party, decided in spring 1997 to remain outside of the EMU, at least until 2002. A referendum was held on September 14, 2003. The results were 55.9% forno, 42.0%yes and 2.1% giving no answer ("blank vote").

Nordic Council

[edit]

Swedish foreign policy has been the result of a wide consensus. Sweden cooperates closely with its Nordic neighbors, formally in economic and social matters through theNordic Council of Ministers and informally in political matters through direct consultation.

Nonalignment

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Main articles:Sweden–NATO relations andSwedish neutrality
Swedish Prime MinisterStefan Löfven with Iranian Supreme LeaderAli Khamenei, February 11, 2017

Swedish neutrality and nonalignment policy in peacetime may partly explain how the country could stay out of wars since 1814. Swedish governments have not defined nonalignment as precluding outspoken positions in international affairs. Government leaders have favored national liberation movements that enjoy broad support among developing world countries, with notable attention to Africa. During theCold War, Sweden was suspicious of the superpowers, which it saw as making decisions affecting small countries without always consulting those countries. With the end of the Cold War, that suspicion has lessened somewhat, although Sweden still chooses to remain nonaligned. Sweden has devoted particular attention to issues of disarmament, arms control, and nuclear nonproliferation and has contributed importantly to UN and other international peacekeeping efforts, including the NATO-led peacekeeping forces in the Balkans. It sat as an observer in theWestern European Union from 1995 to 2011, but it is not an active member ofNATO'sPartnership for Peace and theEuro-Atlantic Partnership Council.

Sweden's engagement with NATO was especially strengthened during the term ofAnders Fogh Rasmussen.[7]

Sweden's nonalignment policy has led it to serve as theprotecting power for a number of nations who don't have formal diplomatic relations with each other for various reasons. It currently represents the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations in North Korea for consular matters. On several occasions when the United Kingdom broke off relations with Iran (including the 1979Iranian Revolution, theSalman Rushdie affair, and the 2011 storming of the British embassy in Tehran), Sweden served as the protecting power for the UK.

In May 2022, Sweden formally applied to join theNATO alliance. The public opinion in the Nordic region had changed in favour of joining NATO sinceRussia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24 of the same year.[8]

Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswomanMaria Zakharova said in March 2022 that her government would have to respond if Sweden became a NATO member.[9] However, in June 2022 PresidentVladimir Putin contradicted the statement, claiming that Sweden and Finland can "join whatever they want" on the condition that there will be no NATO military deployment in either country.[10]

In March 2024, Sweden officially ended this period of nonalignment when it joined NATO.[11]

Military

[edit]

Sweden has employed its military on numerous occasions since the end of the Cold War, from Bosnia and Congo to Afghanistan and Libya. According to one study, "this military activism is driven both by the Swedish internationalist tradition of "doing good" in the world, but also for instrumental purposes. These include a desire for political influence in international institutions, an interest in collective milieu shaping, and a concern to improve the interoperability and effectiveness of the Swedish military."[12]

Participation in international organizations

[edit]

Multilateral

[edit]
OrganizationFormal relations beganNotes
European UnionSee1995 enlargement of the European Union

Sweden joined theEuropean Union as a full member on 1 January 1995.

NATOSeeSweden–NATO relations

Sweden joinedNATO as a full member on 7 March 2024.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Sweden maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1Denmark6 June 1523[13]
2FranceOctober 1541[14]
3Spain29 June 1578[15]
4Netherlands5 April 1614[16][17]
5Portugal10 June 1641[18]
6United Kingdom23 December 1653[19][failed verification]
7Russia15 March 1722[20]
8United States29 April 1818[21]
9Brazil5 January 1826[22]
10Greece5 February 1833[23]
11Belgium23 February 1837[24]
12Venezuela5 September 1839[25]
13Argentina3 January 1846[26]
14Italy23 December 1859[27]
15Japan11 January 1868[28]
16Thailand18 May 1868[29]
17Colombia11 December 1874[30]
18El Salvador1 October 1876[31]
19Mexico29 July 1885[32]
20Chile14 June 1895[33]
21Iran5 September 1897[34]
22Cuba30 September 1902[35]
23Norway18 November 1905[36]
24Uruguay6 August 1906[37]
25Bulgaria6 July 1914[38]
26  Switzerland3 September 1915[39]
27Romania18 March 1916[40]
28Serbia1 November 1917[41]
29Finland10 January 1918[42]
30Poland2 August 1919[43]
31Austria10 January 1920[44]
32Hungary12 November 1920[45]
33Czech Republic20 November 1920[46]
34Egypt25 November 1922[47]
35Luxembourg25 January 1923[48]
36Paraguay24 February 1923[49]
37Turkey1 August 1925[50]
38Guatemala9 December 1930[51]
39Peru1 January 1931[52]
40Ecuador21 September 1931[53]
41Bolivia2 February 1932[54][55]
42Iraq18 May 1934[56]
43South Africa30 November 1934[57][58]
44Honduras10 January 1936[59]
45Nicaragua10 January 1936[59]
46Panama3 July 1937[60]
47Costa Rica26 November 1937[61]
48Iceland27 July 1940[62]
49Afghanistan22 November 1940[63]
50Haiti31 March 1941[64]
51Dominican Republic16 July 1942[65]
52Canada2 July 1943[66]
53Ethiopia27 December 1945[67]
54Lebanon7 February 1946[68]
55Ireland28 June 1946[69]
56Philippines17 January 1947[70]
57Syria24 June 1947[71]
58Australia24 September 1947[72]
59India22 June 1948[73]
60New Zealand9 July 1949[74]
61Pakistan25 October 1949[75]
62Sri Lanka18 November 1949[76]
63China9 May 1950[77][78]
64Israel4 November 1950[79]
65Indonesia23 November 1950[80]
66Germany4 April 1951[81]
67Myanmar22 February 1956[82]
68Saudi Arabia28 June 1957[83]
69Sudan27 October 1957[84]
70Jordan14 December 1957[85]
71Liberia6 June 1958[86]
72Malaysia6 June 1958[87]
73Morocco23 July 1958[88]
74Tunisia14 October 1958[89]
75South Korea11 March 1959[90]
76   Nepal10 June 1960[91]
77Somalia13 July 1960[92]
78Libya25 August 1960[93]
79Cyprus12 December 1960[94]
80Cambodia21 January 1961[95]
81Senegal8 May 1961[96]
82Madagascar17 August 1961[97]
83Nigeria3 October 1961[98]
84Benin21 November 1961[99]
85Sierra Leone13 December 1961[100]
86Ghana27 April 1962[101]
87Republic of the Congo27 September 1962[102]
88Democratic Republic of the CongoOctober 1962[103]
89Guinea26 November 1962[96]
90Algeria20 April 1963[104]
91Ivory Coast5 June 1963[105]
92KenyaJanuary 1964[106]
93Uganda9 April 1964[107]
94Tanzania29 May 1964[108]
95Mongolia30 June 1964[109]
96Laos10 October 1964[110]
97Zambia27 November 1964[111]
98Kuwait22 December 1964[112]
99Burkina Faso1964[113]
100Rwanda1964[114]
101Mali25 January 1965[115]
102Niger26 May 1965[116]
103GabonMay 1965[117]
104Cameroon24 September 1965[118][119]
105Burundi7 December 1965[120]
106Singapore8 February 1966[121]
107Malawi31 March 1966[122]
108Trinidad and TobagoJuly 1966[123]
109Lesotho29 May 1968[124]
110Gambia1968[125]
111Vietnam11 January 1969[126][127]
112Albania20 June 1969[128]
113MaltaJune 1969[129]
114Botswana7 September 1969[130]
115Equatorial Guinea1969[131]
116Yemen29 September 1970[132][133]
117Mauritania14 December 1970[134]
118Bangladesh12 April 1972[135]
119United Arab Emirates1972[136]
120Qatar29 March 1973[137]
121North Korea7 April 1973[138]
122Mauritius20 December 1973[139]
123Eswatini1973[140]
124Tonga21 January 1974[141]
125Jamaica5 February 1974[142]
126Bahrain25 February 1974[143]
127Oman15 March 1974[144]
128Grenada15 February 1975[145]
129Guinea-Bissau14 March 1975[146]
130Guyana16 June 1975[147]
131Mozambique25 June 1975[148]
132Barbados19 March 1976[149]
133Angola1 September 1976[150]
134Papua New Guinea10 November 1976[151]
135Cape Verde4 December 1976[152]
136Comoros1977[153]
137Samoa1977[154]
138São Tomé and Príncipe1977[155]
139Suriname15 March 1978[156]
140Togo15 March 1978[157]
141Bahamas9 May 1978[158]
142Maldives21 August 1978[159]
143Fiji3 April 1979[160]
144Seychelles14 August 1979[161]
145Solomon Islands24 October 1979[162]
146Djibouti20 February 1980[163]
147Zimbabwe18 April 1980[164]
148Vanuatu27 September 1981[165]
149Saint Lucia1981[166]
150Antigua and Barbuda11 June 1982[167]
—Holy See2 August 1982[168]
151Belize17 November 1982[169]
152Central African Republic1983[170]
153Dominica3 May 1984[171]
154Brunei1984[172]
155Bhutan27 August 1985[173]
156San Marino13 December 1988[174]
157Namibia21 March 1990[175]
158Estonia28 August 1991[176]
159Latvia28 August 1991[177]
160Lithuania28 August 1991[178]
161Liechtenstein24 October 1991[179]
162Ukraine13 January 1992[180]
163Belarus14 January 1992[181]
164Croatia29 January 1992[182]
165Slovenia29 January 1992[183]
166Marshall Islands12 February 1992[184]
167Kyrgyzstan25 March 1992[185]
168Saint Vincent and the Grenadines2 April 1992[186]
169Saint Kitts and Nevis3 April 1992[187]
170Kazakhstan7 April 1992[188]
171Uzbekistan8 April 1992[189]
172Turkmenistan10 April 1992[190]
173Azerbaijan8 May 1992[191]
174Moldova12 June 1992[192]
175Armenia10 July 1992[193]
176Federated States of Micronesia26 August 1992[194]
177Georgia19 September 1992[195]
178Tajikistan9 December 1992[196]
179Bosnia and Herzegovina11 December 1992[197]
180Slovakia1 January 1993[198]
181Eritrea24 June 1993[199]
182North Macedonia20 December 1993[200]
183Andorra16 March 1995[201]
184Chad3 August 1995[202]
185Palau9 August 1995[203]
186Timor-Leste20 May 2002[204]
187Montenegro26 June 2006[205]
—Kosovo28 March 2008[206]
188Monaco30 January 2009[207]
189South Sudan9 July 2011[208]
190Tuvalu24 August 2012[209]
191Kiribati28 September 2012[210]
192Nauru28 September 2012[211]
—State of Palestine30 October 2014[212]

Africa

[edit]
RegionFormal relations beganNotes
Egypt25 November 1922Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1922 when Harald Bildt took up the post of first Swedish Minister to Egypt.[47]
  • Egypt has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inCairo.
Mozambique25 June 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975.[148]
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inMaputo.
Nigeria3 October 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1961.[98]
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inAbuja.
South AfricaSeeSouth Africa-Sweden relations
Sudan27 October 1957Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1957 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sweden to Sudan (Resident in Addis Ababa) Dr. Bjorn Axel Eyvind Bratt.[84]
  • Sudan has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inKhartoum.
Tanzania29 May 1964Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 May 1964 when Otto Gustaf Rathsman presented his credentials as Sweden's Ambassador to the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar to President Nyerere.[108]
  • Sweden has an embassy inDar es Salaam.
  • Tanzania has an embassy in Stockholm.
TunisiaSeeSweden–Tunisia relations
  • Sweden has an embassy inTunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Stockholm.
Zimbabwe30 April 1980Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1980 when first Ambassador of Mozambique to Zimbabwe presented his credentials.[213]

Americas

[edit]
RegionFormal relations beganNotes
ArgentinaSeeArgentina–Sweden relations
Belize17 November 1982Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1982.[214]
  • Belize has an honorary consulate in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Belize from its embassy in Guatemala City and maintains an honorary consulate inBelmopan.
Bolivia2 February 1932Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 February 1932.[54][55]
  • Bolivia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inLa Paz.
BrazilSeeBrazil–Sweden relations
  • Brazil has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inBrasília.
CanadaSeeCanada–Sweden relations

Relations with Canada are close, positive and constructive. Both countries have strong commitments to peacekeeping, UN reform, development assistance, environmental protection, sustainable development, and the promotion and protection of human rights.[215] In addition, there are more than 300,000Canadians of Swedish descent.[216]

Chile1827SeeChile–Sweden relations
  • Chile has an embassy in Stockholm and a consulate inGothenburg.
  • Sweden has an embassy inSantiago.
Colombia11 December 1874
  • Colombia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inBogotá.
  • Sweden is the 6th largest trade partner of Colombia in theEuropean Union.
Guyana16 June 1975

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 June 1975.[217]

  • Guyana has an honorary consulate in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an ambassador accredited to Guyana based in Stockholm.
Mexico1850[218]SeeMexico–Sweden relations.
Peru11 February 1938SeePeru–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1938.[219]

  • Peru has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.[220]
United States29 April 1818SeeSweden–United States relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1818.[221]

Sweden and the United States have had strong ties since the 18th century.

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Armenia10 July 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1992.[222]
Azerbaijan8 May 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1992.[225]
  • The embassy of Sweden inBaku opened in 2014.
  • Azerbaijani opened an embassy in Stockholm.[citation needed]
  • Currently, approximately 10 thousand Azerbaijanis live in Sweden, and in addition about 30 thousand Azerbaijanis from Iran.[226]
  • In 2006, a diaspora organization called «Odlar yurdu» was established in Sweden.[226]
  • In 2010, the Congress of Swedish Azerbaijanis was established.[227]
ChinaSeeChina–Sweden relations.
  • China has an embassy in Stockholm and a consulate-general inGothenburg.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Hong Kong and Shanghai.

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Sweden, signed a joint letter to theUNHRC condemningChina's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close theXinjiang internment camps.[228][229]

Georgia19 September 1992SeeGeorgia–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 1992.[230]

IndiaSeeIndia–Sweden relations.
IndonesiaSeeIndonesia–Sweden relations.
Iran5 September 1897SeeIran–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1897 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Persia to Sweden with residence in St. Peterbourg Mirza Reza Khan Ar Faed-Doouleh.[34]

IraqSeeIraq–Sweden relations.

The Swedish Embassy in Iraq is permanently closed after attacks by protesters over Quran Burning on the Swedish Embassy inBaghdad. Iraq severed ties with Sweden since July 2023, after Swedish authorities allowed a man to burn the Iraqi flag and the Quran in front of theIraqi Embassy,Stockholm.[231][232][233]

IsraelSeeIsrael–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1949. Israel has an embassy inStockholm.[234] Sweden has an embassy inTel Aviv.[235]

Japan1868SeeJapan–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1868 by signing theSwedish-Japanese Treaty in 1868.[236]

Kazakhstan7 April 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1992.[188]
  • Sweden has an embassy inAstana.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Stockholm.
Kuwait22 December 1964Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1964 when Sweden opened its embassy in Kuwait.[112]
MalaysiaSeeMalaysia–Sweden relations.

Diplomatic relations were established in 1958.[87] Sweden has an embassy inKuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Stockholm. As of 2009, 90 Swedish companies are present in Malaysia and about 450 Swedish citizens live in Malaysia.

North KoreaApril 7, 1973[237]SeeNorth Korea–Sweden relations.
PalestineOctober 30, 2014SeePalestine–Sweden relations.
Saudi ArabiaSeeSaudi Arabia–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1957.[238]

South Korea11 March 1959SeeSouth Korea–Sweden relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea and Sweden began on March 11, 1959.[90]

Syria24 June 1947SeeSweden–Syria relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1947 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sweden to Syria with residence in Cairo, Widar Bagge.[71]

TurkeySeeSweden–Turkey relations.

Europe

[edit]
RegionFormal relations beganNotes
Albania20 June 1969SeeAlbania–Sweden relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 June 1969.[128]

Austria
  • Austria has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inVienna.
  • There are 7,000 Austrians living in Sweden.
  • There are 2,000 Swedes living in Austria.
  • Both countries became members of theEuropean Union on 1 January 1995.
Belarus14 January 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 January 1992.[181]

There are 3,000 Belarusian living in Sweden and above 1,000 Swedes living in Belarus.

Belgium23 February 1837Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 February 1837 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Sweden baron T. Vander Straten Ponthoz.[24]

There is an ethnic group of Walloons living in Sweden making up the 8,000 Belgians living in Sweden and 5,000 Swedes living in Belgium.

  • Belgium has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an ambassador accredited to Belgium based in Stockholm.
  • Both countries are members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Bosnia and Herzegovina15 December 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1992.[241]
BulgariaJuly 6, 1914There are approximately 3,000 Swedes living in Bulgaria and
Croatia29 January 1992SeeCroatia–Sweden relations.
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 January 1992.[182]
  • Croatia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inZagreb.
  • Sweden joined theEuropean Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Croatia joined on 1 July 2013.
  • Both countries are members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
CyprusSeeCyprus–Sweden relations.
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inNicosia.
  • Sweden joined theEuropean Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Cyprus joined on 1 May 2004.
Czech Republic1 January 1993Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993.[242]
DenmarkSeeDenmark–Sweden relations.

Today, both countries are separated by theØresund, which links theBaltic Sea and theNorth Sea. Both countries are full members of theCouncil of the Baltic Sea States, of theCouncil of Europe, and of theEuropean Union. There are around 21,000Swedes living in Denmark and there are around 42,000Danes living in Sweden.

Estonia28 August 1991SeeEstonia–Sweden relations.

Estonia was under Swedish rule between 1561 and 1721

Sweden recognized Estonia on 4 February 1921.[243]

Sweden resumed diplomatic relations with Estonia on 28 August 1991.[176]

FinlandSeeFinland–Sweden relations.

Finnish–Swedish relations have a long history (Sweden and Finland were the same country for several hundred years), due to the close relationship between Finland and Sweden. Particularly in Finland, the issue emerges in frequent exposés ofFinnish history, and in motives for governmental proposals and actions as reported in Finnish news broadcasts in English or other foreign languages. In Sweden, this relationship is a recurrent important theme of 20th-century history, although maybe by most Swedes considered to be an issue of purely historical relevance now that both countries have been members of theEuropean Union since 1995.

  • Finland has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Swedenhas an embassy inHelsinki and a consulate-general inMariehamn.
  • Both countries became members of theEuropean Union on 1 January 1995.
  • Both countries applied forNATO membership on 18 May 2022. Finland became a member on 4 April 2023, while Sweden became a member on 7 March 2024.
  • Both countries are members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
FranceSeeFrance–Sweden relations.
GermanySeeGermany–Sweden relations.
Greece24 January 1833SeeGreece–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1833 when Carl Peter von Heidenstam (until then Consul General) was appointed as Chargé d'Affaires of the Kingdom of Sweden and Norway in Greece.[23]

HungarySeeHungary–Sweden relations.

Diplomacy relations between the two countries started on December 28, 1945.

  • Hungary has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inBudapest.
  • Sweden joined theEuropean Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Hungary joined on 1 May 2004.
  • Both countries are members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
IcelandSeeIceland–Sweden relations.
  • Iceland has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inReykjavík.
  • Both countries are members ofNATO.
Ireland18 July 1946SeeIreland–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1946.[244]Ireland has an embassy in Stockholm.

Italy23 December 1859SeeItaly–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1859 when the first interim Chargé d'Affaires, Giov. Antonio Migliorati, was appointed.[27]

KosovoSeeKosovo–Sweden relations.

Swedenrecognized Kosovo on March 4, 2008.[245] Liaison Office of Sweden inPristina, subordinated to the embassy inSkopje,North Macedonia.[246] On March 8, 2008, the Swedish Minister for Foreign AffairsCarl Bildt became the first foreign minister to officially visit Kosovo since it declared its independence.[247] Sweden currently has 243 troops serving in Kosovo as peacekeepers in theNATO ledKosovo Force.[248]

  • Kosovo has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inPristina.
Latvia28 August 1991SeeLatvia–Sweden relations.

Sweden recognized Latvia on 4 February 1921.[243]

Sweden resumed diplomatic relations with Latvia on 28 August 1991.[177]

  • Latvia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inRiga.
  • Sweden joined theEuropean Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Latvia joined on 1 May 2004.
  • Both countries are members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Lithuania28 August 1991SeeLithuania–Sweden relations.

Sweden recognized Lithuania on 28 September 1921.[249]

Sweden resumed diplomatic relations with Lithuania on 28 August 1991.[178]

  • Lithuania has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inVilnius.
  • Sweden joined theEuropean Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Lithuania joined on 1 May 2004.
  • Both countries are members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Moldova12 June 1992SeeMoldova–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 June 1992.[192]

Sweden is one of Moldova's top donors. From 1996, Sweden provided Moldova with technical assistance worth 30 million dollars, which significantly helped strengthen sectors such as: protection of human rights, democracy,good governance,public health, education, agriculture, energy, infrastructure, transport and the private sector. Much of the aid is delivered through theSwedish International Development Agency.[250][251] In 2007, the Swedish Government established the 2007–2010 strategy of cooperation with Moldova, which sees 11 million euros in financial assistance annually for three important sectors: good governance, strengthening of com petitiveness in the rural area and reduction of vulnerability in the energy sector.[250]

The NetherlandsSeeNetherlands–Sweden relations.
NorwaySeeNorway–Sweden relations.
  • Norway has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inOslo.
  • Both countries are members ofNATO.
PolandSeePoland–Sweden relations.
  • Poland has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inWarsaw.
  • Sweden joined theEuropean Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Poland joined on 1 May 2004.
  • Both countries are members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
PortugalSeePortugal–Sweden relations.
Romania1 November 1916
  • Romania has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy inBucharest.
  • Sweden joined theEuropean Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Romania joined on 1 January 2007.
  • Both countries are members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
RussiaSeeRussia–Sweden relations.
SerbiaSeeSerbia–Sweden relations.
Slovenia
  • Slovenia is accredited to Sweden from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Sweden is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
SpainSeeSpain–Sweden relations.
 Switzerland
  • Sweden has an embassy inBern.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Both countries are members of theCouncil of Europe.
Ukraine13 January 1992SeeSweden–Ukraine relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 January 1992.[180]

A Ukrainian information bureau was opened 1916 inStockholm by Volodymyr Stepankivskyi and M. Zaliznyak. In 1918 an official diplomatic mission from theUkrainian People's Republic headed by K. Lossky was opened in Stockholm.[252] Diplomatic relations betweenUkraine and Sweden were established on January 13, 1992.

United Kingdom23 December 1653SeeSweden–United Kingdom relations.

Sweden establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 23 December 1653.[19][failed verification]

Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court, theJoint Expeditionary Force,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[255] a Mutual Defence Agreement,[256] and a Strategic Partnership.[257]

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
AustraliaSeeAustralia–Sweden relations.
  • Australia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Swedenhas an embassy inCanberra and eight honorary consulates: Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darin, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney.
Fiji3 April 1979Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1979.[258]
New ZealandSeeNew Zealand–Sweden relations.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Elgström, Ole, and Magnus Jerneck. "Activism and adaptation: Swedish security strategies, 1814–85."Diplomacy and Statecraft 8.3 (1997): 210–236.
  • Grimberg, Carl.A History of Sweden (1935)online free
  • Horn, David Bayne.Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century (1967) covers 1603–1702; pp 236–69.
  • Lindström, Peter, and Svante Norrhem.Flattering Alliances: Scandinavia, Diplomacy and the Austrian-French Balance of Power, 1648–1740 (Nordic Academic Press, 2013).
  • Makko, Aryo.Ambassadors of Realpolitik: Sweden, the CSCE and the Cold War (2016)excerpt
  • Nordstrom, Byron J.The History of Sweden (2002)excerpt and text search; alsofull text online free to borrow
  • Salmon, Patrick.Scandinavia and the great powers 1890–1940 (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
  • Sevin, Efe.Public diplomacy and the implementation of foreign policy in the US, Sweden and Turkey (Springer International Publishing, 2017).

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