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Foreign relations of Norway

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Constitution
flagNorway portal

Theforeign relations of Norway are based on the country's membership inNATO and within the workings of the United Nations (UN). Additionally, despite not being a member of theEuropean Union (EU), Norway takes a part in theintegration of EU through its membership in theEuropean Economic Area.Norway's foreign ministry includes both the minister of foreign affairs and minister of international development.

History

[edit]
Further information:History of Norway

TheMinistry of Foreign Affairs was established on the same day that Norwaydeclared the dissolution of the union with Sweden: June 7, 1905. Although diplomats could not present credentials to foreign governments until the Swedish king formally renounced his right to the Norwegian throne, a number of unofficial representatives worked on the provisional government's behalf until the first Norwegian ambassador,Hjalmar Christian Hauge, sought accreditation by the United States Secretary of StateElihu Root on November 6, 1905.

The initial purposes of the newly formed Foreign Ministry were to represent Norway's interests through diplomatic channels, and to provide consular services for Norwegian shipping and commerce overseas. In 1906, theStorting decided to establish six embassies in Europe, with two more in the Americas: one in the United States and one inArgentina. 20 consular offices were also opened.

DuringWorld War I, the foreign ministry was confronted with unprecedented challenges in maintaining neutrality for Norway, in particular in order to protect its merchant fleet.

In 1922, the ministry was consolidated and reorganised to ensure fuller cooperation between the diplomatic and consular branches. The reorganization included the formation of a designated career path for diplomats that included completion of a university entrance examination and professional experience from international trade. The economic hardship of the times forced austerity measures at the ministry for the next several years.

When Norway wasinvaded by Nazi Germany in 1940, thegovernment fled to the United Kingdom and reconstituted in exile inBracknell, outside London.Kingston House in London was later used. The government moved back to Norway following the peace in 1945.

After the end ofWorld War II, Norway was a founding member of theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization and the United Nations, the latter having NorwegianTrygve Lie as inauguralSecretary-General. Norway was also part of the first slate of non-permanent members to theUnited Nations Security Council.[1]

Elements of policy

[edit]

Since the end of theCold War, Norway has developed a model to foreign policy known as the "Norwegian model," the goal of which is to contribute to peace and stability through coordinated response among governmental and non-governmental Norwegian organizations; acting as an honest broker in international conflicts; an informal network of Norwegian individuals with access and credibility among parties; and the willingness to take the long view in international issues.

The post-war foreign policy of Norway can be described along four dimensions:

Strategic alliances

[edit]

Norway's strategic importance for waging war in the North Atlantic became important in the failed neutrality policy ofWorld War II. Norway became a foundingmember of NATO in order to ally itself with countries that shared its democratic values. Both through diplomatic and military cooperation, Norway has played a visible role in the formation and operations of NATO. It allowed a limited number of military bases and exercises to be based in its territories, which caused some controversy when NATO decided to putforward bases inNorthern Norway in preparation for a conflict with theSoviet Union.[citation needed]

International cooperation

[edit]

Norway supports international cooperation and the peaceful settlement of disputes, recognizing the need for maintaining a strong national defence throughcollective security. Accordingly, the cornerstones of Norwegian policy are active membership inNATO and support for the United Nations and its specialized agencies. Norway also pursues a policy of economic, social, and cultural cooperation with other Nordic countries—Denmark,Sweden,Finland, andIceland—through theNordic Council. Its relations withIceland are very close due to the cultural bond the two nations share. Norway ended a 2-year term on theUN Security Council in January 2003, and chaired theIraq Sanctions Committee.

Norway, along with Iceland and theFaroe Islands, is not a member of theEuropean Union,all three are members of theEuropean Economic Area[clarify].[2] Membership of the EU has been proposed within Norway, and referendums over Norwegian membership were held in 1972 and 1994.[3] Popular opinion was split between rural and urban areas.SeeNorway and the European Union. The present government is not planning to raise the possibility for future membership.

Norway also has a history of co-operation and friendship with theUnited Kingdom andScotland, due to their shared cultural heritage sinceViking times. The Vikings conquered areas including theHebrides,Orkney andShetland for several hundred years. Norway is only 300 kilometres (159Nautical miles) east ofUnst, the northernmost island of Shetland. TheNorwegian embassy to the United Kingdom is located in London, and Norway also maintains a Consulate General inEdinburgh. ANorway Spruce is given by the city of Oslo and presented to London as a Christmas tree for display inTrafalgar Square as a token of gratitude for the UK's support duringWorld War II. KingHaakon, his sonCrown Prince Olav and the country'sgovernment lived in exile in London throughout the war. As part of the tradition, the Lord Mayor of Westminster visits Oslo in the late autumn to take part in the felling of the tree, and the Mayor of Oslo then goes to London to light the tree at the Christmas ceremony.

On 25 April 2022, Norwegian foreign minister visitedBangladesh as part of her two-day trip in order to broaden economic partnership through trade,investment and maritime sector cooperation.[4]

International mediation and nation building

[edit]

Norway has played an active role as a third party mediator in a number of international conflicts. The late foreign ministerJohan Jørgen Holst was instrumental in forging theOslo Accords betweenIsrael and thePLO.Thorvald Stoltenberg was part of the unsuccessful mediation team in seeking an end to the war inBosnia. Norway has contributed both mediation services and financial assistance inGuatemala.

As of 2005, Norwegian diplomats are acting as mediators inSudan,Bosnia,Sri Lanka, andColombia. Some of those countries accuse Norway of supporting and propping up separatist groups.Israel is often bitter with harsh criticisms from Norwegian politicians. The spat was at its highest when finance ministerKristin Halvorsen supportedboycott of Israeli goods.[5] in early 2006. Finance ministry spokesman, Runar Malkenes, toldBBC News that "there are no moves to push for a boycott of Israeli goods" at government level.[6]Eritrea has been actively supported byNorway during its liberation fromEthiopia.[7] As of recent, Ethiopia expelled six Norwegian diplomats due to Norway's alleged support to 'Terrorist group and Eritrea'.[8] Norway retaliated by cutting aid toEthiopia.

After the Al-Qaedaattack on the United States on September 11, 2001, NATO launched a military invasion to overthrowAl-Qaeda and itsTaliban sponsors. Norway was one of 51 donors providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war-torn country. Norway had charge ofFaryab Province. The Norwegian-led Provincial Reconstruction Team had the mission of effecting security, good governance and economic development, 2005–2012. But the results were dubious and frustration continued until the U.S. and all other countries finally decided to withdraw by 2021.[9]

International disputes

[edit]

Territorial claims inAntarctica (Queen Maud Land andPeter I Island) are only recognized by Australia, France,New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

Status-seeking

[edit]

A number of scholars have argued that Norway has through its foreign policy engaged in status-seeking.[10][11] Through an activist foreign policy, Norway has sought to elevate its standing among the international system's small powers and middle powers, and earn recognition from the great powers.[10][11]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Norway maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate[12]
1United States30 October 1905
2Russia31 October 1905
3France5 November 1905
4United Kingdom6 November 1905
5Denmark7 November 1905
6Japan7 November 1905
7Belgium14 November 1905
8Sweden18 November 1905
9Spain26 November 1905
10Thailand30 November 1905
11Netherlands4 December 1905
12  Switzerland22 January 1906
13Portugal17 March 1906
14Italy22 March 1906
15Argentina28 March 1906
16Paraguay2 April 1906
17Uruguay3 April 1906
18Mexico9 April 1906
19Cuba20 June 1906
20Bulgaria20 August 1906
21Brazil11 May 1908
22Iran14 October 1908
23Serbia9 March 1917
24Romania14 May 1917
25Finland2 March 1918
26Greece25 May 1918
27Chile9 June 1919
28Poland4 July 1919
29Hungary12 February 1920
30Austria8 October 1920[13]
31Czech Republic13 January 1921
32Peru3 August 1923
33Venezuela4 October 1929
34Turkey8 October 1930[14]
35Luxembourg15 April 1931
36Colombia6 September 1935
37Egypt25 April 1936
38Ecuador22 October 1936
39Bolivia25 February 1937
40El Salvador27 April 1939
41Guatemala28 April 1939
42Costa Rica2 May 1939
43Iceland29 August 1940
44Canada24 January 1942
45Dominican Republic16 October 1943
46Haiti28 October 1943
47Ethiopia28 April 1945
48South Africa16 June 1946
49Iraq28 September 1946
50Australia23 June 1947
51Honduras3 July 1947
52Nicaragua5 July 1947
53India15 August 1947
54Philippines2 March 1948
55Panama21 July 1948
56Lebanon10 August 1948
57Syria11 August 1948
58Pakistan18 December 1948
59Indonesia25 January 1950
60Ireland17 February 1950
61Israel19 July 1950
62Sri Lanka13 October 1950
63Germany10 May 1951[15]
64China5 October 1954[16]
65Myanmar18 May 1956
66Sudan31 May 1956
67Tunisia29 August 1958
68Morocco30 August 1958
69South Korea22 March 1959
70Nigeria1 October 1960
71Madagascar27 October 1960
72Senegal2 December 1960
73Yemen23 March 1961
74Saudi Arabia8 May 1961
75Guinea21 July 1961
76Ivory Coast27 September 1962
77Algeria27 October 1962
78Cyprus22 March 1963
79Afghanistan[17]3 January 1964
80Niger24 January 1964
81Kenya22 February 1964
82Uganda21 July 1964
83Benin25 September 1964
84Tanzania28 September 1964
85Zambia2 February 1965
86Liberia17 February 1965
87Malawi9 March 1965
88Ghana19 May 1965
89Cameroon15 June 1965
90Gabon28 September 1965
91Kuwait30 June 1965
92Libya20 July 1966
93Burundi1966
94Republic of the Congo23 May 1967
95Botswana30 November 1967
96Malaysia8 March 1968
97Mongolia11 May 1968
98Jordan7 January 1969
99Malta11 February 1969
100Singapore7 March 1969
101Democratic Republic of the Congo27 September 1969
102New Zealand10 October 1969
103Central African Republic16 May 1970
104Sierra Leone20 July 1970
105Rwanda30 January 1971
106Somalia30 March 1971
107Albania29 May 1971
108Trinidad and Tobago19 November 1971
109Vietnam25 November 1971
110Togo10 January 1972
111Bangladesh14 April 1972
112   Nepal26 January 1973
113Mauritius30 January 1973
114Qatar9 June 1973
115North Korea22 June 1973
116United Arab Emirates4 July 1973
117Bahrain15 July 1973
118Barbados24 January 1975
119Guinea-Bissau7 April 1975
120Mozambique25 June 1975
121Lesotho8 May 1976
122Papua New Guinea9 August 1976
123Cambodia18 November 1976
124Fiji18 January 1977[18]
125Suriname8 February 1977
126Cape Verde9 May 1977
127Mali17 June 1977
128Jamaica7 October 1977
129Angola31 October 1977
130Guyana2 August 1979
131Burkina Faso21 September 1979
132Oman15 April 1980
133Zimbabwe18 April 1980
134Solomon Islands18 September 1980
—Holy See2 August 1982
135Gambia8 February 1983
136Mauritania6 December 1983
137Maldives26 March 1984
138Belize12 July 1984[19]
139Brunei12 October 1984
140Eswatini11 December 1984
141Seychelles1 February 1985[20]
142Antigua and Barbuda14 October 1985[21]
143Bhutan5 November 1985[22]
144Tonga30 August 1988
145Namibia21 March 1990
—Cook Islands18 July 1991
146Estonia27 August 1991
147Latvia27 August 1991
148Lithuania27 August 1991
149Bahamas11 November 1991
150Laos12 November 1991
151Liechtenstein9 January 1992[23]
152Belarus4 February 1992
153Ukraine5 February 1992
154Slovenia18 February 1992
155Croatia20 February 1992
156Moldova3 June 1992
157Armenia5 June 1992
158Azerbaijan5 June 1992
159Georgia5 June 1992
160Kazakhstan5 June 1992
161Turkmenistan8 June 1992
162Tajikistan10 June 1992
163Uzbekistan10 June 1992
164Kyrgyzstan26 June 1992
165Saint Kitts and Nevis15 October 1992
166Marshall Islands16 October 1992[24]
167Slovakia1 January 1993
168Saint Vincent and the Grenadines19 February 1993[25]
169Bosnia and Herzegovina12 December 1993[26]
170North Macedonia20 December 1993
171Eritrea14 March 1994[27]
172Djibouti20 January 1995[28]
173Chad13 November 1995
174Andorra15 November 1995[29]
175San Marino11 December 1996[30]
177Saint Lucia11 November 1998[31]
177Samoa1999[32]
178Grenada26 April 2000[24]
179Nauru9 August 2000[33]
180Dominica26 March 2001[34]
181Timor-Leste20 May 2002[35]
182São Tomé and Príncipe6 August 2004[36]
183Montenegro21 June 2006[37]
184Equatorial Guinea30 March 2007[38]
—Kosovo25 October 2008[39]
185Tuvalu8 May 2010[40]
186Monaco16 November 2010[41]
187South Sudan9 July 2011[42]
188Palau31 May 2017[43]
189Federated States of Micronesia12 April 2018[44]
190Vanuatu28 May 2018[45]
191Comoros28 June 2019[46]
192Kiribati17 August 2019[47]
—State of Palestine24 April 2025[48]

Multilateral

[edit]
OrganizationFormal Relations BeganNotes
European UnionSeeNorway–European Union relations
NATOSeeNorway–NATO relations

Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
KenyaSeeKenya–Norway relations
  • Norway has an embassy inNairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Oslo.
SudanSeeNorway–Sudan relations
  • Norway has an embassy inKhartoum.
  • Sudan has an embassy in Oslo.

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Belize

Since 2011, Belize and Norway have an Agreement concerning the exchange of information relating to tax matters they had signed in 2010.[49]

BrazilSeeBrazil–Norway relations
CanadaSeeCanada–Norway relations

Canada hasan embassy in Oslo.[51]

ChileSeeChile–Norway relations
  • Norway has an embassy inSantiago.
  • Chile has an embassy in Oslo.
Mexico1906SeeMexico–Norway relations
  • Mexico has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Norway has an embassy inMexico City.
United States1905SeeNorway–United States relations

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
AfghanistanSeeAfghanistan–Norway relations
Armenia
  • Armenia is accredited to Norway from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Norway is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Tbilisi, Georgia and maintains an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
  • Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe.
ChinaOctober 5, 1954SeeChina–Norway relations
Georgia
India1947SeeIndia–Norway relations
IndonesiaSeeIndonesia–Norway relations
  • Norway has an embassy inJakarta.
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Oslo.
Iran
  • Iran has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Norway has an embassy inTehran.
IsraelSeeIsrael–Norway relations

Norway was one of the first countries to recognize Israel on February 4, 1949. Both countries established diplomatic relation later that year.

Japan1905SeeJapan–Norway relations
  • Japan has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Norway has an embassy inTokyo.
Malaysia1957SeeMalaysia–Norway relations
  • Norway has an embassy inKuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has an embassy inStockholm whose consular area also covers Norway.
MongoliaJanuary 11, 1968SeeMongolia–Norway relations
  • Mongolia is accredited to Norway from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Norway is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
  NepalJanuary 26, 1973SeeNepal–Norway relations

Diplomatic relations were established on January 26, 1973. Norway established an embassy inKathmandu in 2000.[61] In 2008, Norwegian Prime MinisterJens Stoltenberg and Minister of the Environment and International DevelopmentErik Solheim visited Nepal.[62] In 2009, Prime Minister Prachanda visited Norway.[63] In May 2008, a small bomb exploded outside the Norwegian embassy in Kathmandu. No one was injured.[64][65]

  • Norway has an embassy inKathmandu.
  • Nepal has an embassy in Oslo.
Pakistan1947SeeNorway-Pakistan relations
Palestine

A Palestinian representation in Oslo has had status of "general delegation". In December 2010 during a visit to Norway Palestinian Prime MinisterSalam Fayyad announced that this mission would be upgraded to adiplomatic mission. This will take effect early in 2011. With the rank of ambassador its head will have the title "head of the Palestinian mission". Norway thus becomes the fourth European country to take similar steps, following Spain, France and Portugal. The upgrade does not constitute recognition of a Palestinian state by Norway, however.[66]

PhilippinesMarch 2, 1948SeeNorway–Philippines relations

Relations between the Philippines and Norway were established on March 2, 1948, the Philippines has an embassy in Oslo while Norway has an embassy in Manila. Norway is also involved in the peace process in the Philippines related toMoro andCommunist insurgencies and is also a member country of the International Monitoring Team for the GPH-MILF Peace Process. Norway is also the third country facilitator for the GPH-CPP–NPA–NDF Peace Process. Trade between the Philippines and Norway amounted up to $73 million.[67][68][69]

  • Norway has an embassy inManila.
  • Philippines has an embassy in Oslo.
Saudi ArabiaSeeNorway–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Norway has an embassy inRiyadh and consulate-general inJeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Oslo.
South KoreaMarch 2, 1959[70]SeeNorway-South Korea relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between Kongeriket Noreg and the Republic of Korea began on March 2, 1959.

SyriaSeeNorway–Syria relations

In March 2012 the Norwegian Foreign Ministry announced that the Norwegian embassy inDamascus will be temporarily closed, mainly due to the deteriorating security situation in the country, however Foreign MinisterJonas Gahr Støre also emphasized the closing being a political signal. One Norwegian diplomat will remain, stationed at the Danish embassy.[74]

TurkeySeeNorway–Turkey relations

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Austria
  • Austria has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Norway has an embassy inVienna.
  • Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe.
Croatia1992SeeCroatia–Norway relations
CyprusSeeCyprus–Norway relations

Diplomatic relations were established on March 22, 1963.[75] The government in Cyprus considers that "bilateral relations between Cyprus and Norway are excellent in all fields".[76]

Neither country has resident ambassadors. Cyprus is represented in Norway through its embassy inStockholm, Sweden and 2 honorary consulates, one inOslo and the second inKristiansand. Norway is represented in Cyprus through its embassy inAthens, Greece and an honorary consulate inNicosia.[77] Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe.[76]

On August 21, 1951, there was a Consular Convention and an Exchange of Letters relating to establishing diplomatic relations. On May 2, 1951, there was aConvention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income. On May 17, 1962, there was an Exchange of Letters constituting anAgreement on the Abolition of Visa Requirement inNicosia. On March 5, 1963, there was an Agreement on Commercial Scheduled Air Transport signed in London.[78]

Norway provides direct funding to the Cypriot Government and also to local authorities, NGOs and educational institutions throughEEA and Norway Grants.[79] The NGO Fund in Cyprus is co-financed by theEuropean Economic Area (EEA) Financial Mechanism and the Norwegian Financial Mechanism. It was established in 2004.[80] In 2006, Norway increased its commitment to offer a total contribution of 4.66 millioneuros.[80] In 2007 a delegation from theEEA and Norway Grants went to Cyprus to "monitor the spending of Norwegian funds given to Cyprus as part of theEuropean Economic Area."[81] In 2008 Norwegian Foreign MinisterJonas Gahr Støre traveled to Cyprus to meet PresidentDemetris Christofias. They met to discuss Norway's assistance to the Cypriot village ofSalamiou, inPaphos. The Norwegians plan to rebuild an old elementary school in the village. It will then become a Regional Centre for Environmental Education at the cost of €735,000.[82]

The taxation levels in Cyprus are considerably lower than in Norway, and Cyprus has actively courted Norwegians to move to Cyprus.[83] Among the Norwegians who moved to Cyprus is the shipping billionaireJohn Fredriksen, who was the richest man in Norway.[84][85][86]

In 1996 tax rules in Norway were changed to keep shipping companies competitive and under the Norwegian flag. By 2008 changes to thetonnage tax regime to harmonize them with theEuropean Union forced some companies to register in Cyprus.[87] NorwegianService rig companyProsafe moved their headquarters to Cyprus.[88]

Several Norwegian retirees also moved to Cyprus; this too is largely to benefit from the lower tax rate on Cyprus and the minimal crime.[89] The Norwegian colony on Cyprus is inPaphos.[89]

DenmarkSeeDenmark–Norway relations

Both countries have a very long history together, both countries were part of theKalmar Union between 1397 and 1523. Norway was inUnion with Denmark between 1537 and 1814. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1905, afterNorway's independence. Both countries are full members of theCouncil of the Baltic Sea States, ofNATO, and of theCouncil of Europe. There are around 15,000Norwegian people living in Denmark and around 20,000Danish people living in Norway.[92]

Estonia
European UnionSeeNorway–European Union relations

Norway is part of the EU market via theEuropean Economic Area and theSchengen Area.

FinlandSeeFinland–Norway relations
France1905SeeFrance–Norway relations
GermanySeeGermany–Norway relations
GreeceSeeGreece–Norway relations
Hungary1920
IcelandSeeIceland–Norway relations

In 2007, the two countries signed a defense agreement, covering surveillance and military defense of Icelandic air space and economic zone. It means that Norwegian jet fighters and surveillance aircraft will be patrolling Icelandic air space. It is underlined that the agreement with Norway only covers peacetime. In case of a military conflict it is stillNATO and theUnited States Government that will carry the main responsibility for Iceland's defense.[102] The agreement was signed following the decision to pulloutUS military from theKeflavík naval air base.[103]

Ireland
Italy
KosovoSeeKosovo–Norway relations

Norwayrecognized Kosovo on March 28, 2008.[108] Norway has an embassy in Pristina, while Kosovo has hinted that it will include Norway in the second wave of embassy openings.

Monaco
  • Norway is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France and maintains an honorary consulate in Monaco.[109][110]
  • Monaco maintains an honorary consulate in Oslo.[111]
Netherlands
PolandSeeNorway–Poland relations
RomaniaApril 3, 1917SeeNorway–Romania relations
  • Both nations were established formal relations on April 3, 1917.
  • Norway has an embassy inBucharest.[112]
  • Romania has an embassy in Oslo.[113]
  • Both nations are full members ofNATO and of theCouncil of Europe.
RussiaOctober 30, 1905SeeNorway–Russia relations
SerbiaSeeNorway–Serbia relations
SpainSeeNorway–Spain relations
Sweden1905SeeNorway-Sweden relations

Both nations established diplomatic relations in 1905, after thedissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905.

 SwitzerlandSeeNorway-Switzerland relations
  • Norway has an embassy inBern and two consulates-general inGeneva andZürich.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Oslo.
Ukraine1992SeeNorway–Ukraine relations
United Kingdom1905SeeNorway–United Kingdom relations
British Prime MinisterKeir Starmer withNorwegian Prime MinisterJonas Gahr Støre inBergen, December 2024.

Norway establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 6 November 1905.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[125] theCouncil of Europe, theInternational Criminal Court, theJoint Expeditionary Force,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have aFree Trade Agreement,[126] a Green Partnership,[127] and a Strategic Partnership Agreement.[128]

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia1905SeeAustralia–Norway relations

The bilateral countries between Australia and Norway were established diplomatic relations in 1905, following the Norway's independence since 1814.

New Zealand1905SeeNew Zealand–Norway relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1905, afterNorway's independence. There are approximately 1,400Norwegians living in New Zealand and 409New Zealanders living in Norway.[129]

Reidar Sveaas, director of P&O Maritime Ltd. and honorary consul to Auckland said in 2000 that excellent opportunities existed for New Zealand to trade with the world's second largest oil-producing country, Norway.[130]

New Zealand joined 11 other countries in 2006 in delivering a formal diplomatic protest to the Norwegian Foreign Ministry in Oslo over Norway's plans to increase its whaling activities.[131]

In 2004,New Zealand Prime MinisterHelen Clark became as the first Prime Minister to ever visits Norway. She said that both countries see eye-to-eye on almost everything but the commercial harvesting ofwhales.[132]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Further reading

[edit]
Further information:History of Norway § Bibliography
  • Berg, Roald. "Norway’s Foreign Politics during the Union with Sweden, 1814-1905: A Reconsideration."Diplomacy & Statecraft 31.1 (2020): 1-21.online Argues Norwegians did have a voice in foreign affairs.
  • Danielsen, Helge. "Military Assistance, Foreign Policy, and National Security: The Objectives of US Military Assistance to Norway, 1950–1965."Scandinavian Journal of History 45.1 (2020): 71–94.
  • Frankel, Joseph. "Comparing Foreign Policies: The Case of Norway."International Affairs 44.3 (1968): 482–493.
  • German, Robert K. "Norway and the bear: Soviet coercive diplomacy and Norwegian security policy."International Security 7.2 (1982): 55-82online.
  • Holst, Johan Jørgen, ed.Norwegian Foreign Policy in the 1980s (Oxford UP, 1985).
  • Lucas, Colin. "Great Britain and the Union of Norway and Sweden."Scandinavian Journal of History 15.3-4 (1990): 269–278.
  • Lundestad, Geir. "The United States and Norway, 1905–2006 Allies of a kind: so similar, so different."Journal of Transatlantic Studies 4.2 (2006): 187–209.
  • Lundestad, Geir. "The evolution of Norwegian security policy: Alliance with the West and reassurance in the East."Scandinavian Journal of History 17.2-3 (1992): 227–256.
  • Lundestad, Geir.America, Scandinavia and the Cold War, 1945-1949 (1980),
  • Padelford, Norman J. "Regional cooperation in Scandinavia."International Organization 11.4 (1957): 597–614; relations with Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland, 1920–1955.online
  • Pisarska, Katarzyna. "Peace Diplomacy and the Domestic Dimension of Norwegian Foreign Policy: The Insider's Accounts."Scandinavian Political Studies 38.2 (2015): 198–215.
  • Riste, Olav. "The historical determinants of Norwegian foreign policy." in J. J. Holst, ed.Norwegian Foreign Policy in the 1980s (1985): 12–26.
  • Salmon, Patrick.Scandinavia and the Great Powers 1890-1940 (2002)excerpt
  • Salmon, Patrick. "How to write international history: Reflections on Norsk utenrikspolitikks historie."Diplomacy and Statecraft 9.1 (1998): 208–223.

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