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Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia

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This article needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(December 2019)

Arab LeagueMember State of the Arab League

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Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia are the diplomatic and trade relations betweenSaudi Arabia and other countries around the world. The foreign policy of Saudi Arabia is focused on co-operation with the oil-exportingGulf States, the unity of theArab World,Islamic solidarity, and support for theUnited Nations.[1] In practice, the main concerns in recent years have beenrelations with the US, theSaudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen, theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict,Iraq, the perceived threat from theIslamic Republic of Iran, and theeffect of oil pricing. Saudi Arabia contributes large amounts ofdevelopment aid toMuslim countries. From 1986 to 2006, the country donated £49 billion in aid.[2][3][4]

Although a member of theNon-Aligned Movement, Saudi Arabia is described as leading the "Pro-Western Camp" of Arab countries, aligned with the U.S. and composed of Egypt, Jordan, andArab states of the Persian Gulf. Saudi Arabia and the United States are close strategic allies and partners. However, the relationship witnessed certain decline during the last years of theObama administration, but strengthened following the election of PresidentDonald Trump who forged close ties with the Saudi royal family.[5][6][7][8]Sunni Islam is the main religion ofSaudi.[9][10]China and Saudi Arabia are major allies, with the relationship between the two countries growing significantly in recent decades.[11] A majority of Saudi Arabians have expressed a favorable view ofChina.[12][13][14][15][16][17]

As a founding member ofOPEC, Saudi Arabia's long-term oil pricing policy has been to keep prices stable and moderate—high enough to earn large amounts of revenue, but not so high as to encourage alternative energy sources among oil importers, or jeopardise the economies of Western countries where many of its financial assets are located and which provide political and military support for the Saudi government.[10] The major exception to this occurred during the1973 oil crisis when Saudi Arabia, with the other Arab oil states, used an embargo on oil supplies to pressure the US to stop supportingIsrael.[18]

Saudi Arabia is a founding member of several multinational organizations, includingOPEC, the United Nations, theArab League. It is also a founding member of theGulf Cooperation Council,Muslim World League, theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation, and theIslamic Development Bank—all of which are headquartered in Saudi. The country plays a prominent role in theInternational Monetary Fund, theWorld Bank, and in 2005 joined theWorld Trade Organization.

According to aUCLA professorJames L. Gelvin, Saudi Arabia recently has become much more active in terms of foreign and security policy because of theArab Spring, the policies of theObama administration and the mid-2010s collapse ofoil prices.[19]

History

[edit]

AfterWorld War II (1939–1945) and during theCold War (1945–1992), Saudi Arabia maintained an anti-Communist, anti-secularArab-nationalist policy, often working with the leadinganti-communist power, the United States. Following the1973 oil crisis, when Saudi Arabia and other Arab oil exporters embargoed the United States and its allies for their support of Israel, oil revenues increased dramatically, and the Kingdom worked to become the leading Islamic state, spending generously to advance Islam and particularly its conservative school (known asWahhabism). Supporters see this as having purified and unified the Islamic faith; other commentators claim it has eroded regional Islamic cultures. (Examples of the acculturizing effect of Saudi aid can be seen among theMinangkabau and theAcehnese inIndonesia, as well as among the people of theMaldives.[20][21][22][23] TheWahhabi form of Islam is also perceived in the West as a source ofIslamist extremism.[24][25]

KingFahd of Saudi Arabia with U.S. PresidentRonald Reagan and real-estate tycoon and future PresidentDonald Trump in 1985

Saudi Arabia and its oil policy were significant factors in the proxy wars of the Cold War prior to thedownfall of Soviet Communism in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Saudi Arabia helped to finance not just theAfghanMujahideen but also non-Muslim anti-communists. It also seriously harmed the Soviet Communist cause by stabilizing oil prices "throughout the 1980s, just when the Russians were desperate to sell energy in order to keep up with huge hikes in American military spending."[26]

FollowingKing Fahd's stroke in 1995,Abdullah, thenCrown Prince, assumed responsibility for foreign policy. A marked change in U.S.-Saudi relations occurred, as Abdullah sought to put distance between his policies and the unpopular pro-Western policies of King Fahd. Abdullah took a more independent line from the US and concentrated on improving regional relations, particularly with Iran. Several long-standing border disputes were resolved, including significantly reshaping the Saudi border withYemen. The new approach resulted in increasingly strained relations with the US.[9] Despite this, the U.S. and Saudi Arabia remained close. In 1998 Abdullah paid a state visit to Washington and met with U.S. PresidentBill Clinton.

In 2003 Abdullah's new policy was reflected in the Saudi government's refusal to support or to participate in the U.S.-ledinvasion of Iraq. Some US critics[which?] saw this as an attempt by theSaudi royal family to placate the kingdom's Islamist radicals. That same year Saudi and U.S. government officials agreed tothe withdrawal of all U.S. military forces from Saudi soil. After ascending the throne, King Abdullah (r. 2005–2015) followed a more activist foreign policy and continued to push-back on US policies which were unpopular in Saudi Arabia (for example, refusing to provide material assistance to support the new Iraqi government).[9][27] However, increasingly, in common with the US, fear and mistrust of Iran became a significant factor in Saudi policy. In 2010leaked diplomatic cableds revealed that King Abdullah had urged the U.S. to attack Iran in order to "cut off the head of the snake".[28] Saudi Arabia has long since used its alliance with the United States as a counterbalance to Iran's influence in the Middle East, and Saudi Arabia and otherArab states of the Persian Gulf have looked to the United States for protection against Iran.

Relations with the US and other Western countries became further strained by the fact that Saudi Arabia has been a source of Islamist terrorist activity world-wide.Osama bin Laden and 15 out of the 19September 11 attacks hijackers were Saudi nationals, though some[quantify] officials argue that bin Laden planned this deliberately in an attempt to strain U.S.-Saudi relations,[29] and formerCentral Intelligence Agency directorJames Woolsey described Saudi ArabianWahhabism as "the soil in whichal-Qaeda and its sister terrorist organizations are flourishing".[24] Some[who?] in the U.S. Government also believe that the royal family, through its long and close relations with Wahhabi clerics, had laid the groundwork for the growth of militant groups like al-Qaeda, and that after the attacks had done little to help track the militants or prevent future atrocities.[9]

As announced at the2009 Arab League summit, Saudi Arabia had intended to participate in theArab Customs Union to be established in 2015 and in an Arabcommon market to be established by 2020.[10][30]

Following the wave ofearly-2011 protests and revolutions affecting the Arab world, Saudi Arabia offered asylum to deposed PresidentZine El Abidine Ben Ali of Tunisia, and King Abdullah telephoned PresidentHosni Mubarak of Egypt (prior to Mubarak's deposition) to offer his support.[31]

Saudi military forces and their allies became involved inconflict in Yemen (on Saudi Arabia's southern borders) from March 2015 onwards.

Religion

[edit]

Islamist exportation

[edit]

According to the FFGI atGoethe University Frankfurt,Wahhabism is spread globally with organizations closely associated with the government of Saudi Arabia such as theMuslim World League (WML) and theWorld Association of Muslim Youth are actively participating.[32]

Between the mid-1970s and 2002, Saudi Arabia expended over $70 billion in "overseas development aid". However, there is evidence that the vast majority was, in fact, spent onpropagating and extending the influence of Wahhabism at the expense of other forms of Islam.[33] According to the government-associated paperAin Al-Yaqeen article in 2002,Saudi government-sponsored projects were active in non-Muslim countries in Europe, North and South America, Africa, Australia and Asia. These encompassed 210 Islamic centers which were completely or partly funded by the Saudi kingdom, 1500 mosques, 202 colleges and almost 2000 schools. TheHouse of Saud has inaugurated 1359 mosques in Europe.[32]

In 2025, Burkina Faso's PresidentIbrahim Traoré turned down Saudi Arabia's offer to construct 200 mosques in his country, stating thatBurkina Faso already has enough mosques. Instead, he requested thatSaudi Arabia invest in infrastructure projects such as schools, hospitals, and job-creating businesses, which are more crucial for the nation's development and long-term sustainability.[34]

Other relations

[edit]

In February 2019, Saudi Arabia's Crown princeMohammad bin Salman defendedXinjiang internment camps for Muslims, saying "China has the right to carry out anti-terrorism and de-extermination work for its national security."[35][36][37] China has allegedly imprisoned up to 2 millionMuslims in concentration camps, where they are subject to abuse and torture.[37][38]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Saudi Arabia maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1Russia19 February 1926[39]
2FranceMarch 1926[40]
3United Kingdom20 May 1927[41][42]
4Turkey3 August 1929[43]
5Iran24 August 1929[44][45]
6Netherlands9 June 1930[46]
7Iraq7 April 1931[47]
8Italy10 February 1932[48]
9Afghanistan5 May 1932[49]
10Egypt7 May 1936[50]
11United States4 February 1940[51]
12Lebanon9 April 1944[52]
13Syria26 June 1944[53]
14Chile6 September 1945[54][55]
15Argentina16 February 1946[56]
16India15 August 1947[57]
17PakistanSeptember 1947[58]
18Jordan12 August 1948[59]
19Spain30 August 1948[60]
20Ethiopia25 May 1949[61]
21Indonesia1 May 1950[62]
22Mexico12 September 1952[63]
23Venezuela1952[64]
24Germany10 November 1954[65]
25Belgium10 April 1955[66]
26Japan7 June 1955[67]
27Cuba10 February 1956[68]
28TunisiaJune 1956[69]
29Sudan14 October 1956[70]
30  Switzerland29 November 1956[71]
31Libya1956[72]
32Morocco1956[73]
33Yemen21 June 1957[74]
34Sweden28 June 1957[75]
35Austria10 September 1957[76]
36Thailand1 October 1957[77]
37Malaysia1957[78]
38Ghana30 March 1960[79]
39Senegal22 January 1961[80]
40Norway8 May 1961[81]
41Guinea15 May 1961[82]
42Nigeria21 August 1961[83]
43Kuwait5 October 1961[84]
44Cyprus1961[85]
45Greece1961[86]
46Denmark1 February 1962[87]
47South Korea16 October 1962[88]
48Somalia29 October 1962[89]
49Mali1962[90]
50AlgeriaAugust 1963[91]
51Cameroon6 October 1966[92]
52Niger20 November 1966[93]
53Brazil23 December 1968[94]
54Kenya12 May 1969[95]
55Finland6 June 1969[96]
56Philippines24 October 1969[97]
57Mauritania22 March 1970[98]
58Bahrain29 September 1971[99]
59Qatar12 October 1971[100]
60Oman14 December 1971[101]
61Uganda26 June 1972[102]
62Sierra Leone1 July 1972[103]
63Chad20 November 1972[104]
64Canada8 May 1973[105]
65Democratic Republic of the Congo13 September 1973[106]
66Australia15 January 1974[107]
67GabonJanuary 1974[108]
68Liberia30 March 1974[109]
69Gambia9 May 1974[110]
70Trinidad and Tobago5 July 1974[111]
71Uruguay9 July 1974[112]
72Burundi15 July 1974[113]
73United Arab Emirates21 August 1974[114]
74IrelandSeptember 1974[115]
75Sri Lanka30 November 1974[116]
76Malta1 September 1975[117]
77Bangladesh17 November 1975[118]
78Jamaica15 August 1976[119]
79New Zealand22 December 1976[120]
80   Nepal15 March 1977[121]
81Singapore10 November 1977[122]
82Djibouti14 December 1977[123]
83Luxembourg10 December 1977[124]
84Zambia1 May 1978[125]
85Mauritius3 August 1978[126]
86Burkina Faso25 March 1980[127]
87Portugal18 June 1980[128]
88Maldives17 March 1981[129]
89Iceland15 January 1982[130]
90GrenadaBefore 1982[131]
91Guinea-Bissau1983[132]
92Tanzania11 April 1984[133]
93Comoros1984[134]
94Ivory Coast10 January 1985[135]
95Peru19 March 1986[136]
96Brunei1 July 1987[137]
—State of Palestine1 January 1989[138]
97Laos29 May 1990[139]
98China21 July 1990[140]
99Uzbekistan20 February 1992[141]
100Tajikistan22 February 1992[142]
101Turkmenistan22 February 1992[143]
102Azerbaijan24 February 1992[144]
103Bosnia and Herzegovina17 April 1992[145]
104Kyrgyzstan19 October 1992[146]
105Albania2 December 1992[147]
106Ukraine14 April 1993[148]
107Eritrea2 October 1993[149]
108Kazakhstan30 April 1994[150]
109Georgia27 May 1994[151]
110South Africa29 October 1994[152]
111North Macedonia11 January 1995[153]
112Romania13 March 1995[154]
113Bulgaria20 March 1995[155]
114Hungary18 April 1995[156]
115Poland3 May 1995[157]
116Slovenia7 June 1995[158]
117Croatia8 June 1995[159]
118Slovakia16 June 1995[160]
119Czech Republic1995[161]
120Moldova17 July 1996[162]
121Mozambique1996[163]
122Belarus6 June 1997[164]
123Republic of the Congo1 February 1999[165]
124Suriname24 February 1999[166]
125Malawi15 August 1999[167]
126Vietnam21 October 1999[168]
127Honduras28 September 2000[169]
128Seychelles28 September 2000[170]
129Bolivia17 October 2000[171]
130Haiti17 November 2000[172]
131Saint Lucia2000[173]
132Estonia21 March 2003[174]
133Latvia21 March 2003[175]
134Benin25 June 2004[176]
135Myanmar25 August 2004[177]
136Lithuania31 October 2005[178]
137Nicaragua30 March 2006[172]
138Antigua and Barbuda12 February 2007[172]
139Mongolia12 February 2007[179]
140Botswana1 March 2007[180]
141Cape Verde14 March 2007[181]
142Barbados17 December 2007[172]
143Togo26 December 2007[182]
144Madagascar22 October 2008[183]
145Dominica23 January 2009[172]
146Ecuador23 January 2009[172]
147El Salvador27 February 2009[172]
148Andorra19 March 2009[172]
149Angola24 March 2009[172]
150San Marino31 March 2009[172]
151Liechtenstein29 April 2009[184]
152Paraguay9 July 2009[172]
—Kosovo7 August 2009[185]
153Cambodia19 October 2010[172]
154Colombia8 September 2011[172]
155Montenegro16 September 2011[172]
156Equatorial Guinea12 October 2011[186]
157Guyana22 February 2012[172]
158Dominican Republic24 July 2012[172]
159Serbia17 April 2013[172]
160South Sudan3 December 2013[187]
161Solomon Islands17 July 2014[172]
162Panama14 January 2015[172]
163Timor-Leste29 January 2015[172]
164Tuvalu26 March 2015[172]
165Eswatini30 March 2015[172]
166Namibia29 July 2015[172]
167Fiji4 August 2015[172]
168Costa Rica7 December 2015[172]
169Saint Kitts and Nevis29 September 2016[172]
170Guatemala21 April 2017[172]
171Central African Republic16 June 2017[172]
172Rwanda29 March 2018[172]
173Zimbabwe3 December 2020[188]
174Tonga14 December 2020[172]
175Lesotho20 August 2021[189]
176Vanuatu8 August 2022[190]
177Belize24 September 2022[172]
178Bahamas23 November 2022[172]
179Palau23 November 2022[172]
180Monaco2 March 2023[172]
—Cook Islands12 April 2023[172]
181São Tomé and Príncipe7 June 2023[191]
182Saint Vincent and the Grenadines11 October 2023[172]
183Federated States of Micronesia7 November 2023[172]
184Nauru7 November 2023[172]
185Armenia25 November 2023[172]
186Kiribati19 December 2023[172]
187Samoa23 May 2024[172]
188Marshall Islands5 September 2024[172]
189Bhutan18 September 2024[172]

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
AlgeriaSeeAlgeria–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Algeria has an embassy inRiyadh and a consulate-general inJeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inAlgiers.
Chad
  • Chad has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inN'Djamena.
Egypt7 May 1936

SeeEgypt–Saudi Arabia relations

  • Egypt has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inCairo.
Ethiopia25 May 1949Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 May 1949 when Minister of Ethiopia to Saudi Arabia (Resident in Cairo) Mr. Taffassa Hapte Mikael presented his credentials.[61]
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inAddis Ababa.
Kenya12 May 1969SeeKenya–Saudi Arabia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1969 when Kenya's Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, Japheth Kimanzi Ilako, has presented his credentials to King Faisal.[95]

  • Kenya has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inNairobi.
LibyaSeeLibya–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Libya has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inTripoli.
MoroccoSeeMorocco–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Morocco has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inRabat.
SenegalSeeSaudi Arabia–Senegal relations
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inDakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
South AfricaSeeSaudi Arabia–South Africa relations
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inPretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
South Sudan
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inKampala whose consular areas also covers South Sudan.
  • South Sudan has an embassy in Riyadh.
Sudan14 October 1956SeeSaudi Arabia–Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1956 when Minister of the Republic of Sudan to Saudi Arabia, Sayyid Mahjoub Maccawi, presented his credentials to King Saud.[70]

  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inKhartoum.
  • Sudan has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
TanzaniaSeeSaudi Arabia–Tanzania relations
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inDar es Salaam.
  • Tanzania has an embassy in Riyadh.
TunisiaSeeSaudi Arabia–Tunisia relations
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inTunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
BrazilSeeBrazil–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Brazil has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inBrasília.
CanadaSeeCanada–Saudi Arabia relations
Mexico
SeeMexico–Saudi Arabia relations
Peru
  • Peru has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inLima.
United StatesSeeSaudi Arabia-United States relations
King Ibn Saud converses with PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt on board theUSSQuincy, after theYalta Conference in 1945.
A pro-Palestine demonstration in front of theSaudi Arabia Consulate General building inWest Los Angeles

United States recognized the government of KingIbn Saud in 1931. In the 1930s, oil exploration byStandard Oil commenced. There was no US ambassador resident in Saudi Arabia until 1943, but asWorld War II progressed, the United States began to believe that Saudi oil was of strategic importance. King Ibn Saud met with the U.S. PresidentFranklin Delano Roosevelt on 14 February 1945 in a meeting which lasted three days.[196] The meeting took place on board theUSS Quincy atthe Great Bitter Lake inthe Suez Canal.[196][197] The meeting laid down the basis of the future relations between two countries.[198]

In 1951, under a mutual defence agreement, the U.S. established a permanent U.S. Military Training Mission in the kingdom and agreed to provide training support in the use of weapons and other security-related services to the Saudi armed forces. This agreement formed the basis of what grew into a longstanding security relationship. The United States is one of Saudi Arabia's largest trading partners and closest allies and has had full diplomatic relations since 1933 and they remain strong today. However, Saudi Arabia's relationship with the United States has been put under pressure since late 2013 following the United States backing down from its intervention in the Syrian Civil War and the United States thawing relations with Iran. Theinternational abduction of American children to Saudi Arabia provoked sustained criticism and resulted in a Congressional hearing in 2002 where parents of children held in Saudi Arabia gave impassioned testimony related to the abduction of their children. Washington basedInsight magazine ran a series of articles on international abduction during the same period highlighting Saudi Arabia a number of times[199][200][201][202]

Relations between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia were strained after theSeptember 11 attacks in 2001,[according to whom?] when nineteen men affiliated with al-Qaeda, including 15 Saudi nationals, hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners, crashing two of the planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing 2,973. Saudi Arabia issued a statement on the day of the terrorist attacks on America's World Trade Center and Pentagon, calling them "regrettable and inhuman." Saudi recognition of the Taliban stopped and as of mid-November 2001, the Bush administration continued to publicly praise Saudi support for the war on terrorism. However, published media reports have indicated U.S. frustration with Saudi inaction. Although 15 of the 19 hijackers were Saudi nationals, publicly the Saudis were not cooperating with Americans who wanted to look at background files of the hijackers or to interview the hijackers' families.[citation needed]

Secretary of StateHillary Clinton meets with KingAbdullah of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, 2012

In his first formal television interview as U.S. President,Barack Obama addressed the Muslim world through an Arabic-language satellite TV networkAl-Arabiya. He expressed interest and a commitment to repair relations that have continued to deteriorate under the previous administration.[203] The American envoy to the region is former Sen.George J. Mitchell.

On 20 October 2010, U.S. State Department notified Congress of its intention to make the biggest arms sale in American history – an estimated $60.5 billion purchase by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The package represents a considerable improvement in the offensive capability of the Saudi armed forces.[204]

The U.S. was keen to point out that the arms transfer would increase "interoperability" with U.S. forces. In the 1990–1991 Gulf War, having U.S.-trained Saudi forces, along with military installations built to U.S. specifications, allowed the American armed forces to deploy in a comfortable and familiar battle environment. This new deal would increase these capabilities, as an advanced American military infrastructure is about to be built.[205]

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Afghanistan5 May 1932SeeAfghanistan-Saudi Arabia relations
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inKabul.
Armenia25 November 2023
SeeArmenia–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Armenia is represented in Saudi Arabia by its embassy inAbu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
  • Saudi Arabia is represented in Armenia by its embassy inTbilisi, Georgia.
AzerbaijanSeeAzerbaijan–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inBaku.
BahrainSeeBahrain–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Bahrain has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inManama.
Bangladesh17 November 1975SeeBangladesh–Saudi Arabia relations

When Bengali nationalists began a war of liberation against the Pakistani state, Saudi Arabia supported Pakistan and opposed calls for the independence of Bangladesh. Saudi Arabia saw the Bengali nationalists as opposing a Muslim state and thus opposing Islam. Saudi Arabia provided extensive financial and political support toPakistan during the conflict. The pro-Soviet, secular and socialist policies of the regime ofSheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding leader of Bangladesh, also antagonized the anti-Communist Saudis. Saudi Arabia and Bangladesh formally established diplomatic relations in 1975–76, after thekilling of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman by pro-Islamic military officers. The military regimes ofZiaur Rahman andHussain Muhammad Ershad took steps to forge strong commercial and cultural ties with Saudi Arabia. Since the late 1970s, a large number of both skilled and unskilled Bangladeshi workers have moved to Saudi Arabia; the number ofBangladeshis living in Saudi Arabia today exceeds 2.7 million. As one of the most populous Muslim countries, Bangladesh is a major source ofHajj pilgrims. Saudi Arabia has become a major source of financing and economic aid to Bangladesh.[208]

China21 July 1990SeeChina–Saudi Arabia relations
Countries which signed cooperation documents related to theBelt and Road Initiative

The People's Republic of China and Saudi Arabia established official diplomatic relations on 21 July 1990.[140] Sino-Saudi diplomatic and economic relations grew closer in the 2000s. In January 2006, KingAbdullah was the first ever Saudi head of State to visit China. His visit was reciprocated by Chinese PresidentHu Jintao in April of the same year. In February 2009, Hu visited Saudi Arabia a second time, to "exchange views on international and regional issues of common concern" with King Abdullah.[209]

Following the2008 Sichuan earthquake, Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to €40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional €8,000,000 worth of relief materials.[209] In 2008, Sino-Saudi bilateral trade was worth €32,500,000,000,[210] making Saudi Arabia China's largest trading partner in Western Asia.[211] In the first quarter of 2010, Saudi oil export to China has reached over 1,000,000 barrels (160,000 m3), exceeding export to USA.[212]

In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Saudi Arabia, have signed a joint letter to theUNHRC defending China's treatment ofUyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in theXinjiang region.[213][214]

India1947

SeeIndia–Saudi Arabia relations

Saudi Arabia is one of the largest suppliers of oil to India. India's booming construction industry and rising affluence has created greater demand for goods and services thereby boosting Indian industrial growth. Saudi Arabia has contributed aid to India after the2001 Gujarat earthquake.

Indonesia1 May 1950SeeIndonesia–Saudi Arabia relations

Saudi Arabia has an embassy inJakarta, while Indonesia has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate in Jeddah. Both countries are the member ofOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation andG-20 major economies. Saudi Arabia and Indonesia have long been close allies. Indonesia sent the largesthajj pilgrims among Muslim countries. The balance of trade is heavily in favor of Saudi Arabia, because of its oil and gas exports to Indonesia. There are more than 600,000Indonesian workers in Saudi Arabia. Migrant worker abuse anddeath sentences faced by Indonesian workers in Saudi Arabia are the main problems that have strained diplomatic relations between two countries.

Iran24 August 1929
SeeIran–Saudi Arabia relations

Saudi Arabia-Iran relations have been strained throughout history due to the differences betweenSunni Islam andShia Islam. Although Saudi Arabia and Iran are Muslim majority nations, their relationship is fraught with tension, suspicion and hostility. Various attempts have been made to improve the relationship, though none have had lasting success. Both Saudi Arabia and Iran have aspirations for Islamic leadership and both the countries possess a different vision of regional order. Iran, which after the Islamic Revolution strictly followed an anti-US policy, always deemed Saudi Arabia as an agent of the US in the Persian Gulf region that speaks for US interests. Saudi Arabia's concerns about Iran on the other side are mainly associated with its plans of expanding influence to other parts of thePersian Gulf region, especially in post-Saddam Iraq, and the quest to build its own nuclear arsenal.[215]

Differences in political ideologies and governance also divided both the countries. For Iran, it is said that there is no place for monarchical regimes in Islam, like the ones seen in Saudi Arabia and also in some other Arab countries. Energy difference is a third source of tension between Saudi Arabia and Iran. While Saudi Arabia, compared to Iran's smaller oil reserves and larger population, can afford to take a long-term view of the global oil market and has an incentive to moderate prices, Iran is compelled to focus on high prices in the short term.[215]

Relations in the 2010s and 2020s were increasingly unstable due to the outbreak of crisis in Syria and Iraq in 2014 with the rise of theIslamic State of Iraq and Syria. Despite both countries' efforts to help contain the situation, the Iranian government has at times accused Saudi Arabia of supporting ISIS, which they had done up until theevents of June 2014. Relations dropped to an all-time low following the Saudi state's execution of 47 Shia Muslim protesters in January 2016.

Iran and Saudi Arabia announced that they would resume relations in 2023.[216]

Iraq7 April 1931SeeIraq–Saudi Arabia relations

Postwar Saudi policy focused on ways to contain potential Iraqi threats to the kingdom and the region. One elements of Riyadh's containment policy included support for Iraqi opposition forces that advocated the overthrow ofSaddam Hussein's government. In the past, backing for such groups had been discreet, but in early 1992 the Saudi's invited several Iraqi opposition leaders to Riyadh to attend a well-publicised conference. To further demonstrate Saudi dissatisfaction with the regime in Baghdad, CrownPrince Abdallah permitted the media to videotape his meeting with some of the opponents of Saddam Hussein.

In 2019, Saudi Arabia opened a new consulate inBaghdad. Earlier in 2016, the Kingdom reopened its embassy in Baghdad after it was closed in 1990.[217]

IsraelSeeIsrael–Saudi Arabia relations

A charter member of theArab League, Saudi Arabia has supported Palestinian rights to sovereignty, and called for withdrawal from the Occupied Territories since 1967. In recent years, Saudi Arabia has changed its viewpoint concerning the validity of negotiating with Israel. It calls for Israel's withdrawal from territory occupied in June 1967 in order to obtain peace with the Arab states; then-Crown Prince Abdullah extended a multilateral peace proposal based on withdrawal in 2002. At that time, Israel did not respond to the offer. In 2007 Saudi Arabia again officially supported a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Saudi Arabia rejected theCamp David accords, claiming that they would be unable to achieve a comprehensive political solution that would ensurePalestinian Arabs could all move to Israel and the division of Jerusalem. In response to Egypt "betraying" the Arab States and signing peace with Israel, Saudi Arabia, along with all the Arab States, broke diplomatic relations with and suspended aid toEgypt, the two countries renewed formal ties in 1987.

Saudi Arabia does not have diplomatic relations with Israel. The country participates in an activeeconomic boycott of Israel. However, Saudi Arabia recognizes that its ally, the United States, has a strong and supportive relationship of Israel.

Saudi Arabia played an active role in attempting to bring the Palestinians towards a self-governing condition which would permit negotiations with Israel. It has done so primarily by trying to mend the schism between Fatah and Hamas, most notably when King Abdullah invited the two factions to negotiations in Mecca resulting in the Mecca Agreement of 7 February 2007. The agreement soon failed, but Saudi Arabia has continued to support a national unity government for the Palestinians, and strongly opposed Israel's war on Gaza in early 2009.

The Times has reported that Saudi Arabia has tested the ability to stand down their air defenses to allow an Israeli strike on Iran to pass through their airspace.[218] Both nations have denied this.[219][220]

Japan7 June 1955SeeJapan–Saudi Arabia relations

Japan is a major trading partner for Saudi Arabia. In 2006, Japan exported $5.103 million worth of goods to the Kingdom, primarily automobiles, machinery and equipment, and metals. In the same year, Saudi Arabia exported $33.624 million worth of goods to Japan, primarily crude oil and petroleum products. Japan imported 1.3 million barrels a day of Saudi crude in 2006, 31% of the nation's total supply.[221]

  • Japan has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inTokyo.
Jordan12 August 1948SeeJordan-Saudi Arabia relations
  • Jordan has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inAmman.
Kuwait5 October 1961SeeKuwait–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inKuwait City,
Lebanon9 April 1944SeeLebanon-Saudi Arabia relations and2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute

In 1989, Saudi Arabia along with the United States helped mediate the end of the fifteen-yearLebanese Civil War through theTaif Agreement.[222] Following the assassination ofRafik Hariri, Saudi Arabia called for the immediate withdrawal of theSyrian occupation of Lebanon.[223] Saudi Arabia has opposedHezbollah's influence in Lebanon as they are seen to be aligned with Iran. On 4 November 2017 Lebanese Prime MinisterSaad Hariri announced his resignation from Saudi Arabia, this action led to the2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute.

Malaysia1957SeeMalaysia – Saudi Arabia relations
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inKuala Lumpur.

Relations, both diplomatic and economic, are quite close between the two Muslim-majorityOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation members. Additionally, there is a sizable population of Malaysian migrant workers in Saudi Arabia.

Oman14 December 1971SeeOman–Saudi Arabia relations

There have been economic, social and political ties between the two countries.[224]

PakistanSeptember 1947SeePakistan–Saudi Arabia relations

Bilateral relations between the Islamic Republic ofPakistan and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are largely friendly. Pakistan has been called the closest non-Arab ally of Saudi Arabia, or "Saudi Arabia's closest Muslim ally"[225] Saudi Arabia has been rocking the cradle of Pakistani politics, brokering truce among warring leaders, providing asylum to those being exiled and generously lavishing funds on a state strapped for cash.[226]

Diplomatic relations were established at the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and have strengthened considerably owing to cooperation in regional affairs and trade. In 1969 the personnel of the Pakistani Air Force flew the Saudi fighter planes to ward off an invasion from South Yemen. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia invested in Pakistan, in many Industries. Since the inception of Pakistan, Pakistan has been playing a major and important role in the development of Saudi Arabia. Pakistan has provided assistance in the field of science and technology, infrastructure development and many more fields, Pakistan is providing training facilities to Saudi Armed forces. TheFaisal Mosque, theNational Mosque of Pakistan inIslamabad, is named in honour of King Faisal and was funded by Saudi Arabia.

Faisal Mosque, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Due to the Kingdom's continuing support, many places inPakistan are named after Saudi Kings and Saudi Arabia in general. For example, the city previously namedLyallpur was renamedFaisalabad in honor of the lateFaisal of Saudi Arabia. Also, inKarachi, Pakistan, there are neighbourhoods named Saud Colony, Saudabad, Faisal Colony. Also in Karachi, there is an airforce base nameFaisal Airbase named after King Faisal and also, in the honor of King Faisal, the main business street of Pakistan is called Sharah-e-Faisal inKarachi.

In 2005, due to passing of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, Pakistan declared a seven-day mourning period. Saudi Arabia also hosted former Pakistani Prime MinisterNawaz Sharif for 8 years while he was in exile. During his stay there, Kingdom held talks with Sharif and even provided him with license to operate business in the Kingdom. It is believed that it was Kingdom of Saudi Arabia which held talks with PresidentPervez Musharraf of Pakistan to foster their relationship and to allow Sharif back in Pakistan.

The leaked cables revealed in 2010 that Saudis are "long accustomed to having a significant role in Pakistan's affairs."[227] One of the Saudi diplomat boasted about the Saudi involvement in Pakistani affairs, stating, "We in Saudi Arabia are not observers in Pakistan, we are participants."[citation needed] Saudi Arabia also complained over President Zardari's alleged corruption and bias against Shiite Iran, thus fearing a Shia triangle stretching from Iraq, Iran to Pakistan. The cables further alleged that, PrinceMohammed bin Nayef, then Saudi assistant minister of interior, described the Pakistani Chief of Army staffAshfaq Parvez Kayani as a "decent man" and thePakistani Army as Saudi Arabia's "winning horse" and its "best bet"[citation needed] for "stability".[227]Time reported that "despite the tensions with Zardari's government, military and intelligence links between Riyadh andIslamabad remain strong and close."Time interviewee, Arif Rafiq of an international consulting firm, stated that the cables "demonstrate that the Saudis have deep vested interests in Pakistan and an influence that is so significant that even the U.S. in some way relies on Saudi knowledge of the country."[227]

Palestine1 January 1989SeePalestine-Saudi Arabia relations

State of Palestine and Saudi Arabia established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1989 when opened Embassy State of Palestine in Riyadh.[138]

Philippines24 October 1969SeePhilippines–Saudi Arabia relations

The Philippines–Saudi Arabia relations refers to the bilateral relations of the Philippines and Saudi Arabia. Formal diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on 24 October 1969.[97]

Trade relations:In 2012, Saudi Arabia was the 10th largest trading partner of the Philippines, 31st and 8th largest market in the export and import market respectively. Saudi Arabia was also the Philippines' largest trading partner and import supplier, and second largest export market in the Middle East. According to the Saudi government, trade between Saudi Arabia and the Philippines amounted to $3.6 billion in 2011, a bigger figure from compared to the previous year's trade figure amounting to $2.7 billion.

Labor relations:As of June 2013, there are about 674,000Filipinos working in Saudi Arabia according to the Saudi Ministry of Interior. A landmark agreement on Filipino household service workers were signed between Saudi Arabia and the Philippines. The agreement was the first for Saudi Arabia with a labor-supplying country.[228]

In 2012, about 150,000 Filipino female nurses are working in Saudi Arabia. This accounts for 25 percent of the total number ofOverseas Filipino Workers in the Kingdom.[229]

Qatar12 October 1971SeeQatar–Saudi Arabia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 October 1971 when signed agreement to exchange ambassadors.[100]

In 1969, an agreement with Qatar was reached about their borders after three years of dispute. A final agreement about the Qatar border was signed in 2001.

After a March 2014 meeting of the Gulf Cooperation Council, theUnited Arab Emirates,Saudi Arabia andBahrain announced the recall of their ambassadors to Qatar.[230][231][232]

Some financial economists have interpreted the 2014 Saudi–Qatari rift as the tangible political sign of a growing economic rivalry between oil and natural gas producers, which could "have deep and long-lasting consequences" beyond theMiddle East-North Africa area.[233]

On 5 June 2017, Saudi Arabiasevered diplomatic relations, as well as other ties, with Qatar.[234] Saudi Arabia explained the decision by referring to Qatar's "embrace of various terrorist and sectarian groups aimed at destabilising the region", including theMuslim Brotherhood,al-Qaida,Islamic State, and groups supported by Iran in the kingdom's eastern province ofQatif.[235]

diplomatic relations were re-established in 2021

South Korea16 October 1962

SeeSaudi Arabia–South Korea relations

The link between South Korea and Saudi Arabia have been historically strong from the old era when Arab merchants came to the Korean KingdomUnited Silla in 7th and 8th century.[236] This has resulted in the growth of trades between Korea and theArab world despite regime changes on both sides.[236]

There are two Korean international schools in Saudi Arabia:Korean International School of Jeddah (KISJ;젯다한국국제학교) andKorean School in Riyadh (리야드한국학교).[237][238]

During the period 1973-1984, a total of approximately 720,000 Korean workers were employed in various projects in Saudi Arabia.[239] Korean migration to Saudi Arabia has peaked in 1982 and 1983, with over 122,000 South Koreans entering Saudi Arabia in each of those years, making up over 70% of Korean migration to the region. However, by 1985, the number of South Koreans entering Saudi Arabia had fallen to 58,924, paralleling a downward trend in the whole region.[240] As of 2015, there are 5,189Koreans living in Saudi Arabia.[241]

In business, theKingdom of Saudi Arabia is the largest exporter of oil to theRepublic of Korea (300,000,000 barrels, 2014) Also,ARAMCO Korea was established in 2012. In 2016, two-way trade volume reached US$29.04 billion with South Korea exporting cars, electronic goods, steel and other items to Saudi Arabia and importing oil and other petrochemical products from it.[242] Now, South Korea is described as a "core" partner for theSaudi Vision 2030 project, noting progress in joint efforts to flesh out their cooperation scheme to realize the vision.[242]

  • South Korea has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate in Jeddah
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inSeoul
Sri Lanka30 November 1974Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1974[116]
  • Sri Lanka has an embassy inRiyadh
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inColombo
Syria26 June 1944SeeSaudi Arabia–Syria relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1944[53]

  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inDamascus.
  • Syria has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Relations between the two countries greatly deteriorated following the outbreak of theSyrian civil war.[243]
  • Between 2018 and 2023, both countries made a gradual reaprochement.[citation needed]
  • Both countries are members of theArab League.
Thailand1 October 1957SeeSaudi Arabia–Thailand relations

The country enjoyed a very friendly and strongly strategic partnership[244] The historically friendly and strategic relationship between Thailand and Saudi Arabia had drastically deteriorated since the 1990s, following theBlue Diamond Affair. Diplomatic missions were downgraded to thechargé d'affaires level and the number of Thai workers in Saudi Arabia plummeted.[244] Saudi Arabia did not issue working visas for Thais and discouraged its citizens from visiting the country. Relations between Thailand and Saudi Arabia, already strained, plunged to a new low in 2014 following a Criminal Court decision that acquitted five ex-police officers in relation to the murder of a Saudi businessman in 1990.[245] On January 26, 2022, both countries announced they restored full diplomatic relations and have appointed ambassadors.[246] Saudi Arabia has an embassy inBangkok and Thailand has an embassy inRiyadh.[247]

Turkey3 August 1929SeeSaudi Arabia–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1929.[43]

Turkey was one of the first states that recognised the country in 1926 and had a diplomatic mission inHijaz.[248] Saudi Arabia has an embassy inAnkara and a consulate – general inIstanbul.[249] Turkey has an embassy inRiyadh and a consulate – general inJeddah.[250][251] Both countries are full members of theWorld Trade Organization (WTO) and theOrganization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). On the other hand, in 1986 Saudi Arabia proposed that Turkey should have ended commercial relations with Iran and that it could compensate Turkey's losses resulting from this.[252]

United Arab Emirates21 August 1974SeeSaudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 August 1974.[114]

  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inAbu Dhabi and a consulate-general inDubai.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
Yemen21 June 1957Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1957 when the Government of Saudi Arabia is establishing a Legation in Yemen and appointed Abdul Rahman Abikan as its first Minister of Saudi Arabia to Yemen.[74]
[icon]
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(June 2011)

See Saudi-Yemen Relations

For Saudi Arabia, Yemen has long been a serious national security concern. Relations between the two countries have historically fluctuated with the Saudis having many access points into Yemen via both formal and informal networks. ThenCrown Prince Sultan managed the tribal networks for decades but the tribal system is diminishing and the Saudi tribal connections have weakened as a result. While relations with former President Saleh were often stormy, Saudi Arabia considers the Iranian backed Houthis to be a terrorist group and a threat to the stability of not only their kingdom but the entire region. Due to these concerns, Saudi Arabia led an invasion of Yemen in 2015, resulting in anongoing conflict.

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Albania2 December 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1992[147]
  • Albania has an embassy inRiyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inTirana.
Austria10 September 1957Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1957[76]
SeeAustria–Saudi Arabia relations
Belgium10 April 1955Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1955.[66]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inBrussels.
Croatia8 June 1995SeeCroatia–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Croatia is represented in Saudi Arabia through its embassy inCairo (Egypt).
  • Saudi Arabia isn't represented in Croatia but citizens that need any assistance are advised to contact Saudi Arabia embassy inSarajevo (BiH).
  • Both countries are members of the United Nations.
Cyprus1961[85]See Cyprus–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Cyprus is represented through its honorary consulate inJeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia is represented through its embassy inNicosia.
  • Both countries are members of the United Nations.
  • [2]
Denmark1 February 1962SeeDenmark–Saudi Arabia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1962 when has been accredited first Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to Denmark Sheik Gawad Moustafa Zikry.[87]

Finland6 June 1969Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1969[257]
FranceMarch 1926[40]SeeFrance–Saudi Arabia relations
  • France has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general inJeddah.[260]
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inParis.[261]
Germany26 April 1929Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 April 1929.[262] Diplomatic Relations between Federal Republic of Germany and Saudi Arabia were established on 10 November 1954.[263]
SeeGermany–Saudi Arabia relations
Greece

SeeGreece–Saudi Arabia relations

  • Greece has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inAthens.
IrelandSeptember 1974Both countries established diplomatic relations in September 1974.[115]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Riyadh and an honorary consulate in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inDublin.
Italy10 February 1932Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1932 with signed the Treaty of Friendship between Italy and the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz.[48]
SeeItaly–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inRome.
Kosovo7 August 2009SeeKosovo–Saudi Arabia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 August 2009.[185]

  • Kosovo has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia is accredited to Kosovo from its embassy inTirana,Albania.
Liechtenstein29 April 2009Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 2009[184]
  • The interests of Liechtenstein are handled through the Swiss embassy in Riyadh.[267]
  • Saudi Arabia's embassy inBern also serves as non-resident embassy for Liechtenstein.
Netherlands9 June 1930Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1930 when first the Netherlands Charge d'Affaires, M. Van de Meulen, presented letters of credence to King Ibn Saud.[46]
SeeNetherlands–Saudi Arabia relations
  • The Netherlands has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inThe Hague.
Norway8 May 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1961[81]
  • Norway has had an embassy in Riyadh since 1976.[268]
  • Saudi Arabia has had an embassy in Oslo since 2012.[268]
Poland3 May 1995
SeePoland–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inWarsaw.
Portugal
  • Portugal has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inLisbon.
Romania13 March 1995SeeRomania – Saudi Arabia relations
  • Romania has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inBucharest.
Russia19 February 1926Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1926.[39]
SeeRussia–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Russia has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inMoscow.
SerbiaSeeSaudi Arabia–Serbia relations
  • Saudi Arabia is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Riyadh.
Spain30 August 1948SeeSaudi Arabia–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 August 1948.[60]

  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inMadrid and a consulate inMálaga.
  • Spain has an embassy in Riyadh.
Sweden1957SeeSaudi Arabia–Sweden relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1957[269]

  • The 2005Project Simoom contract on weapon industry cooperation[270][271] was torn up by the Swedish government in 2015.[272]
  • Swedish foreign ministerWallström's planned speech[273] for theArab Union in March 2015 was blocked by Saudi Arabia, after Sweden criticized Saudi Arabia on human rights issues.[274]
  • Sweden has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inStockholm,
Ukraine14 April 1993
SeeSaudi Arabia–Ukraine relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 April 1993[148]

  • Saudi Arabia recognized Ukraine's independence in 1992.
  • Saudi Arabia is represented in Ukraine through its embassy inKyiv.
  • Ukraine has an embassy inRiyadh and an honorary consulate inJeddah.[275]
  • In January 2003, Ukrainian PresidentLeonid Kuchma made an official visit toSaudi Arabia.
United Kingdom20 May 1927SeeSaudi Arabia–United Kingdom relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1927 when signed in Jeddah Treaty of Friendship between Great Britain and Kingdom of Hejaz and Najd.[276][failed verification]

  • Saudi Arabia maintains anembassy inLondon.[277]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Saudi Arabia through its embassy in Riyadh, as well as a consulate general in Jeddah.[278]

Both countries share common membership of theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Critical Minerals Partnership,[279] a Defence Agreement,[280] a Double Taxation Agreement,[281] and a Strategic Partnership.[282] Both countries are negotiating aFree Trade Agreement.[283]

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia15 January 1974SeeAustralia–Saudi Arabia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1974[107]

  • Australia has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inCanberra and a consulate inSydney.
New Zealand22 December 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1976[120]
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inWellington and a consulate-general inAuckland.

Public relations and propaganda

[edit]

The reputation of Saudi Arabia in the West has always been controversial due to itsrecord of human rights abuses and theSaudi involvement in the Yemen civil war.

TheUnited Kingdom andUnited States have become a major centre for public relations (PR) supporting the Saudi regime.Lina Khatib, head of the Middle East and north Africa programme atChatham House, said that Saudi Arabia had embarked upon a "wide-ranging PR campaign focused on the UK and the US" since 2016, which involved English-language content targeting a British audience. This PR, linked with the support ofTheresa May in arms sales during the war in Yemen. In the UK, media PR depictedMohammed bin Salman as a reforming prince, and major newspapers ran adverts promoting Bin Salman's 'reform agenda'.[284][285]

This image has been undermined by disappearance and apparent Saudi state-sanctioned murder ofWashington Post journalistJamal Khashoggi.[284][285] Following these allegations, US Secretary of State,Mike Pompeo said, "We call on the government of Saudi Arabia to support a thorough investigation of Mr Khashoggi's disappearance and to be transparent about the results of that investigation"[286] and a UK Foreign Office spokesman said, "These are extremely serious allegations. We are aware of the latest reports and are working urgently to establish the facts, including with the government of Saudi Arabia."France also sought an explanation as to how an "accomplished and esteemed" journalist such as Khashoggi vanished.[287]

Following themurder of Khashoggi, Germany's ChancellorAngela Merkel halted the sale of weapons to Saudi. A non-binding resolution was also voted in the European Parliament to "impose an EU-wide arms embargo on Saudi Arabia". Canadian Prime MinisterJustin Trudeau threatened to cancel a multimillion-dollar defence contract amidst the Khashoggi controversy.[288]

Consulum, a London-based PR firm primarily staffed by formerBell Pottinger employees, has worked on communications programmes with the Saudi Arabian government and PR firmFreud Communications, which has worked with the kingdom in propagating theSaudi Vision 2030 relaunch under Bin Salman, distanced itself from the regime following the disappearance of Khashoggi.Pagefield Global Counsel andKekst CNC (a London division of French PR companyPublicis) have said that they previously worked with the regime but no longer work in Saudi Arabia.

A number of media companies that have worked with the Saudi state to promote its overseas image. Bin Salman metVice Media founderShane Smith in early 2018 on his tour of the US,[289][290][291][292] and Vice has had a team promoting the country with theSaudi Research and Marketing Group (SRMG), a Saudi regime-affiliated publishing group and 'organ ofsoft power'. SMRG has signed a deal withThe Independent to launch foreign-language websites (including Arabic) across the Middle East, which has led to concern over potential editorial influence by the Saudi publisher. SMRG also donates to theTony Blair Institute for Global Change to facilitateTony Blair's work on the Saudi modernisation programme.[284][285]

According to a FARA eFile document filed with the US Department of Justice, theEmbassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, D.C., hired an ex-top lobbyist ofthe Heritage Foundation for a brief legislative push before the inauguration of 2020 President-electJoe Biden and his administration. The contract with Off Hill Strategies worth $25,000-per-month was effective from 19 October 2020 through 18 January 2021, two days before the inauguration of President Biden. As per the filing, the PR firm was tasked with serving "federal legislative advocacy and related services to support the Embassy's congressional outreach efforts and further advance bilateral ties between the Kingdom ofSaudi Arabia and the United States." During the primary debate of 2019, Biden was quoted as calling Saudi Arabia a "pariah" and promising to end the US arms sales to Riyadh following its alleged use in the Saudi-led coalition's war in Yemen that has resulted in the deaths of thousands of civilians. Off Hill Strategies has been called the Saudi embassy's first hiring in 2020.[293][294]

International organization participation

[edit]

Saudi Arabia is a member of theABEDA,AfDB,AFESD,AL,AMF,BIS,ESCWA,FAO,G-20,G-77,GCC,IAEA,IBRD,ICAO,ICC,ICRM,IDA,IDB,IFAD,IFC,IFRCS,ILO,IMF,International Maritime Organization,Inmarsat,Intelsat,Interpol,IOC,ISO,ITU,NAM,OAPEC,OAS (observer),OIC,OPCW,OPEC, UN,UNCTAD,UNESCO,UNIDO,UPU,WCO,WFTU,WHO,WIPO,WMO, andWTrO.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Sources

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  • Seok, Hyunho (1991), "Korean migrant workers to the Middle East", in Gunatilleke, Godfrey (ed.),Migration to the Arab World: Experience of Returning Migrants, United Nations University Press, pp. 56–103,ISBN 978-92-808-0745-5

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