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Foreign relations of Peru

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Theforeign relations of Peru are managed by theMinistry of Foreign Affairs. is an important first-tier state inSouth America,[1]Peru has been a member of theUnited Nations since 1945,[2] and PeruvianJavier Pérez de Cuéllar served asUN Secretary General from 1981 to 1991. Former PresidentAlberto Fujimori's tainted re-election to a third term in June 2000 strained Peru's relations with the United States and with many Latin American and European countries, but relations improved with the installation of an interim government in November 2000 and the inauguration ofAlejandro Toledo in July 2001.

Peru is planning full integration into the Andean Free Trade Area. In addition, Peru is a standing member ofAPEC and theWorld Trade Organization, and is an active participant in negotiations toward aFree Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Peru maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1Colombia6 July 1822[3]
2Argentina10 July 1822[4]
3Chile8 October 1822[5]
4Mexico23 January 1823[6]
5United Kingdom10 October 1823[7]
6Bolivia24 June 1826[8]
7Brazil3 February 1827[9]
8United States21 May 1827[10]
9Ecuador26 September 1831[11]
—Venezuela (suspended)[12]23 December 1833[13]
10Belgium16 May 1850[14]
11Costa Rica28 April 1851[15]
12Portugal26 March 1853[16]
13Honduras22 January 1857[17]
14Guatemala20 April 1857[18]
15El Salvador10 July 1857[19]
16Nicaragua5 October 1857[20]
17Paraguay5 February 1858[21]
18France9 March 1861[22]
19Uruguay16 May 1862[23]
20Italy25 February 1864[24]
21Netherlands24 July 1865[25]
22Japan21 August 1873[26]
23Dominican Republic6 April 1874[27]
—Holy See10 October 1877[28]
24Spain15 November 1879[29]
25  Switzerland7 March 1893[30]
26Panama18 December 1903[31]
27Cuba11 January 1905[32]
28Denmark22 July 1921[33][34]
29Czech Republic11 July 1922[35]
30Austria17 July 1923[36]
31Norway3 August 1923[37]
32Poland6 September 1923[38]
33Haiti10 October 1929[39]
34Sweden1 January 1931[40]
35Romania10 October 1939[41]
36Canada30 January 1944[42]
37Lebanon1949[43]
38Turkey21 September 1950[44][45]
39Germany28 June 1951[46]
—Sovereign Military Order of Malta15 April 1953[47]
40Israel6 November 1956[48]
41Luxembourg14 June 1962[49]
42Australia1 March 1963[50]
43India25 March 1963[51]
44Finland29 March 1963[52]
45South Korea1 April 1963[53]
46Egypt7 October 1963[54]
47Morocco18 June 1964[55]
48Ivory Coast18 August 1964[56]
49Thailand10 November 1965[57]
50NigerNovember 1965[58]
51Greece3 December 1965[59]
52Burkina FasoMarch 1966[60]
53Cyprus12 September 1966[61]
54Tunisia30 May 1967[62]
55Ethiopia10 September 1967[63]
56Iceland14 November 1967[64]
57Trinidad and Tobago5 February 1968[65]
58Barbados29 February 1968[66]
59Russia1 February 1969[67]
60Hungary16 April 1969[68]
61Bulgaria18 April 1969[69]
62Serbia12 December 1969[70]
63Jamaica29 April 1970[71]
64Zambia5 October 1970[72]
65Nigeria5 July 1971[73]
66Guyana17 July 1971[74]
67China2 November 1971[75]
68Albania6 December 1971[76]
69Algeria10 March 1972[77]
70New Zealand4 July 1972[78]
71Iran20 November 1973[79]
72Libya28 April 1974[80]
73Pakistan1 September 1974[81]
74Philippines30 November 1974[82]
75Guinea8 January 1975[83]
76Sri Lanka17 March 1975[84]
77Republic of the Congo12 July 1975[85]
78Democratic Republic of the Congo3 August 1975[86]
79Indonesia12 August 1975[87]
80Tanzania12 August 1975[85]
81Syria16 August 1975[88]
82Kuwait1 December 1975[89]
83Iraq1975[90]
84   Nepal28 January 1976[91]
85Kenya25 February 1976[92]
86Cambodia31 May 1976[93]
87Malta27 April 1977[94]
88Suriname22 June 1978[95]
89Singapore27 October 1980[96]
90Equatorial Guinea28 April 1981[97]
91BangladeshFebruary 1983[98]
92Grenada16 March 1983[99][100]
93Papua New Guinea14 September 1983[101]
94Kiribati29 October 1983[102]
95Fiji1983[103]
96Tonga20 January 1984[104]
97Nauru23 January 1984[105][106]
98Samoa23 January 1984[107]
99Antigua and Barbuda24 June 1985[108]
100Angola6 September 1985[109]
101Jordan21 October 1985[110]
102Bahamas1985[111]
103Saint Lucia1985[112]
104Mozambique25 February 1986[113]
105Dominica18 March 1986[114]
106Saudi Arabia19 March 1986[115]
107Malaysia24 April 1986[116]
108Zimbabwe30 April 1986[117]
109Saint Vincent and the Grenadines5 May 1986[113]
110Oman14 May 1986[113]
111Vanuatu30 May 1986[113]
112United Arab Emirates17 June 1986[118]
113Guinea-Bissau29 September 1986[119]
—Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (suspended)5 May 1987[120]
114Ghana23 June 1987[113]
115Cape Verde1 November 1988[121]
116North Korea15 December 1988[122]
117Maldives6 February 1989[113]
118Myanmar17 April 1989[113]
119Laos27 April 1989[113]
120São Tomé and Príncipe4 May 1989[113]
121Sierra Leone15 May 1989[113]
122Eswatini8 June 1989[113]
123Lesotho21 July 1989[113]
124Qatar7 November 1989[123]
125Brunei1 June 1990[124]
126Mauritania19 June 1990[113]
127Namibia11 July 1990[113]
128Marshall Islands14 November 1991[125]
129Belize27 November 1991[113]
130Seychelles15 January 1992[113]
131Federated States of Micronesia7 May 1992[113]
132Ukraine7 May 1992[113]
133Armenia9 September 1992[126]
134Slovenia9 September 1992[127]
135Slovakia1 January 1993[128]
136Croatia12 January 1993[129]
137South Africa28 July 1993[130]
138Vietnam14 November 1994[113]
139Estonia27 July 1995[131]
140Moldova11 August 1995[132]
141Azerbaijan25 June 1996[113]
142Liechtenstein5 July 1996[133]
143Latvia23 July 1996[113]
144Kazakhstan6 February 1997[134]
145Belarus19 February 1997[135]
146Turkmenistan7 May 1997[136]
147Mongolia30 May 1997[113]
148Andorra3 June 1997[113]
149Lithuania9 June 1997[113]
150Bosnia and Herzegovina23 January 1998[137]
151Mali16 July 1998[138]
152Ireland27 June 1999[139]
153Kyrgyzstan2 July 1999[113]
154Uzbekistan22 December 1999[113]
155Tajikistan21 January 2000[113]
156Timor-Leste30 September 2002[140]
157North Macedonia29 June 2005[113]
158San Marino29 September 2005[141]
159Montenegro12 September 2006[142]
160Bahrain22 September 2009[113]
161Georgia14 January 2010[113]
162Monaco13 October 2010[143]
—State of Palestine12 November 2010[144]
163Solomon Islands14 March 2012[113]
164Tuvalu29 March 2012[113]
165Afghanistan27 September 2012[145]
166Sudan22 July 2013[146]
—Cook IslandsSeptember 2017[147]
167Benin22 November 2017[148]
168Senegal5 December 2017[149]
169Rwanda7 December 2017[150]
170Togo18 December 2017[151]
171Djibouti28 February 2018[152]
172Palau14 February 2019[153]
—Niue13 July 2020[154]
173Uganda4 June 2021[113]
174Saint Kitts and Nevis24 April 2023[155]
175Gabon3 August 2023[156]
176CameroonUnknown
177MalawiUnknown[157]
178MauritiusUnknown[157]

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Algeria10 March 1972

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 March 1972[158]

Angola6 September 1985
  • Angola and Peru established diplomatic relations on 6 September 1985[160]
  • Angola is accredited to Peru from its embassy inBrasília.[159]
Burkina FasoMarch 1966
Congo-Brazzaville12 July 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 July 1975[85]
  • The Republic of the Congo is accredited to Peru from its embassy inBrasília.[159]
Egypt7 October 1963Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1963.[161]
Ghana23 June 1987

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1987[162]

Kenya25 February 1976

Peru formerly had anembassy from 1987 to 1990. The embassy in Nairobi was re-opened in 2023.[163]

  • Kenya is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
  • Peru has an embassy inNairobi.
Libya28 April 1974Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1974.[164]
Morocco18 June 1964Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1964[165]
Namibia11 July 1990

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1990[166]

  • Peru established relations withSWAPO, preceding Namibian independence.[167]
  • Namibia is accredited to Peru from its embassy inBrasília.[159]
Nigeria5 July 1971Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1971[168]
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic5 May 1987, broken 9 September 1996
8 September 2021, broken 18 August 2022
15 September 2022, broken 8 September 2023[169]
  • The SADR has an embassy inLima.
  • Peru established formal relations with the SADR on 5 May 1987,[170] underAlan García, but recognition existed since 16 August 1984. Said relations expired on 9 September 1996, with Peru taking a neutral part in theWestern Sahara conflict.[171][172][173]
  • On September 8, 2021, Peru and the SADR re-established their bilateral relations,[174] but the former again severed them on August 16, 2022,[175] renovating them one month later.[176]
South Africa28 July 1993Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 July 1993[177]
  • Peru has an embassy inPretoria. A Consulate was also maintained inCape Town which closed in 1985.[178]
  • South Africa is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago.[159]
SudanOctober 7, 1988
Tanzania12 August 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1975[85]
TunisiaSeptember 1966
  • Peru is accredited to Tunisia from its embassy inAlgiers.
  • Tunisia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Buenos Aires.[159]
Zambia5 October 1970Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1970[179]
  • Peru is accredited to Zambia from its embassy inPretoria. It previously maintained an embassy inLusaka until 1990.[180]
  • Zambia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.[159]
ZimbabweMarch 1986
  • Peru is accredited to Zimbabwe from its embassy inPretoria. It previously maintained an embassy inHarare until 1990.[180]
  • Zimbabwe is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília.[159]

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Argentina10 July 1822
Bolivia24 June 1826Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1826[183]
Brazil3 February 1827Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1827.[184]
Canada30 January 1944Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 January 1944[185]
Chile8 October 1822Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 October 1822[189]

In November 1999, Peru and Chile signed three agreements which put to rest the remaining obstacles holding up implementation of the 1929Treaty of Lima, which officially ended the 1879War of the Pacific. In December 1999,PresidentAlberto Fujimori made the first visit ever to Chile by a Peruvian head of state.

Relations between the two nations have since mostly recovered. In 2005, the Peruvian Congress unilaterally approved a law which increased the stated sea limit with Chile. This law superseded the Peruvian supreme decree 781 for same purpose from 1947, which had autolimited its maritime border to geographical parallels only. Peru's position was that the border has never been fully demarcated, but Chile disagreed reminding on treaties in 1952 and 1954 between the countries, which supposedly defined seaborder. The border problem has still not been solved. However, Chile's Michelle Bachelet and Peru's Alan García have established a positive diplomatic relationship, and it is very unlikely any hostilities will break out because of the dispute.

Nevertheless, in early April 2007, Peruvian nationalistic sectors, mainly represented by left wing ex-presidential candidate Ollanta Humala decided to congregate at 'hito uno' right at the border with Chile, in a symbolic attempt to claim sovereignty over a maritime area known in Peru as Mar de Grau (Grau's Sea) just west of the Chilean city of Arica. Peruvian police stopped a group of nearly 2,000 people just 10 km from the border, preventing them from reaching their intended destination. Despite these incidents, the presidents of both Chile and Peru have confirmed their intentions to improve the relationships between the two countries, mainly fueled by the huge amount of commercial exchange between both countries' private sectors.

Colombia6 July 1822Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1822.[190]
Costa Rica28 April 1851

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1851[191]

Cuba11 January 1905Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1905.[192]
  • Peru had relations with Cuba prior to 1972, but broke them off in the 1960s.
  • Cuba has an embassy inLima.[159]
  • Peru has an embassy inHavana.
Dominican Republic6 April 1874Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 April 1874[193]
Ecuador26 September 1831Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1831[194]
  • In October 1998, Peru and Ecuador signed a peace accord which definitively resolved border differences which had, over the years, resulted in armed conflict. Peru and Ecuador are now jointly coordinating an internationally sponsored border integration project. TheUnited States Government, as one of four guarantor states, was actively involved in facilitating the 1998 peace accord between Peru and Ecuador and remains committed to its implementation. The United States has pledged $40 million to the Peru-Ecuador border integration project and another $4 million to support Peruvian and Ecuadorian demining efforts along their common border.
  • In November 2009, Peru made an agreement with Ecuador in which Peru would export between 40 and 50megawatts of electricity until April 2010 in order to help Ecuador withits energy crisis.[195]Rafael Correa, Ecuador's president, expressed his gratitude to Peru for its generous aid during Ecuador's energy crisis.[196]
  • Ecuador has an embassy inLima.[159]
  • Peru has an embassy inQuito and a consulate inGuayaquil.
El Salvador10 July 1857Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1857[197]
Guatemala20 April 1857

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 1857[198]

Guyana17 July 1971
Haiti1929
Honduras5 August 1856
Jamaica29 April 1970Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1970[203]
  • Jamaica has a consulate inLima
  • Jamaica is accredited to Peru from its embassy inCaracas.[159]
Mexico23 January 1823Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1823[204]

Peru and Mexico have historically had a unique relationship solidly based on that they share two of the most significant ancient cultures in the Americas. Both countries have expressed solidarity over the need to defend the recovery of cultural and archaeological heritage in the form of artifacts that have been illegally stolen from Peru and Mexico and which are to this date, illegally or legitimately kept in foreign locations.Peru's PresidentAlan García and Mexico'sFelipe Calderón signed a joint declaration in April 2011 aimed at deepening the two countries' friendship, cooperation, integration, trade, investments and the permanent fight against poverty and organized crime. The two countries aim to achieve a new model of integration within Latin America, and to represent a positive, realistic, and active example of integration amongst two "brotherly" nations.

Nicaragua28 June 1850
Panama2 March 1908Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 March 1908[207]
Paraguay5 February 1858Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 February 1858[208]
Suriname23 June 1978Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1978[211]
Trinidad and Tobago5 February 1968Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 February 1968[213]
  • Peru has an embassy inPort of Spain.
  • Trinidad and Tobago is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.[159]
United States2 May 1826
  • The U.S. maintains an embassy inLima, Peru.[159] There is a U.S. Consular Agency inCuzco, and the USAID building is located in Lima.
Uruguay13 November 1858
Venezuela17 February 1853(Relations severed July 2024)

In October 2021, the leftist government of Peru re-established diplomatic relations with the leftist Venezuelan government of PresidentNicolas Maduro after four years.[215]

Both embassies were closed after ties were cut off in July 2024.[216]

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
AfghanistanAfghanistan27 September 2012
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2012.[217]
  • Afghanistan is accredited to Peru from its embassy inWashington, D.C.
  • Peru is accredited to Afghanistan from its non-resident embassy inNew Delhi.
  • Peru has not recognized nor established relations with theIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
Armenia9 September 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1992.[218]
Azerbaijan25 June 1996Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1996[219]
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy inLima.[159]
  • Peru has an embassy inBaku.
Bahrain22 September 2009Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 2009[220]
  • Bahrain is accredited to Peru from its embassy inBrasília.
Bangladesh28 February 1983
  • Bangladesh is accredited to Peru from its embassy inNew York City.[159]
  • Peru is accredited to Bangladesh from its embassy inBangkok.
ChinaChina2 November 1971Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1971[221]
Countries which signed cooperation documents related to theBelt and Road Initiative
China (ROC)26 June 1874, broken 2 November 1971
Georgia14 January 2010

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 January 2010[222]

  • Georgia is accredited to Peru from its embassy inBrasília.[159]
  • Peru has an honorary consulate inTbilisi.
India25 March 1963Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1963[223]
Indonesia12 August 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1975[224]
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Lima.[159]
  • Peru has an embassy inJakarta.
Iran20 November 1973Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1973[225]
Iraq11 October 1975 and 11 July 2012 renew diplomatic relations
  • Peru and Iraq agreed to renew their bilateral ties in 2012.
  • Iraq is accredited to Peru from its embassy inCaracas.[159]
Israel20 August 1957
Japan21 August 1873Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 August 1873.[230]
Kazakhstan6 February 1997
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 February 1997[233]
Kuwait1 December 1975

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1975[234]

Malaysia24 April 1986Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 April 1986[235]
Mongolia30 May 1997Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 1997[236]
  • Mongolia is accredited to Peru from its embassy inHavana.[159]
  • Peru is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy inBeijing.
  Nepal28 January 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1976[237]
  • Nepal is accredited to Peru from its embassy inNew York City.[159]
  • Peru is accredited to Nepal from its embassy in India.
North Korea15 December 1988Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1988[238]
  • North Korea has anembassy inLima.
  • Diplomatic relationships between both countries are suspended since 2017.
Palestine30 April 2011
  • Peru recognized Palestine on 24 January 2011.[239]
  • Palestine has an embassy in Lima.[159]
Philippines30 November 1974Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1974[240]
Qatar7 November 1989

At an official level, both countries began diplomatic relations in 1989.[241]

  • Peru has anembassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Lima.[159]
Saudi Arabia19 March 1986[167]
Singapore27 October 1980Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1980[242]
  • Singapore is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Singapore.[159]
  • Peru has anembassy in Singapore.
South Korea1 April 1963Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1963[243]
Thailand10 November 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1965.[244]
  • Peru has an embassy inBangkok.
  • Thailand has an embassy inLima.
Turkey1952[245]
  • Peru has an embassy inAnkara and a Consulate General inIstanbul.[245]
  • Turkey has an embassy inLima.[159][245]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$250 million in 2019 (Peruvian exports/imports: 72.6/177.4 million USD).[245]
United Arab Emirates17 June 1986
Uzbekistan22 December 1999
  • Peru and Uzbekistan established bilateral relations on 22 December 1999[246]
Vietnam14 November 1994Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1994[247]

Europe

[edit]
See also:European Union–Peru relations
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Albania6 December 1971Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1971[248]
  • Peru and Albania established formal relations in 1971.
  • Albania is accredited to Peru from its embassy inBrasília.[159]
  • Peru is accredited to Albania from its embassy inAthens. Until its dissolution, Peru was accredited from its embassy inYugoslavia.
Andorra3 June 1997Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1997[249]
  • Andorra does not hold an embassy inPeru.
  • Peru is accredited to Andorra from its embassy inMadrid,Spain.
Austria2 November 1949[250]
  • Austria has an embassy in Lima, and honorary consulates in Cuzco, Trujillo, Iquitos, and Arequipa.[159]
  • Peru has an embassy inVienna, and consulates in Innsbruck and Salzburg.[251]
Belarus19 February 1997Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1997[252] In 1999, Foreign MinisterSergei Martynov visited Peru.[253]
  • Belarus is accredited to Peru from its embassy inBuenos Aires.[159]
  • Peru is accredited to Belarus from its embassy inMoscow.
Belgium1 April 1852
  • Belgium has an embassy in Lima.[159]
  • Peru has an embassy in Brussels.
Bosnia and Herzegovina23 January 1998Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1998[254]
  • Peru is accredited to Bosnia and Herzegovina from its embassy inBudapest.
Bulgaria18 April 1969Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1969[255]
Croatia12 January 1993Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1993[257]
Cyprus19 September 1966
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 1966.[258][259] On October of the same year, relations were elevated to embassy level.[260]
  • Cyprus is represented in Peru through its embassy inBrasília,Brazil.[159][261]
  • Peru is accredited to Cyprus from it missions in Italy.
Czech Republic11 July 1922, broken 4 October 1957, restored 27 December 1968 ( with Czech Republic from 2 January 1993)

Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 27 December 1968[262]

Denmark
Estonia27 July 1995Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 July 1995[265]
Finland29 March 1963Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 March 1963[267]
European Union2000[268]
  • The European Union has a consulate inLima.[159]
  • Peru has a section of its Ministry of Foreign Affairs dedicated to the European Union, as well as diplomatic relationships with its members.
France1826
Germany28 June 1951
(Federal Republic)
28 December 1972 – 1990
(Democratic Republic)		Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1871.[269]
Greece3 December 1965
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 1965[270]
  • Greece has an embassy inLima.[159]
  • Peru has an embassy inAthens.
Hungary16 April 1969

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1969[271]

  • Peru has an embassy inBudapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Lima.[159]
Iceland14 November 1967Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1967[272]
  • Iceland is accredited to Peru from its embassy inOslo.[159]
  • Peru is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Oslo.
Ireland27 June 1999

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1999[273]

  • Ireland is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Mexico City and maintains an honorary consulate in Lima.[159]
  • Peru has an embassy inDublin. Until 2017, theambassador resided in London.
Italy23 December 1874Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1874[274]
Latvia23 July 1996Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 1996[277]
  • Latvia is accredited to Peru through its embassy inBerlin.
  • Peru is accredited to Latvia through its embassy inHelsinki.
Liechtenstein5 July 1996Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1996[278]
  • Liechtenstein does not have an embassy accredited to Peru.
  • Peru is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy inBern.
Lithuania9 June 1997Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1997[279]
  • Peru is accredited to Lithuania from its embassy inHelsinki.
Luxembourg14 June 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 June 1962[280][281]
  • Luxembourg is accredited to Peru through its embassy inBerlin.
  • Peru is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy inBrussels.
Malta27 April 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1977[282]
Netherlands1 February 1826
Norway3 August 1923

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1923[283]

  • Peru has an embassy inOslo.
  • Norway has a consulate-general in Lima and is accredited from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.[159]
Poland6 September 1923Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 September 1923.[284] Peru refused to recognize the Polish government in London on December 29, 1945. Peru and Poland re-established diplomatic relations on 14 April 1969.[285]
Portugal26 March 1853

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 1853[288]

  • Peru has an embassy inLisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Lima.[159]
Romania10 October 1939, broken 5 March 1942, Re-established diplomatic relations 9 November 1968
  • Romania has an embassy in Lima and an honorary consulate in Arequipa.[159]
  • The Republic of Peru has an embassy and an honorary consulate, both in Bucharest.

Diplomatic relations' level:

  • Legation: October 10, 1939 – March 5, 1942
  • Embassy: since November 9, 1968

Diplomatic relations' timeline:

  • October 10, 1939 – March 5, 1942
  • since November 9, 1968[289]
Russia16 May 1874 to 1918
1 February 1969
San Marino24 February 2005Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 2005[292]
  • San Marino is accredited to Peru from its embassy inRome.[159]
  • Peru is accredited to San Marino from its missions inItaly.
Serbia10 December 1968
  • Diplomatic relations between thenYugoslavia andPeru existed before theSecond World War. They were renewed on 10 December 1968.
  • Serbia is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Buenos Aires.[159][293]
  • Peru is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Budapest.[294]
Slovakia1 January 1993
  • Slovakia is accredited to Peru from its embassy inBuenos Aires.[159]
  • Peru is accredited to Slovakia from its embassy inVienna.
Sovereign Military Order of Malta15 April 1953
  • The Sovereign Military Order of Malta has an embassy inLima.[159]
  • Peru is accredited to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta from its embassy in theHoly See.
Spain15 November 1879Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1879[295]
Sweden11 February 1938Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1938.[298]
  • Peru has an embassy inStockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.[299]
 Switzerland16 September 1884
  • Peru has an embassy inBern.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Lima.[159]
Ukraine7 May 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1992[300]
  • Peru was accredited to Ukraine from its embassy inWarsaw, Poland. It was formerly accredited from its embassy inMoscow, Russia.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Lima.[159]
United Kingdom10 October 1823Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 October 1823.[7]
  • Peru maintains anembassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Peru through its embassy inLima.[301]

Both countries are members ofCPTPP, theInternational Criminal Court, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theAndean Countries–UK Free Trade Agreement.[302] Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[303]

Vatican City1 November 1852

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia1 March 1963Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1963[304]

Both countries have an expanding relationship in all areas. In February 2018 trade ministers from both Peru and Australia signed a free trade agreement.[305] Until 2019, thePeruvian ambassador was also accredited to New Zealand.[306]

Fiji1983[103]
New Zealand4 July 1972Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1972[307]
Papua New Guinea14 September 1983Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1983[308]
  • Peru is accredited to Papua New Guinea from its consulate-general inSydney.

Transnational issues

[edit]

Illicit drugs

[edit]

Until recently the world's largestcoca leaf producer, Peru has reduced the area of coca under cultivation from 115,300 ha to38,700 ha, or 66%, between 1995 and 1999;[309] most ofcocaine base is shipped to neighboringColombia,Bolivia, andBrazil for processing into cocaine for the international drug market, but exports of finished cocaine are increasing by maritime conveyance toMexico,US, andEurope.


See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Schenoni, Luis (2017) "Subsystemic Unipolarities?" in Strategic Analysis, 41(1): 74-86[1]
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  167. ^abMuñoz, Heraldo (1987).Las Políticas exteriores de America latina y el Caribe: continuidad en la crisis (in Spanish). Grupo Editor Latinoamericano. p. 278.ISBN 9789509432864.En lo que respecta al Africa sahariana y el Medio Oriente, además de la reapertura de la Embajada del Perú en Marruecos, se han establecido relaciones diplomáticas con Arabia Saudita en abril de 1986, con Bahrein y Oman en mayo de 1986 y con los Emiratos Árabes Unidos en junio de 1986. Además, se han establecido relaciones con el Reino Hachemita de Jordania en octubre de 1985, con Malasia en abril de 1986 y finalmente con la SWAPO, Movimiento de Liberación del pueblo de Namibia.
  168. ^"Acuerdo sobre establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre la Republica del Peru y la Republica General de Nigeria".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved27 June 2023.
  169. ^"Comunicado Oficial".Gob.pe.Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2023-09-08.
  170. ^"Establecimientos de relaciones diplomaticas entre el Peru y la Republica Arabe Saharaui Democratica".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved28 June 2023.
  171. ^"Establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú. Archived fromthe original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved2012-04-24.
  172. ^Ricardo Sánchez Serra (2011-11-28). "Los saharauis y el Perú" (in Spanish).
  173. ^Ricardo Sánchez Serra (2008-12-11). "El estoicismo del pueblo saharaui" (in Spanish). La Razón.
  174. ^"Restablecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas con la RASD".Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru. 2021-09-08. Retrieved2021-09-08.
  175. ^"Perú rompe relaciones con la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática luego de un año".Gestión. 2022-08-18.
  176. ^"Comunicado Oficial del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores".Gob.pe. 2022-09-15.
  177. ^"Transition (1990 - 1994) - Chronologies: 1993".omalley.nelsonmandela.org. Retrieved23 June 2023.
  178. ^Muñoz, Heraldo (1987).Las Políticas exteriores de America latina y el Caribe: continuidad en la crisis (in Spanish). Grupo Editor Latinoamericano. p. 278.ISBN 9789509432864.Respecto a Sudáfrica, a los pocos días de haber asumido el cargo, el Canciller Wagner anunció haber cerrado el Consulado del Perú en la Ciudad del Cabo, como una demostración de condena al apartheid y de rechazo al neo-colonialismo y la discriminación racial. Asimismo, en 1985 el gobierno peruano condenó en Naciones Unidas el ataque realizado por fuerzas sudafricanas contra supuestas bases de guerrilleros en Angola y luego exigió ante el Consejo de Seguridad la imposición de severas sanciones contra el gobierno de Sudáfrica por su política de discriminación racial.
  179. ^Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1970. p. 5.
  180. ^abMariátegui, Juan (1997).El diferendo fronterizo Perú-Ecuador (1994-1997): reflexiones en voz alta (in Spanish). J. Mariátegui. p. 280.Cuando él [Alberto Fujimori] fue presidente, en julio de 1990, existían seis embajadas en Africa. Luego, unos meses después suprimió cuatro (Kenia, Zimbabwe, Zambia y Argelia), quedando hasta el presente, Marruecos y Egipto.
  181. ^"Embajada de la República Argentina en República del Perú - Embassy of Argentina in Lima (in Spanish)". eperu.cancilleria.gov.ar. Retrieved2016-06-13.
  182. ^"Embassy of Peru in Buenos Aires (in Spanish)". Archived fromthe original on 2014-11-05. Retrieved2014-11-13.
  183. ^"Bolivia y Perú avanzan en reuniones técnicas".Ministerio Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Archived fromthe original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved28 June 2023.
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  186. ^"Canadian embassy in Lima". Archived fromthe original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved2009-05-22.
  187. ^"Inicio Embajada del Perú en Canadá - Peruvian embassy in Ottawa". embassyofperu.ca. Retrieved2016-06-13.
  188. ^Alexander Panetta,"Canada limits main foreign aid recipients to 20 countries", Canada East website (accessed 3 March 2009)
  189. ^"Síntesis de las Relaciones Bilaterales Chile -Perú"(PDF).obtienearchivo.bcn.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved25 June 2023.
  190. ^"Relaciones Bilaterales".Embajada de Colombia en Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved9 October 2023.
  191. ^"En esta fecha se cumplen 170 años de relaciones diplomáticas con la República del Perú".Ministerio Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (in Spanish). Retrieved29 June 2023.
  192. ^Boletin oficial (in Spanish). Vol. 2–5. Cuba. Departamento de Estado. 1908. pp. 68–70.
  193. ^"Hoy se celebran 149 años de relaciones diplomáticas con la República Dominicana, nación con la que mantenemos una histórica relación de amistad, cooperación y entendimiento mutuo".Cancillería Perú (in Spanish). April 6, 2023. Retrieved22 October 2023.
  194. ^"Estudio del conflicto Perú-Ecuador (1941-1942) con base en el análisis hemerografico del diario La Industria (enero 1941 - febrero 1942)"(PDF).Universidad de Piura (in Spanish). p. 30. Retrieved29 June 2023.
  195. ^"Perú exportará energía eléctrica a Ecuador hasta abril de 2010". Archived fromthe original on 2009-12-20. Retrieved2016-06-13.
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  197. ^"163 años del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y El Salvador, iniciadas el 10 de julio de 1857".cultura24.tv (in Spanish). July 10, 2020. Retrieved7 July 2023.
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  199. ^"Countries With Which Guyana Has Established Diplomatic Relations".minfor.gov.gy. Archived fromthe original on 26 August 2024. Retrieved7 July 2023.
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  202. ^Sella, Orlando Enrique (1996).La caída de Aristide: crónica de una frustración popular (in Spanish). Escuela de Relaciones Internacionales, Universidad Nacional. p. 246.
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  204. ^"Hoy se conmemoran 200 años del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y México".Cancillería Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved7 July 2023.
  205. ^"Embassy of Mexico in Lima (in Spanish)". embamex.sre.gob.mx. Retrieved2016-06-13.
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  211. ^"Comunicado conjunto del Peru y de Suriname para el establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved24 June 2023.
  212. ^"Peruvian, Surinamese leaders discuss bilateral ties".Andina. 2013-08-30.
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  218. ^"Bilateral Relations".mfa.am. Retrieved31 August 2023.
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  220. ^"Diplomatic Relations Between Bahrain and Peru as of 22 Sept. 2009".United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved24 June 2023.
  221. ^"Acuerdo entre el Peru y China para el establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved27 June 2023.
  222. ^"Diplomatic Relations Between Peru and Georgia as of 14 Jan. 2010".United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved24 June 2023.
  223. ^"NORMAS LEGALES".Publicacion Oficial - Diario Oficial El Peruano (in Spanish). p. 2. Archived fromthe original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved28 June 2023.
  224. ^"Country Profile and Bilateral Cooperation, Republic of Peru".Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Lima. Archived fromthe original on April 18, 2014. Retrieved28 June 2023.
  225. ^Iran Almanac and Book of Facts. Echo of Iran. 1974. p. 190.
  226. ^Camacho Padilla, Fernando (2019)."Las relaciones entre Latinoamérica e Irán durante la última década de la dinastía Pahleví".Anuario de Historia de América Latina.56:66–96.doi:10.15460/jbla.56.133.S2CID 216521889.
  227. ^Suárez Plasier, Humberto Antonio (2016-11-08).El Acuerdo Nuclear entre Irán y el P5 +1: desafíos y oportunidades de la relación bilateral Perú – Irán en el escenario post firma del acuerdo (Thesis). Academia Diplomática del Perú Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.
  228. ^Portillo, Martín (2012-08-07).Relaciones entre Perú e Irán (Video) (in Spanish). Enfoque Derecho.
  229. ^Betalleluz Cárdenas, Mariela (2018).La política exterior de Mahmud Ahmadinejad (2005-2013) hacia América del Sur: una aplicación del realismo Neo-clásico (Thesis).Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  230. ^"148º aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y Japón".gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved9 October 2023.
  231. ^"Embassy of Japan in Lima (in Japanese and Spanish)". Archived fromthe original on 2017-11-05. Retrieved2017-08-25.
  232. ^"Embassy of Peru in Tokyo (in Japanese and Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2018-03-29. Retrieved2021-12-31.
  233. ^"Comunicado conjunto sobre el establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre el Peru y Kazajstan".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved24 June 2023.
  234. ^"Peru-Endless Possibilities".timeskuwait.com. May 11, 2014. Retrieved28 June 2023.
  235. ^"HISTORY".Embassy of Malaysia, Lima. Retrieved7 July 2023.
  236. ^"Diplomatic Relations Between Mongolia and Peru as of 30 May 1997".United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved24 June 2023.
  237. ^"Nepal – Peru Relations".mofa.gov.np. Archived fromthe original on 28 September 2024. Retrieved7 July 2023.
  238. ^"Acuerdo entre el gobierno de la Republica Popular Democratica de Corea y el gobierno de la Republica del Peru para el establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved28 June 2023.
  239. ^Government of Peru (24 January 2011)."Perú reconoce al Estado Palestino" (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Relations. Archived fromthe original on 2011-01-30. Retrieved2011-01-24.
  240. ^"Comunicado conjunto sobre el establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre la Republica del Peru y la Republica de Filipinas".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved24 June 2023.
  241. ^"Qatar-Peru relations". Qatari Embassy in Lima. Archived fromthe original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved2 June 2018.
  242. ^"Acuerdo sobre el establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre la Republica del Peru y la Republica de Singapur".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved27 June 2023.
  243. ^"Comunicado conjunto de establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre del Peru y la Republica de Corea".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved27 June 2023.
  244. ^"สาธารณรัฐเปรู (Peru)".Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand (in Thai). Retrieved9 October 2023.[permanent dead link]
  245. ^abcd"Relations between Turkey and Peru".
  246. ^"Diplomatic Relations Between Peru and Uzbekistan as of 22 Dec. 1999".United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved24 June 2023.
  247. ^"Diplomatic Relations Between Peru and Viet Nam as of 14 Nov. 1994".United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved24 June 2023.
  248. ^"Acuerdo para el establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre el Peru y Albania".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved27 June 2023.
  249. ^"Diplomatic Relations Between Andorra and Peru as of 3 June 1997".United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved24 June 2023.
  250. ^"Relaciones Bilaterales".Embajada de Austria en Lima.
  251. ^ab"PERU EMBASSIES & CONSULATES".Embassy Pages.
  252. ^"Comunicado conjunto sobre el establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre la Republica del Peru y la Republica de Belarus".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved28 June 2023.
  253. ^"REUNIONES DEL PRESIDENTE DE LA COMISIÓN CON DELEGACIONES DE DIVERSOS PAÍSES Y CON DIPLOMÁTICOS PERUANOS EN EL EXTERIOR".Congress of Peru. Archived fromthe original on 2023-07-25. Retrieved2023-08-14.
  254. ^"Comunicado conjunto sobre establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre la Republica del Peru y Bosnia Herzegovina".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved28 June 2023.
  255. ^"Acuerdo para establecer relaciones diplomaticas entre el Peru y Bulgaria".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved28 June 2023.
  256. ^"Министерство на външните работи - Bulgarian embassy in Brasilia (also accredited to Peru)". mfa.bg. Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved2016-06-13.
  257. ^"Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations".mvep.gov.hr. Retrieved28 June 2023.
  258. ^"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved2015-09-09.
  259. ^"República de Chipre".Embajada del Perú en Italia.
  260. ^Belaúnde Terry, Fernando (1967).El Perú construye: mensaje presentado al Congreso Nacional por el Presidente Constitucional de la República Fernando Belaúnde Terry (in Spanish). President of Peru. p. 85.
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  262. ^"Acuerdo para establecer relaciones diplomaticas entre el Peru y Checoslovaquia".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved28 June 2023.
  263. ^"Celebran 95 años de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y la República Checa".Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru. 2017-12-06.
  264. ^"Perú cierra embajadas de Dinamarca, Bulgaria y Filipinas por austeridad" (in Spanish). El Universo. 28 July 2003. Retrieved14 July 2021.
  265. ^"Comunicado conjunto entre la Republica del Peru y la Republica de Estonia para el establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved28 June 2023.
  266. ^"Jefe de Estado presidió ceremonia virtual de presentación de cartas credenciales de los Embajadores concurrentes de distintos países".Andina. 2021-07-16.
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  270. ^"Relaciones bilaterales Perú - Grecia".Embajada del Peru en Grecia (in Spanish). Archived fromthe original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved28 June 2023.
  271. ^"Acuerdo para establecer relaciones diplomaticas entre el Peru y Hungria".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved28 June 2023.
  272. ^"Acuerdo entre el Peru e Islandia para el establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas normales".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved27 June 2023.
  273. ^"Comunicado conjunto sobre establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre la Republica del Peru e Irlanda".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved27 June 2023.
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  275. ^"Embajada de Italia en Lima - Embassy of Italy in Lima (in Italian and Spanish)". amblima.esteri.it. Retrieved2016-06-13.
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  279. ^"Diplomatic Relations Between Lithuania and Peru as of 9 June 1997".United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved24 June 2023.
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  284. ^"Establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre el Peru y Polonia".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved27 June 2023.
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  289. ^"Acuerdo para establecer relaciones diplomaticas entre la Republica del Peru y Rumania".Archivo Nacional de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved28 June 2023.
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