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Foreign relations of North Macedonia

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Theforeign relations of North Macedonia since itsindependence in 1991 have been characterized by the country's efforts to gain membership in international organizations such asNATO and theEuropean Union and to gain international recognition under its previous constitutional name, overshadowed by a long-standing, dead-lockeddispute with neighboring Greece. Greek objections to the country's name had led to it being admitted to theUnited Nations and several other international fora only under the provisional designationFormer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia until its official anderga omnes renaming toNorth Macedonia, a name under which it is now universally recognised.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

North Macedonia became a member state of the United Nations on April 8, 1993, eighteen months after its independence from the formerSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It was referred within the UN as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", pending a resolution, to the long-running dispute about the country's name. Unusually, the country's flag was not raised at UN Headquarters when the state joined the UN.[1] It was not until after the country's flag was changed that it was raised at the UN Headquarters.[1] Other international bodies, such as theEuropean Union,[2]European Broadcasting Union,[3] and theInternational Olympic Committee[4] had adopted the same naming convention.NATO also used that name in official documents but added an explanation on which member countries recognise the constitutional name.[5] A number of countries recognised the country by its former constitutional name – the Republic of Macedonia – rather than the UN reference, notably four of the five permanentUN Security Council members (the United Kingdom, the United States, China, and Russia).[6] AllUN member states currently recognise North Macedonia as a sovereign state.

List of countries

[edit]

List of countries which North Macedonia maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate[7]
1Slovenia17 March 1992
2Croatia30 March 1992
3Turkey26 August 1992
4Belarus20 January 1993
5New Zealand8 April 1993
6Bosnia and Herzegovina12 May 1993
7Indonesia25 May 1993
8Malaysia22 July 1993
9Pakistan12 August 1993
10China12 October 1993
11North Korea2 November 1993
12Angola10 November 1993
13Denmark16 December 1993
14Germany16 December 1993
15Italy16 December 1993
16Netherlands16 December 1993
17United Kingdom16 December 1993
18Norway20 December 1993
19Sweden20 December 1993
20Bulgaria21 December 1993[8]
21Albania24 December 1993
22Finland27 December 1993
23France27 December 1993
24Iceland29 December 1993
25Poland30 December 1993
26Liechtenstein31 January 1994
27Russia31 January 1994
28  Switzerland31 January 1994
29Belgium14 February 1994
30Japan1 March 1994
31Czech Republic2 March 1994
32Slovakia4 March 1994
33Kyrgyzstan6 June 1994
34Vietnam10 June 1994
35Bolivia15 June 1994
36Spain28 July 1994[9]
37Hungary29 August 1994
38Luxembourg19 September 1994
39Egypt14 November 1994
40Portugal15 November 1994
41Ireland13 December 1994
—Holy See21 December 1994
42Austria23 December 1994
43Uzbekistan31 December 1994
44Romania11 January 1995
45Saudi Arabia11 January 1995
46Moldova27 January 1995
47India9 February 1995
48Antigua and Barbuda21 February 1995
50Estonia10 March 1995
49Iran10 March 1995
51Libya14 April 1995
52Ukraine20 April 1995
53Singapore8 May 1995
54Kazakhstan1 June 1995
55Mongolia27 June 1995
56Azerbaijan28 June 1995
57Lithuania17 July 1995
58United States13 September 1995
59Greece13 October 1995
60Australia20 October 1995
61Israel7 December 1995
62Oman28 December 1995
63Tajikistan4 January 1996
64Belize25 January 1996
65Ghana7 February 1996
66Latvia13 February 1996
67Bangladesh14 February 1996
68Laos6 March 1996
69Nicaragua28 March 1996
70Serbia8 April 1996
71Rwanda18 April 1996
72Honduras25 April 1996
73Sudan26 April 1996
74United Arab Emirates27 May 1996
75Turkmenistan21 June 1996
76Qatar25 June 1996
77Canada4 July 1996
—Sovereign Military Order of Malta12 July 1996[10]
78Afghanistan17 July 1996
79Bahrain11 September 1996
80Costa Rica15 October 1996
81Dominica18 October 1996
82El Salvador28 October 1996
83Cambodia29 October 1996
84Tanzania22 January 1997
85Mozambique28 February 1997
86Djibouti12 June 1997
87Kuwait16 June 1997
88Guinea28 November 1997
89   Nepal6 January 1998[9]
90Zambia30 March 1998
91Sri Lanka10 April 1998
92Togo14 April 1998
93Sierra Leone17 July 1998
94Lesotho3 September 1998
95Gambia29 September 1998
96Yemen6 October 1998
97Brazil14 October 1998
98Argentina24 September 1999
99Democratic Republic of the Congo27 September 1999
100Malawi27 September 1999
101Chad13 October 1999
102Burundi7 February 2000
103Cuba5 May 2000
104Colombia22 June 2000
105Ecuador22 June 2000
106Comoros29 June 2000
107Guinea-Bissau29 June 2000
108São Tomé and Príncipe11 July 2000
109Ethiopia17 July 2000
110Uganda26 July 2000
111Saint Lucia24 August 2000
112Eritrea13 September 2000
113Ivory Coast14 September 2000
114Jordan15 September 2000
115Dominican Republic18 September 2000
116Gabon13 November 2000
117Maldives13 November 2000
118Niger15 November 2000
119Seychelles7 February 2001
120Mauritius7 February 2001
121Republic of the Congo7 February 2001
122Cameroon6 April 2001
123Haiti11 April 2001
124Mexico4 October 2001
125Guatemala16 November 2001
126Vanuatu16 November 2001
127Algeria21 March 2002
128Panama18 April 2002
129Venezuela18 April 2002
130Uruguay17 May 2002
131Equatorial Guinea9 July 2002
132Morocco18 September 2002
133Madagascar18 October 2002
134Senegal20 October 2002
135Central African Republic20 October 2002
136Marshall Islands27 February 2003[9]
137Timor-Leste25 March 2003
138Jamaica1 April 2003
139Nigeria24 April 2003
140Saint Vincent and the Grenadines15 May 2003
141Myanmar9 July 2003
142Guyana22 September 2003
143Benin26 November 2004
144Burkina Faso27 November 2004
145Federated States of Micronesia30 November 2004
146Nauru2 December 2004
147Cape Verde10 December 2004
148Thailand23 January 2005
149Somalia17 February 2005
150Mauritania23 March 2005
151Iraq10 June 2005
152Peru29 June 2005
153Samoa18 August 2005
154Kenya1 February 2006
155Montenegro14 June 2006[11]
156Suriname12 April 2007
157Eswatini6 July 2007
158Brunei1 August 2007
159Paraguay26 October 2007
160Chile15 September 2008
161Andorra31 July 2009
162Botswana4 September 2009
—Kosovo17 October 2009
163Fiji15 March 2010
164Syria23 September 2010
165Zimbabwe13 January 2011
166Tuvalu29 June 2011[9]
167Namibia21 December 2011[9]
168Malta25 January 2017[12]
169Georgia16 February 2019[9]
170South Korea18 July 2019[9]
171Cyprus30 August 2019[9]
172Saint Kitts and Nevis12 September 2019[13]
173Monaco26 September 2019[9]
174San Marino26 September 2019[14]
175Armenia27 September 2019[9]
176Tunisia27 September 2019[9]
177Philippines22 September 2021[9]
178South Africa18 September 2023[15]
179Solomon Islands23 September 2025[16]
180Lebanon25 September 2025[9]

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Multilateral

[edit]
OrganizationFormal Relations BeganNotes
European UnionSeeAccession of North Macedonia to the European Union
NATOSeeNorth Macedonia–NATO relations

North Macedonia joinedNATO on 27 March 2020.

Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Egypt14 November 1994
South Africa18 September 2023

South Africa is represented in North Macedonia by its embassy inAthens, Greece.[18]

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Argentina24 September 1999
  • Argentina is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy inSofia,Bulgaria.[19]
  • North Macedonia is accredited to Argentina from its embassy inMadrid,Spain.[20]
Brazil14 September 1998
Canada4 July 1996
  • Canada is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia.[23]
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inOttawa.[24]
  • Canada has an honorary consulate in Skopje.
Mexico4 October 2001
  • Mexico is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia.[25]
  • North Macedonia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy inWashington, D.C., United States.[26]
  • Mexico has an honorary consulate in Skopje.
United States13 September 1995SeeNorth Macedonia–United States relations
Then US PresidentGeorge W. Bush with the political leaders of North Macedonia in 2008

The United States and North Macedonia enjoy excellent bilateral relations.[27] The United States formally recognized North Macedonia on February 8, 1994, and the two countries established full diplomatic relations on September 13, 1995. The U.S. Liaison Office was upgraded to an embassy in February 1996, and the first U.S. Ambassador toSkopje arrived in July 1996. The development of political relations between the United States and North Macedonia has ushered in a whole host of other contacts between the two states. In 2004, the United States recognized the country under its constitutional name of that time – Republic of Macedonia.

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Azerbaijan28 June 1995SeeAzerbaijan–North Macedonia relations
  • The government of North Macedonia recognized the independence of Azerbaijan on June 25, 1995.[28]
  • Diplomatic relations were established on June 28, 1995.[28]
China12 October 1993

SeeChina–North Macedonia relations

On October 12, 1993, theGovernment of the Republic of North Macedonia and the Government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) established diplomatic relations with North Macedonia expressly declaring that the Government of the PRC is the sole legal government of China, and Taiwan as an inalienable part of the Chinese territory. The Government of North Macedonia affirmed it would not establish any form of official relations with Taiwan.[29]

  • China has an embassy in Skopje.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inBeijing.
Georgia16 February 2019SeeGeorgia–North Macedonia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on February 16, 2019.[30]

India1996SeeIndia–North Macedonia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1996.[31]

Indonesia

Indonesia is represented in North Macedonia by its embassy inSofia,Bulgaria.[32]

  • Indonesia has an honorary consulate in Skopje.
Iran10 March 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 10, 1995.

  • Iran has an embassy in Skopje.
  • North Macedonia is accredited to Iran from its embassy inAnkara,Turkey.
Israel7 December 1995SeeIsrael–North Macedonia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on December 7, 1995.

  • Israel has an honorary consulate in Skopje.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inTel Aviv.
JapanMarch 1994SeeJapan–North Macedonia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in March 1994. North Macedonia opened its first resident embassy in Tokyo in 2013 and the first resident ambassador of North Macedonia to Japan is H.E. Dr.Andrijana Cvetkovik[33]

  • Japan has an embassy in Skopje.
Kazakhstan

The two countries hold regular political consultations on subjects of political, economic, cultural, humanitarian issues.[34]

  • North Macedonia has an embassy inAstana.
North Korea11 October 1993

Both countries established diplomatic relations on October 11, 1993. They enjoy friendly relations. DPRK is represented in North Macedonia through its embassy inSofia.

South Korea18 July 2019

Due to the concern of Greece onMacedonia naming dispute, The Republic of Korea did not establish formal diplomatic relations with Macedonia until it renamed itself "Republic of North Macedonia". Both countries established diplomatic relations on July 18, 2019.[35] South Korea is represented in North Macedonia through its embassy inSofia,Bulgaria.[36]

Qatar
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inDoha.[37]
  • Qatar has an embassy in Skopje.
Taiwan27 January 1999

Notwithstanding the above, North Macedonia and the Republic of China on Taiwan (ROC) established diplomatic relations on January 27, 1999.[38] This development increased the number of the ROC's diplomatic allies in Europe from one to two (the other being theHoly See). The PRC was opposed to this and in retaliation vetoed the UN resolution renewing the mandate of theUNPREDEP (a peacekeeping force) in North Macedonia. On April 28, 1999, North Macedonia opened an embassy inTaipei, ROC.[39] The Republic of North Macedonia and the PRC normalized their relations on June 18, 2001.[40] On the same day, the ROC severed diplomatic relations with North Macedonia.[39] In the joint communiqué between North Macedonia and People's Republic of China, North Macedonia recognized "emphatically that there is but one China in the world, that the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government representing the whole of China and that Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory".[40]

TurkeySeeNorth Macedonia–Turkey relations

Due to historical and cultural mutualities and human bonds North Macedonia and Turkey have very close and friendly relations.[41] Shortly after North Macedonia declared its independence from theformer Yugoslavia in 1991, Turkey was among the first countries to recognise North Macedonia's sovereignty.[42] Bilateral relations were established on August 26, 1992.[43]

  • North Macedonia has an embassy inAnkara and a consulate-general inIstanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Skopje and a consulate-general inBitola.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
United Arab Emirates
Vietnam10 June 1994
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on June 10, 1994.[44]
  • North Macedonia is represented in Vietnam through its embassy in Beijing, China.[45]
  • Vietnam is represented in North Macedonia through its embassy inSofia, Bulgaria.[45]

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
AlbaniaSeeAlbania–North Macedonia relations

Recently (Aug. 2008) they signed a treaty enabling visa-free movement between the countries. Both countries support each other's ethnic minorities in cultural, political and educational aspects. During the ethnic conflict in 2001, the Albanian government did not interfere and supported a peaceful resolution. Albania had recognized Skopje under the UN provisional reference of the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia",[46][47] abbreviated as FYROM.[48]Both countries are full members of theNATO andCouncil of Europe.On 26 November 2019,an earthquake struck Albania. North Macedonia sent €100,000 in financial aid,[49] drones with thermal cameras, rescue teams and mechanical equipment for relief operations.[50][51]Both countries started EU Accession negotiations on 24 March 2020.

  • Albania has an embassy in Skopje.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inTirana.
Austria23 December 1994SeeAustria–North Macedonia relations
Belgium
  • Belgium is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inBrussels.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
Bosnia and HerzegovinaSeeBosnia and Herzegovina–North Macedonia relations
  • Bosnia has an embassy in Skopje.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inSarajevo.
BulgariaOn 15 January 1992, Bulgaria was the first country to officially recognize the then Republic of Macedonia. On 12 September 1992, consulates general of both countries were opened, in Sofia and Skopje respectively. On 21 December 1993, diplomatic relations at the embassy level were established between Bulgaria and the Republic of Macedonia.SeeBulgaria–North Macedonia relations

Bulgaria–North Macedonia relations refer to the bilateral relations between Bulgaria and North Macedonia. Rules for governing good neighbourly relations were agreed between Bulgaria and North Macedonia in theJoint Declaration of February 22, 1999 and reaffirmed by a joint memorandum signed on January 22, 2008 inSofia.[52] The governments of Bulgaria and North Macedonia signed a friendship treaty to bolster the relations between the two Balkan states in August 2017.[53] The treaty was ratified by the parliament of the Republic of North Macedonia on the 15th of and of Bulgaria on 18 January 2018.[54]

  • Bulgaria is the first country in the world to recognise Macedonia as an independent state.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Skopje.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inSofia.
CroatiaSeeCroatia–North Macedonia relations
  • Croatia has an embassy in Skopje.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inZagreb.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
Cyprus29 August 2019SeeCyprus–North Macedonia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on August 29, 2019.[55][56][57]
Czech Republic2 March 1994SeeCzech Republic–North Macedonia relations
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inPrague.
  • Czech Republic has a consular agency inSkopje.
DenmarkSeeDenmark–North Macedonia relations
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inCopenhagen.
  • Denmark has an honorary consulate-general inSkopje.
Estonia2 March 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 2, 1995.[58]

  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inTallinn.
  • Estonia has an honorary consulate in Skopje.
Finland
FranceSeeFrance–North Macedonia relations
  • France has an embassy in Skopje.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inParis.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
GermanySeeGermany–North Macedonia relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Skopje.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inBerlin.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
GreeceSeeGreece–North Macedonia relations

North Macedonia and Greece have excellent economic and business relations, with Greece being the largest investor in the country. Until the Prespa Agreement (2019), the indeterminate status of North Macedonia's former name arose from a long-running dispute with Greece. The main points of the dispute were:[59]

  • The name: seeMacedonia naming dispute, and the section Naming issue (resolved, below in this article).
  • The flag: the use ofVergina Sun, a Greek state symbol, on the initial national flag used between 1992 and 1995 (resolved, see below)
  • Constitutional issues: certain articles of the constitution that were seen as claims on Greek territory (resolved, see below).

The naming issue was "parked" in a compromise agreed at the United Nations in 1993. However, Greece refused to grant diplomatic recognition to the Republic and imposed an economic blockade that lasted until the flag and constitutional issues were resolved in 1995.The naming issue was resolved with thePrespa Agreement, signed in 2018, and entered into force in February 2019.

  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
  • Greece has an embassy in Skopje.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inAthens.
Iceland
Italy
  • Italy has an embassy in Skopje.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inRome and a consulate-general inVenice.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
KosovoSeeKosovo–North Macedonia relations

North Macedonia and Kosovo have very friendly and cordial neighbourly relations[citation needed] which mainly are due to the ethnic Albanian populations that live inside North Macedonia. In October 2008, North Macedonia recognized Kosovo as an independent state with plan to establish diplomatic relations. Kosovo recognized the neighbouring country under its former constitutional name,Republic of Macedonia.[63] Also in October 2008, a bilateral agreement was signed between the two countries after the border between the two was physically marked by a joint committee.[64] Kosovo and North Macedonia have signed a Free Trade Agreement in 2005 to facilitate trade opportunities, investment conditions and improve good-neighbourly relations. North Macedonia's investments are the largest in Kosovo since its independence on February 17, 2008 year.[65]

  • Kosovo has an embassy in Skopje.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inPristina.
Lithuania18 July 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on July 18, 1995.[66]

  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
  • Lithuania has an honorary consulate in Skopje.
Montenegro14 June 2006SeeNorth Macedonia–Montenegro relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on June 14, 2006.[67]

  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inPodgorica.
  • Montenegro has an embassy in Skopje.
Netherlands
Norway1993

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1993.[68]

  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inOslo.
  • Norway has an embassy in Skopje.
Poland
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inWarsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Skopje.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
Romania11 January 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on January 11, 1995.[69]

  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inBucharest.
  • Romania has an embassy in Skopje.
RussiaSeeNorth Macedonia–Russia relations
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inMoscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Skopje.
SerbiaSeeNorth Macedonia–Serbia relations

North Macedonia and Serbia traditionally have friendly relations. Serbia is a main trading partner and recognized its neighbour under its former constitutional name –Republic of Macedonia.Macedonians in Serbia are a recognized national minority, same asSerbs in North Macedonia. However, the non-recognition of theMacedonian Orthodox Church by theSerbian Orthodox Church and North Macedonia's recognition of Kosovo as an independent state are disturbing the relations of these two countries.

  • North Macedonia has an embassy inBelgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Skopje.
Slovenia12 February 1992SeeNorth Macedonia–Slovenia relations

North Macedonia and Slovenia have very close political and economic relations. Once part ofSFR Yugoslavia, the two republics declared independence in 1991 (Slovenia in June, North Macedonia in September) and recognised each other's independence on February 12, 1992.[70] Diplomatic relations between both countries were established on March 17, 1992.[43] Slovenia supports North Macedonia's sovereignty, territorial integrity, its Euro-integration and visa liberalisation.[70][71] A significant number of Slovenian investments ended up in North Macedonia. In 2007, about 70 million euros were invested.[72] In January 2009, the Macedonian prime ministerNikola Gruevski announced, that he expects more Slovenian investments in infrastructure and energy projects.[72] Over 70 Slovenian companies are present on the Macedonian market.[70]

  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
  • Slovenia has an embassy in Skopje.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inLjubljana.
SpainSeeNorth Macedonia–Spain relations
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inMadrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Skopje.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
Sweden
UkraineSeeNorth Macedonia–Ukraine relations
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inKyiv.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Skopje.
United Kingdom16 December 1993SeeNorth Macedonia–United Kingdom relations

North Macedonia establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 16 December 1993.

  • North Macedonia maintains an embassy in London.[73]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to North Macedonia through its embassy inSkopje.[74]

Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO,OSCE, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have aPartnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement.[75]

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia15 February 1994
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 February 1994.[76]
  • Australia is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy inBelgrade,Serbia.[77]
  • North Macedonia has an embassy inCanberra.[78]
  • Australia has an honorary consulate in Skopje.
New Zealand
  • North Macedonia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.[79]
  • New Zealand is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy inRome,Italy.[80]

Issues

[edit]
Main article:Macedonia naming dispute

Flag issue

[edit]
The former flag of the former Republic of Macedonia (used from 1992 to 1995), bearing theVergina Sun

North Macedonia's first post-independence flag caused a major controversy when it was unveiled. The use of theVergina Sun on the flag was seen by Greece as territorial claim to the northern Greek region ofMacedonia, where the goldenlarnax containing the symbol was unearthed in 1977 during excavations inVergina by Greek archaeologistManolis Andronikos.

The Vergina Sun, claimed by Greece as an exclusive state symbol, was removed from the flag under an agreement reached between the Republic of North Macedonia and Greece in September 1995. The Republic agreed to meet a number of Greek demands for changes to its national symbols and constitution, while Greece agreed to establish diplomatic relations with the Republic and end its economic blockade.[81]

Under thePrespa Agreement, North Macedonia recognised (among otherAncient Macedonian elements) the Vergina Sun as a Hellenic symbol and agreed to remove the Vergina Sun from public display in all State-owned organisations, products, logos, etc. The implementation of this clause started on August 12, 2019.[82]

Within six months following the entry into force of this Agreement, the Second Party [i.e. North Macedonia] shall review the status of monuments, public buildings and infrastructures on its territory, and insofar as they refer in any way to ancient Hellenic history and civilization constituting an integral component of the historic or cultural patrimony of the First Party, shall take appropriate corrective action to effectively address the issue and ensure respect for the said patrimony.

—Article 8, paragraph 2 of thePrespa agreement

The Second Party [i.e. North Macedonia] shall not use again in any way and in all its forms the symbol formerly displayed on its former national flag [i.e. the Vergina Sun]. Within six months of the entry into force of this Agreement, the Second Party shall proceed to the removal of the symbol displayed on its former national flag from all public sites and public usages on its territory. Archaeological artefacts do not fall within the scope of this provision.

—Article 8, paragraph 3 of the Prespa agreement

Constitutional issue

[edit]

North Macedonia's first post-independence constitution, adopted on November 17, 1991 included a number of clauses that Greece interpreted as promoting secessionist sentiment among the Slavophone population of northern Greece, and makingirredentist claims on Greek territory. Article 49 of the constitution caused particular concern. It read:

(1) The Republic cares for the status and rights of those persons belonging to the Macedonian people in neighboring countries, as well as Macedonian expatriates, assists their cultural development and promotes links with them. In the exercise of this concern the Republic will not interfere in the sovereign rights of other states or in their internal affairs.
(2) The Republic cares for the cultural, economic and social rights of the citizens of the Republic abroad.[83]

The Greek government interpreted this as a licence for North Macedonia to interfere in Greek internal affairs. Given long-standing Greek sensitivities over the position of the country's minority groups, the government saw this as being the most serious of the three main issues affecting relations between the two countries; the issue of the republic's symbols, by contrast, was seen as being of much less substantive importance, even though it aroused the loudest political controversy. The Greek prime minister at the time,Constantine Mitsotakis, later commented that

What concerned me from the very first moment was not the name of the state. The problem for me was that [we should not allow] the creation of a second minority problem in the area of western [Greek] Macedonia [the first minority being the Turkish-speaking Greeks of western Thrace]. My main aim was to convince the Republic to declare that there is no Slavomacedonian minority in Greece. This was the real key of our difference with Skopje.[84]

The offending articles were removed under the 1995 agreement between the two sides.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abArticle on Former Yugoslav statesArchived June 13, 2010, at theWayback Machine
  2. ^European Commission."Background information – The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". Archived fromthe original on December 23, 2007. RetrievedOctober 1, 2006.
  3. ^European Broadcasting Union."Members' Logos". Archived fromthe original on September 28, 2006. RetrievedOctober 1, 2006.
  4. ^International Olympic Committee."LIST OF NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES PARTICIPATING IN THE XIX OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES IN SALT LAKE CITY"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on February 26, 2008. RetrievedOctober 1, 2006.
  5. ^North Atlantic Treaty Organisation."The situation in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is critical". RetrievedOctober 1, 2006.
  6. ^"US snubs Greece over Macedonia".BBC News Online. November 4, 2004. RetrievedOctober 1, 2006.
  7. ^"Bilateral relations".Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived fromthe original on September 30, 2011. RetrievedApril 3, 2021.
  8. ^"Republic of North Macedonia".Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Foreign Affairs. RetrievedJune 10, 2025.
  9. ^abcdefghijklm"Diplomatic relations between North Macedonia and ..."United Nations Digital Library. RetrievedApril 3, 2021.
  10. ^de Béthencourt, Marcos Fernández (2019).La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres. p. 308.
  11. ^"Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Montenegro Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration. Archived fromthe original on April 17, 2010. RetrievedFebruary 24, 2012.
  12. ^"25 January 2017".Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived fromthe original on May 5, 2017. RetrievedApril 3, 2021.
  13. ^"Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis. RetrievedApril 1, 2021.
  14. ^"Ratifica dell'Accordo tra la Repubblica di San Marino e la Repubblica di Macedonia del Nord sullo stabilimento delle relazioni diplomatiche".esteri.sm (in Italian). RetrievedApril 3, 2021.
  15. ^"Minister Naledi Pandor signs the "Agreement on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of South Africa and the Republic of North Macedonia" with her counterpart, Minister Bujar Osmani". September 18, 2023. RetrievedSeptember 18, 2023.
  16. ^"Solomon Islands Establishes Diplomatic Relations with North Macedonia". September 25, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 25, 2025.
  17. ^"Home Africa".www.mfa.gov.mk. RetrievedNovember 2, 2018.
  18. ^"FYROM (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)".www.dirco.gov.za. Archived fromthe original on October 24, 2018. RetrievedNovember 2, 2018.
  19. ^"Jurisdicción de la Representación | Embajada en Bulgaria". Archived fromthe original on October 24, 2018.
  20. ^"Home S America".www.mfa.gov.mk. RetrievedNovember 2, 2018.
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