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Foreign relations of Luxembourg

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

TheGrand Duchy of Luxembourg has long been a prominent supporter ofEuropean political and economic integration. In 1921, Luxembourg andBelgium formed theBelgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) to create an inter-exchangeablecurrency and a commoncustoms regime. Post-war, Luxembourg became a founding member state of theUnited Nations, and dropped its policy of neutrality to become a founding member state ofNATO. Luxembourg expanded its support for European integration, becoming a founding member state of theBenelux Economic Union (today's Benelux Union), and one of the "inner six" founding member states of the threeEuropean Communities; theEuropean Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), theEuropean Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and theEuropean Economic Community (EEC). Subsequently, Luxembourg became a founding member state of theEuropean Union (EU) when the EEC and ECSC were incorporated into it in 1993. Luxembourg is a founding member of theSchengen Area, abolishing internal borders amongst its member states, named afterthe Luxembourg village where theoriginal agreement — since incorporated intoEU law — was signed in 1985. At the same time, the majority of Luxembourgers have consistently believed that European unity makes sense only in the context of a dynamic transatlantic relationship, and thus have traditionally pursued a pro-NATO, pro-US foreign policy.

Luxembourg is the site of theEuropean Court of Justice, theEuropean Investment Bank, theEuropean Court of Auditors, thesecretariat of the European Parliament, the Statistical Office of the European Commission (Eurostat), and otherEU bodies.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Luxembourg maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1France10 December 1890[1]
2Italy7 February 1891[2]
—Holy See9 February 1891[3]
3Spain9 February 1891[4]
4Netherlands4 March 1891[2]
5Russia7 March 1891[5]
6Portugal21 May 1891[6]
7United Kingdom8 June 1891[3]
8Belgium18 April 1892[2]
9United States17 July 1903[7]
10Denmark4 June 1906[8]
11Romania5 December 1910[9]
12Brazil15 April 1911[10]
13  Switzerland24 November 1917[11]
14Poland18 April 1921[12]
15Finland25 October 1921[13]
16Czech Republic24 April 1922[14]
17Sweden25 January 1923[15]
18Hungary17 July 1923[16]
19Guatemala7 November 1924[17]
20Serbia23 August 1927[18]
21Japan27 November 1927[19]
22Norway15 April 1931[20]
23Greece13 December 1933[21]
24Uruguay6 January 1934[22]
25Egypt14 November 1935[23]
26Iran23 May 1936[24]
27Austria17 November 1936[25]
28Argentina28 June 1937[26]
29Chile22 January 1938[27]
30Cuba25 November 1942[28]
31Canada3 January 1945[29]
32Turkey10 July 1946[30]
33Philippines26 August 1946[31]
34Mexico8 January 1947[32]
35Monaco18 December 1947[33]
36India1 July 1948[34]
37South Africa1949[35]
38Venezuela14 March 1950[36]
39Israel21 November 1950[37]
40Lebanon21 November 1950[38]
41Germany23 April 1951[39]
42Indonesia8 January 1952[40]
43Iraq12 March 1952[41]
44Syria24 July 1953[42]
45Ecuador24 April 1956[43]
46Bulgaria16 December 1956[44]
47Malaysia1957[45]
48Morocco11 April 1958[46]
49Thailand16 June 1959[47]
50Pakistan5 May 1959[48]
51Liberia20 January 1961[49]
52Mauritania20 September 1961[50]
53Gabon1 December 1961[51]
53Ireland20 December 1961[52]
55South Korea16 March 1962[53]
56Peru14 June 1962[54]
57Cameroon7 June 1962[55]
58Iceland30 July 1962[56]
59Guinea12 September 1962[57]
60Niger18 December 1962[58]
61Jamaica2 January 1963[59]
62Burkina Faso29 January 1963[60]
63Costa Rica29 January 1963[60]
64Ivory Coast29 January 1963[60]
65Central African Republic12 June 1963[61]
66Algeria21 January 1964[62]
67Chad28 April 1964[63]
68Tunisia28 April 1964[63]
69Rwanda27 October 1964[64]
70Paraguay26 February 1965[65]
71Burundi29 April 1965[66]
72Democratic Republic of the Congo7 September 1965[67]
73Mali15 December 1965[68]
74Madagascar13 January 1967[69]
75Republic of the Congo10 June 1967[70]
76Ghana21 February 1968[71]
77Senegal13 June 1968[72]
78Benin17 September 1968[73]
79Malta28 January 1969[74]
80Trinidad and Tobago17 December 1969[75]
81Cyprus3 March 1970[76]
82Australia18 September 1970[77]
83Sierra Leone13 October 1970[78]
84New Zealand3 December 1970[79]
85FijiJanuary 1971[80]
86Colombia21 April 1971[81]
87Togo7 March 1972[82]
88Albania15 February 1972[83]
89Sri Lanka27 July 1972[84]
90China16 November 1972[85]
91Mauritius28 February 1973[86]
92Vietnam15 November 1973[87]
93Bangladesh20 November 1973[88]
94Jordan5 December 1973[89]
95Singapore17 March 1975[90]
96Gambia15 April 1975[91]
97   Nepal27 November 1975[92]
98Nigeria29 December 1975[93]
99Nicaragua7 July 1976[94]
100Mongolia11 July 1976[95]
101Tonga1 November 1976[96]
102Cape Verde31 March 1977[97]
103Barbados5 May 1977[98]
104Botswana30 September 1977[99][100]
105Uganda30 September 1977[101][102]
106Papua New Guinea15 October 1977[103]
107Saudi Arabia10 December 1977[104]
108Comoros1 February 1978[105]
109Honduras6 July 1978[106]
110Dominica1 May 1979[107]
111Guinea-Bissau7 December 1979[108]
112Yemen10 December 1979[109]
113Kuwait8 March 1980[110]
114Bahrain14 March 1980[111]
115Ethiopia19 March 1980[112]
116Qatar3 May 1980[113]
117United Arab Emirates6 May 1980[113]
118Oman15 September 1980[114]
119Malawi28 October 1980[115]
120Tanzania14 December 1980[116]
121Zimbabwe15 December 1981[117]
122Kenya15 May 1982[118]
123Lesotho15 May 1982[119]
124Sudan3 May 1984[120]
125Panama12 November 1985[121]
126Mozambique7 January 1988[122]
127Maldives11 July 1988[106]
128Seychelles17 February 1989[106]
129Bolivia21 December 1990[106]
130El Salvador26 April 1991[106]
131Estonia29 August 1991[123]
132Latvia29 January 1992[124]
133Slovenia11 March 1992[125]
134Croatia29 April 1992[126]
135Tajikistan22 May 1992[127]
136Kyrgyzstan26 May 1992[128]
137Azerbaijan1 June 1992[129]
138Uzbekistan10 June 1992[130]
139Armenia11 June 1992[131]
140Moldova16 June 1992[132]
141Liechtenstein26 June 1992[133]
142Kazakhstan29 June 1992[134]
143Ukraine1 July 1992[135]
144Lithuania2 July 1992[136]
145Belarus9 July 1992[137]
146Turkmenistan2 October 1992[138]
147Slovakia1 January 1993[139]
148Marshall Islands20 July 1993[106]
149Bosnia and Herzegovina12 April 1994[140]
150North Macedonia19 September 1994[141]
151Georgia17 October 1994[142]
152Andorra7 April 1995[143]
153Equatorial Guinea17 April 1997[144]
154Laos25 September 1997[106]
155San Marino8 February 2001[145]
156North Korea5 March 2001[146]
157Djibouti14 June 2001[147]
158Angola14 May 2002[106]
159Cambodia15 May 2002[106]
160Brunei18 July 2003[106]
161Afghanistan13 January 2005[106]
162Dominican Republic25 May 2005[106]
163Montenegro21 September 2006[106]
164Grenada1 March 2007[147]
165Namibia20 September 2007[148]
166Antigua and Barbuda26 September 2007[106]
167Saint Vincent and the Grenadines26 September 2007[106]
168Timor-Leste27 September 2007[106]
169Bahamas28 September 2007[106]
170Eswatini12 February 2008[147]
171Haiti24 February 2008[149]
172Federated States of Micronesia24 April 2008[106]
173Eritrea2 October 2008[147]
174Belize15 May 2008[150]
175Samoa2 June 2009[106]
176Libya10 June 2009[147]
177Guyana17 June 2009[106]
178Saint Kitts and Nevis18 June 2009[106]
179Tuvalu16 September 2009[106]
180Saint Lucia23 September 2009[106]
181Suriname1 February 2010[106]
182Nauru21 May 2010[106]
183Vanuatu24 September 2010[106]
184Solomon Islands19 November 2010[106]
—Kosovo16 June 2011[151]
185Bhutan1 December 2011[106]
186South Sudan22 December 2011[106]
187Palau16 February 2012[106]
188Myanmar31 July 2012[106]
189Somalia27 September 2013[106]
190São Tomé and Príncipe10 April 2014[152]
191ZambiaUnknown

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Canada3 January 1945SeeCanada–Luxembourg relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 3 January 1945[153]

Mexico8 January 1947SeeLuxembourg–Mexico relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 8 January 1947[156]

In 1980, Prime MinisterPierre Werner paid an official visit to Mexico. In March 1996,Grand Duke Jean paid a visit to Mexico. During the Grand Duke's visit, both nations signed an Air Transportation Agreement. In April 2019, Prime MinisterXavier Bettel paid an official visit to Mexico and met with PresidentAndrés Manuel López Obrador.[157][158]

  • Luxembourg is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate inMérida.[159]
  • Mexico is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and maintains an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.[160]
United States17 July 1903Diplomatic relations were established on 17 July 1903[161]
Embassy of Luxembourg in Washington, D.C.

The United States, fighting on theAllied side, contributed to Luxembourg's liberation inWorld War I andWorld War II. More than 5,000 American soldiers, includingU.S. ArmyGeneralGeorge S. Patton, are buried at theLuxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial near the capital ofLuxembourg City, and there are monuments in many towns to American liberators. The strong U.S.-Luxembourg relationship is expressed both bilaterally and through common membership inNATO, theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
China16 November 1972Diplomatic relations were established on 16 November 1972[162]

SeeChina–Luxembourg relations

India1 July 1948Diplomatic relations were established on 1 July 1948[34]

SeeIndia–Luxembourg relations

  • India has a consulate general in Luxembourg City.
  • Luxembourg has an embassy inNew Delhi.[163]
JapanSeeJapan–Luxembourg relations
  • Luxembourg has an embassy inTokyo.[164]
  • Japan has an embassy in Luxembourg City.[165]
PalestineSeeLuxembourg–Palestine relations
  • Palestine is accredited to Luxembourg from its mission in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Luxembourg is accredited to Palestine from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Luxembourg City.
South Korea16 March 1962
  • Luxembourg and South Korea established diplomatic relations on 16 March 1962.[166]
  • Both countries have a shipping agreement in 1987 and an air agreement in 2003.
  • Luxembourg is accredited to South Korea from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • South Korea is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • High-level Exchanges.
  • From Luxembourg to the South Korea.
Turkey10 July 1946SeeLuxembourg–Turkey relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 10 July 1946[168]

Bilateral relations between the Republic of Turkey and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg gained momentum with the opening of a Turkish Embassy in Luxembourg in 1987.[169]

  • Luxembourg has an embassy inAnkara, which was opened on 29 November 2011.[169]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Luxembourg City.

There are 500 ethnic Turk's living in Luxembourg, 200 of whom have dual citizenship. The trade volume between the two States had reached $217 million in 2011.[169]

Luxembourg strongly supports Turkey's candidacy as a full European Union member.[170][171]

Vietnam15 November 1973SeeLuxembourg–Vietnam relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 15 November 1973[172]

  • Luxembourg is accredited to Vietnam from its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Austria30 January 1891Diplomatic relations were established on 30 January 1891[2]
  • Austria has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Luxembourg has an embassy inVienna.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union.
Belgium18 April 1892SeeBelgium–Luxembourg relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 18 April 1892[2]

  • Belgium has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Luxembourg has an embassy inBrussels.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Bulgaria16 December 1956Diplomatic relations were established on 16 December 1956[173]
  • Bulgaria is accredited to Luxembourg from its mission in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Luxembourg is accredited to Bulgaria from its mission in Prague, the Czech Republic.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Cyprus3 March 1970Diplomatic relations were established on 3 March 1970[174]
  • Cyprus is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in The Hague, the Netherlands.
  • Luxembourg is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union.
Czech Republic24 April 1922Diplomatic relations were established on 24 April 1922[175]
Denmark4 June 1906Diplomatic relations were established on 4 June 1906[178]
Estonia29 August 1991

Luxembourg recognised Estonia on February 22, 1923, and re-recognised Estonia on August 27, 1991.[clarification needed][180] Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on August 29, 1991[181]

In 1937, a prominent Estonian political leaderArtur Sirk, while a fugitive in Luxembourg was found dead, having apparently committed suicide by jumping out a second-story window. Although the Luxembourg Gendarmerie report assumed suicide, because of inconsistencies in the report, the Estonian chargé d'affaires in Paris, Rudolph Mollerson was sent to investigate.[182] Estonian historians including Pusta[183] and Tomingas[184] have argued that the death was an act ofdefenestration by agents of the first President of Estonia,Konstantin Päts.

As of December 31, 2007, foreign investments made in Estonia originating from Luxembourg totaled 225 million EUR accounting for 2% of the total volume of foreign direct investments. There are about 300 Estonians living in Luxembourg.[180] An Estonian cultural association was founded in 1998.[185] Estonian PresidentArnold Rüütel made a state visit to Luxembourg in May 2003,[180][186] prime ministerAndrus Ansip's in 2006.Luxembourgish Prime MinisterJean-Claude Juncker visited Estonia in 1999 and 2007.

  • Trade agreement between Estonia and Belgium and Luxembourg (1935)[187]
  • Agreement on Road Transport between Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (came into force 1.12.94)[188]
  • Agreement Between Estonia and the Belgo-Luxembourg Economic Union on the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments (came into force 23.09.99)[189]
  • Agreement Between Estonia and the States of Benelux on Readmission of Persons (came into force 1.02.05)
  • Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Income and Capital Tax evasion (signed 23.05.2006)[190][191]
  • Estonia is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and maintains an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.[180] Luxembourg is represented in Estonia through its embassy inPrague (Czech Republic).[180]
  • Luxembourg is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Finland25 October 1921
France15 December 1890SeeFrance–Luxembourg relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 15 December 1890[2]

Germany8 January 1891SeeGermany–Luxembourg relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 8 January 1891[2]

  • Germany has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Luxembourg has an embassy inBerlin.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
GreeceSeeGreece—Luxembourg relations
Ireland20 December 1961Diplomatic relations were established on 20 December 1961[198]
Italy7 February 1891Diplomatic relations were established on 7 February 1891[200]
Kosovo16 June 2011SeeKosovo–Luxembourg relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 16 June 2011[203]

Luxembourg recognized the independence of Kosovo on 21 February 2008.[204]

  • Kosovo is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Luxembourg has an embassy inPristina.
Lithuania2 July 1992
Netherlands4 March 1891SeeLuxembourg–Netherlands relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 4 March 1891[2]

  • Luxembourg has an embassy inThe Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Poland18 April 1921SeeLuxembourg–Poland relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 18 April 1921[207]

  • Luxembourg has an embassy inWarsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Romania5 December 1910

Diplomatic relations were established on 5 December 1910[208]

  • Luxembourg is accredited to Romania from its embassy in Athens, Greece and maintains two honorary consulates (inBucharest andSibiu).
  • Romania has an embassy in Luxembourg City.[209]
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Russia7 March 1891SeeLuxembourg–Russia relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 7 March 1891[210][2]

  • Luxembourg has an embassy inMoscow and an honorary consulate inSaint Petersburg.
  • Russia has an embassy in the city of Luxembourg City.

Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe, theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and theUnited Nations.

In the history of bilateral relations, the first Russian president to come on an official visit to Luxembourg wasVladimir Putin on 24 May 2007. As bilateral trade had more than tripled from US$66.6 million in 2003 to US$228.3 million in 2006, time had come to strengthen the ties between the two countries, energy and finance being the key areas of cooperation between Russia and Luxembourg.

Spain18 February 1891SeeLuxembourg–Spain relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 18 February 1891[2]

  • Luxembourg has an embassy inMadrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Ukraine1 July 1992SeeLuxembourg–Ukraine relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 1 July 1992[211]

  • Luxembourg is accredited to Ukraine from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic and through an honorary consulate inKyiv.
  • Ukraine is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and through an honorary consulate in Luxembourg City.[212]
  • Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe.
United Kingdom1891SeeLuxembourg–United Kingdom relations
Luxembourger Foreign MinisterJean Asselborn withBritish Foreign SecretaryWilliam Hague in London, January 2011.

Luxembourg establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 8 June 1891.[3][failed verification]

  • Luxembourg maintains anembassy inLondon.[213]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Luxembourg through its embassy in Luxembourg City.[214]

Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO,OECD,OSCE, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[215]

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Australia18 September 1970[216]SeeAustralia–Luxembourg relations
  • Australia and Luxembourg formalized diplomatic relations in September 1970 with the first appointment of Australia's ambassador inBrussels as non-resident ambassador to Luxembourg. The first ambassador presented credentials on 13 October 1970. Since then Australia has remained represented in Luxembourg through its embassy inBrussels.
  • Luxembourg is represented in Australia through the embassy of the Netherlands[217] in Canberra and through honorary consulates in Sydney and Melbourne.
  • Trade and investment figure strongly in the bilateral relationship and ministerial visits between the countries have focused on this. Luxembourg ranks as Australia's seventh largest investor (stocks) at A$93 billion in 2021, with Foreign Direct Investments (stocks) of $10 billion in Australia. Two-way goods and services trade in 2020 was valued at A$185 million.[218] There is a reciprocal working holiday visa scheme between the two countries.
New Zealand3 December 1970Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 1970 when first Ambassador of New Zealand To Luxembourg Mr. Merwyn Norrish presented his credentials[219]

Relations by organization

[edit]

NATO

[edit]
See also:List of Permanent Representatives of Luxembourg to NATO

United Nations

[edit]
Main article:Luxembourg and the United Nations
See also:Permanent Representative of Luxembourg to the United Nations

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Annuaire diplomatique et consulaire de la République Française, 15 (in French). Imprimerie Nationale. 1893. p. 349.
  2. ^abcdefghijP. Ruppert (1892).Le grand-duché de Luxembourg dans ses relations internationales (in French). la cour V. Bück, L. Bück successeur.Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved27 October 2023.
  3. ^abcLe grand-duché de Luxembourg dans ses relations internationales (in French). la cour V. Bück, L. Bück successeur. 1892.
  4. ^"Relaciones diplomáticas y consulares entre España y Luxemburgo (1890-1930). Con motivo del centenario del primer nombramiento de un cónsul de Luxemburgo en Madrid" (in Spanish). 22 April 2021.Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved18 August 2022.
  5. ^"Célébration du 130e anniversaire de l'établissement des relations diplomatiques entre le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg et la Fédération de Russie".Embassy of Luxembourg in Moscow (in French). 10 March 2021.Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved27 May 2023.
  6. ^"Países".Portal Diplomático (in Portuguese).Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved2 July 2022.
  7. ^"All Countries".Office of the Historian.Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved12 November 2021.
  8. ^"Danske Gesandter og Gesandtskabspersonale indtil 1914"(PDF).slaegtsbibliotek.dk (in Danish). p. 275.Archived(PDF) from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved28 May 2023.
  9. ^"Marele Ducat al LUXEMBURGULUI".Ministerul Afacerilor Externe Romania (in Romanian). Retrieved16 June 2025.
  10. ^"110 anos de relações diplomáticas entre Luxemburgo e Brasil".Embaixada de Luxemburgo no Brasil (in Portuguese). 15 April 2021.Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved25 May 2023.
  11. ^"Représentation d'Etats étrangers en Suisse".amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch. p. 82.Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved28 May 2023.
  12. ^"Luksemburg Współpraca polityczna" (in Polish).Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved23 July 2023.
  13. ^"Countries and regions A–Z". Archived fromthe original on March 30, 2018. RetrievedApril 1, 2018.
  14. ^"24.4.1922 - Correspondance diplomatique: Charlotte, Grande-Duchesse de Luxembourg, accepte d'accréditer Ludvík Strimpl comme envoyé tchécoslovaque au GDL. L'histoire des relations diplomatiques entre Luxembourg et République tchèque a commencé..."Vladimír Bärtl Czech Ambassador to Luxembourg (in French). Retrieved24 May 2023.
  15. ^"Mémorial du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Samedi, 17 février 1923".Strada lex Luxembourg (in French).Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved27 May 2023.
  16. ^"Mémorial A n° 36/1923 04/08/1923".strada lex Luxembourg (in French).Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved27 October 2023.
  17. ^"Relaciones Diplomáticas de Guatemala" (in Spanish).Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved24 July 2021.
  18. ^"Relations diplomatiques"(PDF).Mémorial du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg.Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 January 2025. Retrieved17 June 2025.
  19. ^"Japan-Luxembourg Foreign Ministers' Meeting".Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 27 November 2017. Retrieved10 August 2024.
  20. ^"Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater"(PDF).regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999.Archived(PDF) from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved18 October 2021.
  21. ^Cardoso, Elisabeth (2023)."90 Years Bilateral Relations Greece—Luxembourg 30 Years Anniversary of the Opening of the Embassy in Athens"(PDF).Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Embassy in Athens. p. 2. Retrieved2025-02-01.Mr. Politis went on to hand over his letters of accreditation to Her Royal Highness on 13 December 1933, marking the formal beginning of the diplomatic relations between Greece and Luxembourg.
  22. ^Mémorial A n° 2 de 1934. Samedi, 13 janvier 1934 (in French). Strada lex Luxembourg. p. 20.
  23. ^Mémorial A n° 69 de 1935 (in French). Strada lex Luxembourg. p. 1146.
  24. ^"Mémorial du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Samedi, 30 mai 1936".Strada lex Luxembourg (in French).Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved12 October 2023.
  25. ^"Relations extérieures".Mémorial a n° 81/1936 (in French). 18 November 1936. Retrieved15 December 2024.
  26. ^"Relations extérieures"(PDF).Mémorial du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg.Archived(PDF) from the original on 16 June 2025. Retrieved17 June 2025.
  27. ^"Mémorial du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg".stradalex.lu (in French). 27 January 1938. Retrieved16 March 2025.
  28. ^"Memoria anual 2015"(PDF) (in Spanish). 2015. pp. 19–25. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 7 May 2019.
  29. ^Linwood, DeLong (January 2020)."A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019".Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved26 June 2023.
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  31. ^"The Republic of the Philippines and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg celebrate 76 years of formal diplomatic relations today, August 26!". 26 August 2022.Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved31 July 2023.
  32. ^"BULLETIN D'INFORMATION"(PDF) (in French). p. 9.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2023-05-26. Retrieved2023-05-26.
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  36. ^"Bulletin d'information_1950_3-4"(PDF).sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 55.Archived(PDF) from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved26 May 2023.
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  38. ^"Bulletin d'information_1950_11"(PDF).sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 257.Archived(PDF) from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved26 May 2023.
  39. ^"Luxemburg: Steckbrief".Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved6 March 2025.
  40. ^"Bulletin d'information_1952_1-2"(PDF).sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 34.Archived(PDF) from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved25 May 2023.
  41. ^"Bulletin d'information (1952-3/4)"(PDF).sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 76.Archived(PDF) from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved25 May 2023.
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