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Foreign relations of Liberia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Liberian foreign relations were traditionally stable and cordial throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries, with a significant relationship with theUnited States, sharing close relations until the 1970s.[1][2][citation needed]

During the 1990s,Charles Taylor's presidency and theFirst andSecond Liberian Civil Wars underscored Liberian relations with the Western world, the People's Republic ofChina, and its neighboring countries inWestern Africa.[citation needed]

Stabilization in the 21st century brought a return to cordial relations with neighboring countries and much of the Western world. Liberia holds diplomatic relations with many western nations, including its long time partner theUnited States, as well asRussia,Cuba, and the People's Republic ofChina.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries with which Liberia maintains diplomatic relations:

#CountryDate
1United Kingdom1 August 1849[3]
2France20 April 1852[4]
3United States23 February 1864[5]
4Haiti1864[6]
5Belgium5 June 1867[7]
—Holy See15 December 1927[8]
6Chile19 July 1945[9]
7Netherlands3 May 1949[10]
8Spain15 May 1950[11]
9Lebanon1 January 1951[12]
10Italy5 October 1951[13]
11Germany23 July 1953[14]
12GhanaJune 1957[15]
13Israel22 August 1957[16]
14Tunisia1957[17]
15Ethiopia4 June 1958[18]
16Sweden6 June 1958[19]
17Egypt11 June 1958[20]
18Turkey1 August 1958[21]
19Dominican Republic18 December 1958[22]
20Guinea6 March 1959[23]
21Serbia15 September 1959[24]
—Sovereign Military Order of Malta1959[25]
22Argentina8 January 1960[26]
23Morocco5 April 1960[27]
24Democratic Republic of the Congo30 June 1960[28]
25India7 July 1960[29]
26  Switzerland19 July 1960[30]
27Togo29 July 1960[31]
28Nigeria1 October 1960[32]
29Mali14 October 1960[33]
30Cameroon23 November 1960[34]
31Luxembourg20 January 1961[35]
32Ivory Coast31 July 1961[36]
33JapanSeptember 1961[37]
34Sierra Leone8 June 1962[38]
35Sudan8 August 1962[39]
36Senegal1962[40]
37Austria25 June 1963[41]
38Denmark11 July 1963[42]
39Benin1963[43]
40Burkina Faso1963[43]
41Niger1963[43]
42South Korea18 March 1964[44]
43Kenya21 May 1964[45]
44Norway17 February 1965[46]
45Venezuela16 March 1965[47]
46Gambia3 November 1965[48]
47Trinidad and Tobago6 December 1965[49]
48Indonesia1965[50]
49Tanzania27 May 1966[51]
50Thailand2 February 1967[52]
51Mauritania13 March 1967[53]
52Uganda5 April 1967[54]
53Lesotho20 October 1968[55]
54Pakistan1969[56][57]
55Finland24 March 1970[58]
56Central African Republic5 May 1970[59]
57Canada24 February 1971[60]
58Algeria31 December 1971[61]
59Kuwait1971[62]
60Zambia3 April 1972[63]
61Romania30 April 1972[64]
62Russia7 June 1972[65]
63Poland30 May 1973[66]
64Czech Republic15 October 1973[67]
65North Korea20 December 1973[68]
66Guinea-Bissau20 February 1974[69]
67Saudi Arabia30 March 1974[70]
68Libya1 April 1974[71]
69Cuba19 April 1974[72]
70Philippines20 May 1974[73]
71Greece29 May 1974[74]
72Bulgaria1 November 1974[75]
73Guyana11 November 1974[76]
74Portugal19 March 1975[77]
75Iran2 June 1975[78]
76Gabon17 June 1975[79]
77Cape Verde27 July 1975[80]
78Mongolia23 April 1976[81]
79Brazil8 June 1976[82]
80Mexico22 June 1976[83]
81Hungary15 July 1976[84]
82China17 February 1977[85]
83Republic of the Congo10 August 1979[86]
84Ecuador31 March 1980[87]
85Equatorial Guinea1980[88]
86Iraq1980[88]
87Somalia1980[88]
88Zimbabwe15 October 1982[89]
89Singapore7 January 1987[90]
90Colombia28 September 1988[87]
91Namibia28 April 1990[91]
92Slovenia30 March 1993[92]
93Azerbaijan22 May 1996[93]
94South Africa10 January 1997[94]
95Malaysia1997[95]
96Slovakia6 March 1998[87]
97Ukraine24 September 1998[87]
98Costa RicaBefore 1999[13]
99Cyprus30 November 2000[87]
100Ireland2004[96]
101Iceland28 November 2006[87]
102Saint Vincent and the Grenadines2 May 2007[87]
103Uruguay1 June 2007[87]
104Estonia28 June 2007[97]
105Jordan10 December 2007[98]
106Malta20 May 2008[87]
107Australia26 September 2008[87]
108Mozambique17 December 2008[99]
109Malawi26 February 2009[100]
110United Arab Emirates6 May 2009[101]
111Sri Lanka17 July 2009[102]
112Qatar3 November 2009[103]
113Angola3 December 2009[104]
114Bosnia and Herzegovina23 February 2010[87]
115Georgia4 March 2010[87]
116Botswana21 September 2010[105]
117Tuvalu28 August 2012[106]
—Sahrawi Republic (suspended)[107]30 October 2012 or before[108]
118Fiji15 November 2012[87]
119Montenegro4 April 2014[87]
120Latvia10 April 2014[87]
121Lithuania23 April 2014[87]
122New Zealand26 August 2014[109]
123Belarus27 April 2016[87]
124Kazakhstan27 April 2016[87]
125Kyrgyzstan17 June 2016[110]
126Vietnam28 June 2016[111]
127Laos12 August 2016[112]
128Myanmar5 May 2017[113]
129Rwanda16 May 2017[114]
130   Nepal17 August 2017[87]
131Armenia22 September 2017[115]
—Kosovo27 May 2018[116]
132Burundi22 January 2020[117]
133Tajikistan21 September 2022[87]
134Jamaica22 September 2022[87]
135Barbados27 February 2024[118]
136Bahrain26 September 2024[87]
137Croatia26 September 2024[87]
138Uzbekistan26 September 2024[119]
139Bolivia2024[120]
140Seychelles13 February 2026[121]
141ChadUnknown
142EswatiniUnknown

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Algeria31 December 1971Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 December 1971 when Algeria established first Mission and first Algerian Ambassador Mr. Zitouni Messaoudi presented his credentials to President of Liberia.[61]
Benin1963Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1963 when M. Pierre Cofi, the Ambassador of the Ivory Coast has presented his Letters of credence to President Tubman, from the Presidents of Republics of the Upper Volta, Niger and Dahomey, accrediting him Ambassador of the free states to the Republic of Liberia.[43]
Botswana21 September 2010Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 2010 when Ambassador of Liberia to Botswana Mr. Lois Lewis Brutus presented his credentials to President Seretse Khama.[105]
Cameroon23 November 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1960 when open Embassy of Cameroon in Monrovia.[34]
Cote d'Ivoire31 July 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 July 1961[36]
  • Ivory Coast has an embassy in Monrovia.
  • Liberia has an embassy inAbidjan.
Egypt11 June 1958Both countries established diplomatic relations and exchange diplomatic representations at ambassadorial level on 11 June 1958.[20]
Equatorial Guinea1980Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1980 when has been accredited ambassador of Equatorial Guinea to Liberia, residing in Lagos M. Jose Walterio Okori Dougan.[88]
Ethiopia1958Both countries have agreed to exchange diplomatic missions at Embassy level in 1958.[122]
Gambia3 November 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1965 when has been accredited Ambassador of Liberia to Gambia Mr. R. Francis Okai (Jnr.).[48]
GhanaJune 1957Both countries established diplomatic relations in June 1957 when M. Abraham Benjamin Bah Kofi, Ghanaian Charge d'Affaires to Liberia presented his credentials to President Tubman.[15]
Guinea6 March 1959

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1959 when Mr. Edward Peal, the Liberian Ambassador to the Republic of Guinea, presented his credentials to President S. Toure.[23]

The First Liberian Civil War, instigated by Charles Taylor and theNational Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) on December 24, 1989, eventually spread to neighboringSierra Leone in 1991 when dissidents of theRevolutionary United Front (RUF), led byFoday Sankoh, began using Liberia as a staging ground for NPFL backed military assaults on border towns in Sierra Leone.[123][124][125]

By 1992, 120,000 people had fled from Sierra Leone to Guinea due to the RUF's practice of targeting civilians. In 2001, Liberian forces along with the RUF began attacking and burning refugee camps and Guinean villages along the border. In an inflammatory speech the Guinean presidentLansana Conté, blamed the refugees for the border destabilization and alleged that the vast majority of refugees were rebels.[123]

He called for the Guinean population to defend its nation. This call precipitated attacks, beatings, rapes, and abductions of refugees by Guinean police and military forces. This reversal of Guinea's previously open policy towards refugees, further escalated the refugee crisis as refugees attempted to cross back through RUF territory.[124] By 2002, theUnited Nations estimated that three million people, or one in five people of theMano River Union countries, were displaced.[125][126]

  • Guinea has an embassy in Monrovia.
  • Liberia has an embassy inConakry.
Kenya21 May 1964Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 May 1964 when Liberia's Ambassador to Kenya, Mr. George Padmore, has presented his credentials to the Governor-General of Kenya.[45]
Libya1 April 1974SeeLiberia–Libya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1974.[71]

Liberia's relationship withLibya has been characterized byMuammar Gaddafi's attempts at bringing Liberia under greater Libyan influence. Relations under theDoe administration were poor, owing to efforts by theUnited States to undermine Gaddafi's leverage, and Doe's cynicism of the Libyan leader's intentions. Gaddafi financially and militarily backed rebel leaderCharles Taylor, under whose regime Liberia sought closer relations with Libya. After Taylor was ousted in 2003, Liberia continued to maintain diplomatic relations with Libya, only severing them after the onset of theLibyan Civil War, and just recently reestablishing them.

Mali14 October 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1960 when established Embassy of Mali in Liberia and appointed first Chargé d'Affaires Mr. Sango Ibrahima in Monrovia[33]
Mauritania13 March 1967Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 1967 when Ambassador of Mauritania to Liberia M. Bakar Ould Ahmedou, has presented his credentials to President Tubman.[53]
Mozambique17 December 2008Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 2008 when has been accredited Ambassador of Liberia to Mozambique.[99]
Namibia28 April 1990

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1990[91]

In 1960, Liberia andEthiopia brought litigation againstapartheid South Africa in theInternational Court of Justice to end its illegal occupation of Namibia.[127] As part of Liberia's support for Namibia's liberation struggle, many Namibian students received Liberian passports which helped them study abroad.

As of July 2008, a total of 5,900Namibia Defence Force troops had been rotated through Liberia as part of theUnited Nations Mission in Liberia.[128] Namibia maintained a battalion of about 800 personnel inGrand Cape Mount county for several years, for most of the period part of UNMIL Sector 2, headquartered atTubmanburg. In May 2005, Namibian troops were accused of sexual exploitation of young girls and women; three Namibian soldiers were sent home from the force after aUnited Nations investigation found them guilty of "engaging in sexual activity with civilians", which is against United Nations rules for peacekeepers.[129]

  • Liberia is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Namibia is accredited to Liberia from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
Nigeria1 October 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1960 when the Nigerian Government has agreed to Liberia's raising the status its consulate general in Lagos to that of an Embassy on the same date.[32]
  • Liberia has an embassy inAbuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Monrovia.
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
  • Liberia began recognizing the SADR on 31 July 1985.[130]
  • Liberia revoked its recognition in September 1997.[130]
  • By 2012, Liberia had re-established relations with the SADR.[131]
Senegal1962Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962 when has been accredited Ambassador of Senegal to Liberia M. Amadou Lamine Sall.[40]
Sierra Leone8 June 1962

SeeLiberia-Sierra Leone relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 June 1962 when has been appointed first ambassador of Liberia to Sierra Leone Mr. Henry B. Fahnbulleh.[38]

The First Liberian Civil War, instigated by Charles Taylor and theNational Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) on December 24, 1989, eventually spread to neighboringSierra Leone in 1991 when dissidents of theRevolutionary United Front (RUF), led byFoday Sankoh, began using Liberia as a staging ground for NPFL backed military assaults on border towns in Sierra Leone.[123][124][125]Guinea andSierra Leone have accused Liberia of backing rebels who have devastated their countries.[123]

  • Liberia has an embassy inFreetown.
  • Sierra Leone has an embassy in Monrovia.
Somalia1980Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1980 when has been accredited Ambassador of Somalia to Liberia, residing in Dakar, M. Jaallee-Abdinur Yusuf Mohamed.[88]
South Africa10 January 1997Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1997[94]
  • Liberia has an embassy inPretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Monrovia.
Tanzania27 May 1966Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 1966 when first Ambassador of Liberia to Tanzania Henry Bima Fahnbulleh presented his credentials to President Nyerere[51]
Togo29 July 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1960 when accredited first Ambassador of Liberia to Togo Mr. John Cox.[31]
Zambia3 April 1972Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1972 when first Zambian Ambassador to Liberia Mr. Siteke G. Mwale presented his credentials[63]

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Haiti29 June 1952Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 June 1952.[132]
  • Haiti and Liberia recognized each other in 1864.[133]
  • The two countries established treaties of friendship and commerce the same year.[133]
Mexico22 June 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 1976[83]
  • Liberia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[134]
  • Mexico is accredited to Liberia from its embassy in Accra, Ghana.
Trinidad and Tobago6 December 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1965 when was accredited first ambassador of Liberia to Trinidad and Tobago (resident in Haiti) Mr. William B. Fernandez[49]
United States23 February 1864Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 February 1864[5]

SeeLiberia–United States relations

U.S. relations with Liberia date back to 1819 when the USCongress appropriated $100,000 for the establishment of Liberia.[135] After official US recognition of Liberia in 1862, the two nations shared very close ties until strains in the 1970s due to Liberia's establishment of diplomatic relations with theSoviet Union and otherEastern Bloc countries.[136]

During the 1980s, the United States forged especially close ties with Liberia as part of aCold War effort to suppresssocialist andMarxist movements in Africa. Liberia received between $500 million and $1.3 billion during the 1980s from the United States government.[137]

The rise of Charles Taylor's government, the Liberian Civil War, regional instability andhuman rights abuses interrupted the previously close relations between Liberia and the United States. The United States cut direct financial and military aid to the Liberian government, withdrewPeace Corps operations, imposed a travel ban on senior Liberian Government officials, and frequently criticized Charles Taylor's government.[135][138] Due to intense pressure from the international community and the United States, Charles Taylor resigned his office on August 11, 2003.[136]

The resignation and exile of Charles Taylor in 2003 brought changes in diplomatic ties between the United States and Liberia. The United States proposed aUnited Nations Security Council draft resolution to authorize the deployment of a multi-national stabilization force,[139][140] and 200marines as well as warships were sent to Monrovia's airport to support the peace-keeping effort.[141] The United States committed $1.16 billion to Liberia between 2004 and 2006.[135][142] In 2009, A 17.5 million dollar contract to support elections was offered to Liberia withInternational Foundation for Electoral Systems as the conduit.[143] This money is meant to support the presidential election of 2011 and the general election of 2014.[143]

Venezuela16 March 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 March 1965

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
China17 February 1977SeeChina–Liberia relations

Relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Liberia have been broken and reestablished several times since February 17, 1977, when diplomatic relations between the PRC and Liberia were first formed.[144] The PRC broke off relations with Liberia on October 10, 1989, in response to Liberia's recognition of theRepublic of China (Taiwan).[145]

Taiwan had offered $200 million in aid to Liberia for education and infrastructure in exchange for this recognition. The PRC reestablished relations with Liberia on August 10, 1993, and opened an embassy in Monrovia, making Liberia one of the few nations with established diplomatic ties to both the PRC and ROC.[146] In 1997,Charles Taylor's government proclaimed to recognize "two Chinas" and the PRC subsequently severed diplomatic relations.[147]

Liberia dropped diplomatic relations with the ROC on October 12, 2003, and reestablished ties with the People's Republic ofChina.[148] This move was seen largely as a result of the PRC's lobbying in the UN and plans to deploy a peacekeeping force in Liberia.[149]

India7 July 1960SeeIndia–Liberia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1960[29]

Indian-Liberian relations have traditionally been strong and cordial with Liberia's full-fledged support for India's stand onKashmir and India's aspiration for permanent membership on theUnited Nations Security Council. In recent years, both nations have developed close and extensive cooperation in trade, military and strategic fields.

Amidst India's growing role in Liberia, the Liberian Minister of Mines and Energy, Dr. Eugene Shannon visited India in October 2005 to participate in theConfederation of Indian Industry-Africa Conclave. In 2008, the President of LiberiaEllen Johnson Sirleaf was invited to visit India.[150] Major items of Indian exports include engineering goods, pharmaceuticals, two wheelers, transportation equipment, steel and plastic products. Major items of imports are gold, diamonds, timber and metal scrap. Following lifting ofUnited Nations sanctions, timber concessions have been awarded to Indian firms. Overall, Indian investments in Liberia have been increased from US$450 million in 2005 to an estimated $2 billion in 2009.

Iran2 June 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1975[78] In 2023, anIranian drone struck the Liberian flagged chemical tankerChem Pluto.[153][154]
Iraq1980Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1980 when has been accredited Ambassador of Iraq to Liberia, residing in Lagos M. Saffa Mohammed Ali.[88]
Israel22 August 1957SeeIsrael–Liberia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 August 1957.[16]

  • Liberia and Israel established ties in 1957 with the accreditation of Israeli ambassadorEhud Avriel.[155]
  • Liberia severed ties with Israel over theYom Kippur War in 1973.[156]
  • Relations are re-established in 1983.[157]
  • On 8 June 2022, Liberia announced its plans to open a trade office inJerusalem, which is to become an embassy.[157]
JapanSeptember 1961
Laos12 August 2016Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 2016
  • Liberia is accredited to Laos through its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Laos does not have an accreditation to Liberia.[159]
Lebanon1 January 1951Both countries established diplomatic relations when Liberian and Lebanese Governments to raise their Consulates General to the status of Legations, and a proclamation was issued announcing that the change would take effect from 1 January 1951.[12] In 1957 both countries raise their Legations to status of Embassies[160]
Pakistan1969Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1969 when has been accredited Pakistan's first Ambassador to Liberia M. Ali Arshad.[57]
South Korea18 March 1964

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 March 1964[44]

In 2001 Bilateral Trade were Exports $7,350,000,000 (Ships, Automobile) Imports $1,270,000 (Used Ships, Mineral Fuel).[161]

Turkey1 August 1958SeeLiberia–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1958[21]

Vietnam28 June 2016Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 2016[111]
  • During theCold War, Liberia maintained diplomatic relations withSouth Vietnam only.[citation needed]
  • Vietnam is accredited to Liberia through its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Liberia is accredited to Vietnam through its embassy in Beijing, China.[163]

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Belgium5 June 1867Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 June 1867 when has been appointed Chargé d'Affaires of Liberia to Belgium (resident in Paris) M. le vicomte de Fleury.[7]
Denmark31 December 1861[164][165]

25 July 1963

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1963 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Liberia (resident in Accra) Mr. Hans Adolf Biering[166]
Finland
  • Finland is accredited to Liberia through its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Liberia is accredited to Finland through its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
France20 April 1852SeeFrance–Liberia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 1852[4]

  • France recognized Liberia in 1852.[167]
  • France has an embassy in Monrovia.
  • Liberia has an embassy inParis.
Germany23 July 1953Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 1953[14]

SeeGermany–Liberia relations

  • Liberia has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy inMonrovia.[168]
Italy5 October 1951Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1951 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Liberia Mr. Umberto Campini.[13]
Netherlands3 May 1949Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 1949.[10]

27 March 1936 has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Liberia to the Netherlands Baron Otto van den Bogaerde van Terbrugge.[169]

  • The Netherlands recognized Liberia in 1862.[167]
  • The two countries signed a treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation on 20 December 1862.[170]
Norway
  • Liberia is accredited to Norway through its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Norway is accredited to Liberia through its embassy in Accra, Ghana.
Russia7 June 1972

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 June 1972.[65]

Liberia and Russia resumed bilateral relations in March 2010 and cited a recent exploration of mine by a Russian company as a sign of future trade relations.[171]

Spain15 May 1950SeeLiberia–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1950[11]

  • Liberia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain is accredited to Liberia from its embassy in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
Sweden
  • Liberia is accredited to Sweden through its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Monrovia.
United Kingdom1 August 1849SeeLiberia–United Kingdom relations
British Prime MinisterDavid Cameron withLiberian PresidentEllen Johnson Sirleaf in London, November 2012.

Liberia establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 1 August 1849.[3][failed verification]

  • Liberia maintains anembassy inLondon.[172]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Liberia through its embassy in Monrovia.[173]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[174] theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[175] and a Tax Information Exchange Agreement.[176]

The UK was amongst the first countries to recognise the new republic. After the visit to the UK in 1848 ofPresident Roberts,Queen Victoria put theRoyal Navy shipHMSAmazon at the disposal of him and his family, for his return journey to Liberia.[177]

In 1961,Queen Elizabeth II made a state visit to Liberia, arriving atMonrovia on theHMYBritannia.[178] President Tubman made a gift of twoPygmy hippopotamus, which arrived by cargo ship in 1962 and were sent toWhipsnade Zoo.[179]

In 1962, President Tubman and his wife visited the UK.[180]

Diplomatic Agreements

[edit]

Liberia is a founding member of theUnited Nations (seePermanent Representative of Liberia to the United Nations) and its specialized agencies and is a member of theAfrican Union (AU),Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS),African Development Bank (ADB),Mano River Union (MRU) and theNon-Aligned Movement. Liberia is also a member of theInternational Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for theUS-military (as covered underArticle 98).[135][181]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Holloway, Joseph E. (1985)."Liberian Foreign Affairs: A Bibliographical Essay".The International History Review.7 (3):422–432.ISSN 0707-5332.JSTOR 40105501.
  2. ^"Global Connections . Liberia . U.S. Policy". PBS. Retrieved2024-04-05.
  3. ^ab"Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Great Britain and Liberia". Archived fromthe original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved11 December 2023.
  4. ^abRecueil des traités de la France, 6 (in French). p. 175.
  5. ^ab"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Liberia".Office of the Historian. Retrieved17 February 2024.
  6. ^Robert Debs Heinl, Nancy Gordon Heinl (1978),Written in Blood (The Story of the Haitian People 1492–1971), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 222,ISBN 0-395-26305-0
  7. ^abMoniteur belge journal officiel. 1872,1/2 (in French). Belgique. 1872. p. 485.
  8. ^"Diplomatic Relations of the Holy See".Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Retrieved11 December 2023.
  9. ^"Reseña histórica de la presencia chilena en África" (in Spanish). p. 9. Retrieved14 February 2024.
  10. ^abRechtsgeleerd magazin Themis (in Dutch). Tjeenk Willink. 1953. p. 388.
  11. ^ab"Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol" (in Spanish). p. 307. Retrieved9 May 2023.
  12. ^abBritish Documents on Foreign Affairs: Ethiopia, Egypt, Morocco, Libya, and Africa (general), 1951. LexisNexis. 2005. p. 87.
  13. ^abc"I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Undicesima Serie: 1948-1953 Volume VI (26 luglio 1951 – 30 giugno 1952)".farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 867. Retrieved29 October 2023.
  14. ^ab"Liberia: Steckbrief".Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved6 May 2023.
  15. ^abLiberia Today Volumes 5-7. Liberian Embassy in Washington. 1956. p. 7. Retrieved14 February 2024.
  16. ^abJohn P. Glennon, Stanley Shaloff (1989).Africa. United States. Department of State. Office of the Historian. p. 411. Retrieved9 December 2023.
  17. ^"Relations bilatérales: Liberia".République Tunisienne Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (in French). Archived fromthe original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved15 February 2024.
  18. ^"Svenska Dagbladet" (in Swedish). 4 June 1958. p. 10. Retrieved6 April 2025.Diplomatiska förbindelser på ambassadörsnivå upprättats mellan Etiopien och Liberia...
  19. ^"Liberia: Sweden, Liberia Celebrate 65 Years of Friendship".Liberian Observer. June 7, 2023. Archived fromthe original on 29 January 2024. Retrieved15 February 2024.
  20. ^abNews from Hsinhua News Agency Daily bulletin · Issues 170-199. 1958. p. 44.
  21. ^abDaily Report Foreign Radio Broadcasts · Issues 146-150. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1958. p. B-27.
  22. ^Mensaje (in Spanish). Presidency of the Dominican Republic. 1958. p. 62.
  23. ^abThe African & Colonial World and the Indian at Home & Overseas Volume 7. Independent Publishing Company. 1959. p. 11.
  24. ^"Liberia: Bilateral agreements".Republic of Serbia Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved9 December 2023.
  25. ^"President Sirleaf Receives Sovereign Order of Malta's Highest Distinction, Order por Merito Melitensi".emansion.gov.lr. 5 April 2014. Archived fromthe original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved17 February 2024.
  26. ^"Acuerdo por Notas Reversales sobre Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Argentina y la República de Liberia".Biblioteca Digital de Tratados Argentina (in Spanish). Archived fromthe original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved17 February 2024.
  27. ^"Liberia".Royaume du Maroc Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation (in French). Archived fromthe original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved9 December 2023.
  28. ^"Rapport de stage effectué au Ministère des Affaires Etrangères à Kinshasa".Memoire online (in French). Retrieved14 February 2024.
  29. ^abIndian Information. 1960. p. 490.
  30. ^"No 1631. Nomination de M. René Keller en qualité d'ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de la Confédération suisse au Ghana, en Guinée, au Libéria et au Togo, avec résidence à Accra; sa promotion au grade de ministre de II classe".dodis.ch (in French). Retrieved19 May 2023.
  31. ^abTogo Handbook (in French). Togo Service de l'information. 1962. p. 66.
  32. ^abDaily Report Foreign Radio Broadcasts · Issues 181-185. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1960. p. 6.
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