Map of countries with diplomatic missions of Indonesia shown in blue.
Sinceindependence, Indonesian foreign relations have adhered to a "free and active" foreign policy, seeking to play a role in regional affairs commensurate with its size and location but avoiding involvement in conflicts among major powers. During the presidency ofSukarno, Indonesia's foreign relations were marked by engagement with other newly independent nations in Asia and Africa, as exemplified by theBandung Conference, the subsequent foundation of theNon-Aligned Movement and a confrontational attitude towards Western powers, justified by a belief in theCONEFO and opposition to what Sukarno termed asNEKOLIM (Neocolonialism andImperialism).[1]
After aUS-backed ouster of Sukarno and left-wing elements in 1965, Indonesian foreign policy underwent a major shift under the"New Order" government, as PresidentSuharto moved away from the stridently anti-Western, anti-American posturing that characterised thelatter part of the Sukarno era. FollowingSuharto's ouster in 1998, Indonesia's government has preserved the broad outlines of Suharto's independent, moderate foreign policy. Preoccupation with domestic problems has not prevented successive presidents from travelling abroad.
Indonesia managed to play a role as a peacemaker in the2008–2013 Cambodian–Thai border crisis. Indonesia and other ASEAN member countries collectively have also played a role in encouraging the government ofMyanmar to open up its political system and introduce other reforms more quickly.[2]
Given its geographic and demographic size, risingcapabilities and diplomatic initiatives, scholars have classified Indonesia as one of Asia-Pacific'smiddle powers.[3]
The foreign policy of Indonesia has evolved over time and has been shaped by various factors such as its historical context, geographic location, national interests, and leadership. Here is an overview of the historical context of Indonesia's foreign policy:
Founding Principles: Indonesia's foreign policy is rooted in the country's founding principles of Pancasila, which emphasizes peaceful coexistence, mutual respect, and non-interference in the domestic affairs of other countries.[4]
Western New Guinea. The western part of New Guinea was under Dutch colonial rule and known as "West Irian." When Indonesia gained independence from the Netherlands in 1945, the Dutch retained control over West Irian, but Indonesia claimed it. The United Nations supervised the transfer of West Irian to Indonesia in 1963. The region officially became a part of Indonesia in 1969 through a UN-sanctioned referendum known as the Act of Free Choice.[5]
Non-Aligned Movement: After gaining independence from Dutch colonial rule in 1945, Indonesia played a prominent role in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). The NAM was a group of countries that chose not to align with any major power bloc during the Cold War, advocating for a neutral stance and promoting cooperation among developing nations.[6]
Regional Leadership: Indonesia has sought to establish itself as a leader in the Southeast Asian region. It was one of the founding members of theASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) in 1967 and has been actively involved in regional initiatives to promote peace, stability, and economic integration in Southeast Asia.[7]
"Free and Active" Foreign Policy: In the 1950s and 1960s, under the leadership of PresidentSukarno, Indonesia pursued a "free and active" foreign policy. This policy aimed at asserting Indonesia's independence and taking an active role in global affairs by participating in international organizations, supporting decolonization movements, and advocating for the rights of developing nations.[8]
Post-Suharto Era: Following the resignation of PresidentSuharto in 1998, Indonesia underwent political and economic reforms. This period saw a shift in foreign policy priorities, focusing more on economic development, regional cooperation, and democracy promotion. Indonesia also embraced a more pragmatic approach in its foreign relations.[9]
Timor-Leste: In 1975, shortly after East Timor declared independence from Portuguese colonial rule, Indonesia invaded and occupied the territory. The occupation lasted for 24 years and was marked by widespread human rights abuses, violence, and resistance from the East Timorese people. The international community largely condemned the occupation. Various human rights organizations and activists put pressure on Indonesia to leave. In 1999, Indonesia agreed to hold a UN-sponsored referendum to determine its political status. The majority of the East Timorese people voted for independence, leading to widespread violence and destruction orchestrated by pro-Indonesia militias. International peacekeeping forces, led by Australia, restored order. Timor-Leste finally achieved independence in 2002.[10]
Territorial Integrity: Indonesia places great importance on its territorial integrity and has been firm in its stance against any threats to its sovereignty. It has been involved in various territorial disputes, including those in the South China Sea, and has sought to resolve them through peaceful means, including diplomatic negotiations.[11]
Counterterrorism and Maritime Security: Indonesia has actively cooperated with regional and international partners in combating terrorism and ensuring maritime security. It has been affected by terrorist attacks in the past and has taken steps to enhance intelligence-sharing, border control, and counterterrorism efforts.[12]
Economic Diplomacy: With the world's fourth-largest population and a growing economy, Indonesia has focused on economic diplomacy to attract foreign investment, promote trade relations, and strengthen economic ties with other countries. It has pursued partnerships with both developed and developing nations to foster economic growth and development.[13]
Climate Change and Environmental Issues: As a country highly vulnerable to the impacts ofclimate change, Indonesia has been actively engaged in international efforts to address environmental issues. It has been a vocal advocate for sustainable development, forest conservation, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.[14]
Global and Regional Multilateralism: Indonesia actively participates in various multilateral organizations, including the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). It has sought to contribute to global peace, security, and development by engaging in multilateral dialogues and fostering regional cooperation.[15]
A cornerstone of Indonesia's contemporary foreign policy is its participation in theAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),[16] of which it was a founding member in 1967 withThailand,Malaysia,Singapore, and thePhilippines. Since then,Brunei,Vietnam,Laos,Myanmar, andCambodia also have joined ASEAN. While organised to promote shared economic, social, and cultural goals, ASEAN acquired a security dimension after Vietnam's liberation of Cambodia in 1979; this aspect of ASEAN expanded with the establishment of the ASEAN Regional Forum in 1994, which comprises 22 countries, including the US.
The Indonesian capitalJakarta is also the seat of ASEAN Secretariat. Other than serving their diplomatic missions for Indonesia, a number of foreign embassies and diplomatic mission inJakarta are also accredited to ASEAN. The presence of the ASEAN Headquarters has madeJakarta a diplomatic hub in Southeast Asia in some regards.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Indonesia's domestic troubles distracted it from ASEAN matters and consequently reduced its influence within the organisation. However, after the political and economic transformation, from the turmoil of 1998Reformasi to the relatively open and democratic civil society with rapid economic growth in the 2010s, Indonesia returned to the region's diplomatic stage by assuming its leadership role in ASEAN in 2011. Indonesia is viewed to have weight, international legitimacy and global appeal to draw support and attention from around the world to ASEAN. Indonesia believes that ASEAN can contribute positively to the international community, by promoting economic development and co-operation, improving security, peace, the stability of ASEAN, and making the Southeast Asia region far from conflicts.[2]
Indonesia's bilateral relations with three neighbouring ASEAN members—Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam—are not without challenges. If not appropriately managed, it would result in mutual mistrust and suspicion, thus hindering bilateral and regional co-operation. In the era of rising Indonesia, which might assert its leadership role within ASEAN, the problem could become more significant. Nevertheless, the rise of Indonesia should be regarded in the sense of optimism. First, although Indonesia is likely to become assertive, the general tone of its foreign policy is mainly liberal and accommodating. The consolidation of the Indonesian democratic government played a key role and influence in ASEAN. The second, institutional web of ASEAN will sustain engagements and regular meetings between regional elites, thus deepening their mutual understanding and personal connections.[17]
Indonesia is also a founding member of theNon-Aligned Movement (NAM) and chaired and hosted the1992 Non-Aligned Movement Summit. Indonesia plays a crucial role in the organization, as a founder and in determining the direction of the Non-Aligned Movement. Indonesia led the NAM's position away from the rhetoric of North-South confrontation and instead advocated for expanded North-South cooperation in development. Indonesia continues to be a prominent leader of the Non-Aligned Movement and is generally constructive to the organization's progress.[18]
Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population and is a member of OIC. It carefully considers the interests of Islamic solidarity in its foreign policy decisions but generally has been an influence for moderation in the OIC.
Indonesia has been a strong supporter of theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. Indonesia has hosted two APEC summits, the1994 APEC Summit and the2013 APEC Summit. Indonesia emphasized the importance of trade and investment for the prosperity of APEC member countries. APEC members agreed to implement free trade in the region by 2010 for industrialized countries and 2020 for developing countries. As the largest economy in Southeast Asia, Indonesia also belongs to other economic groupings such asG20 andDeveloping 8 Countries (D-8).
In 2008, Indonesia was admitted as a member of theG20, as the only ASEAN member state in the group.[19] Through its membership in the global economic powerhouse that accounted of 85% of the global economy,[19] Indonesia is keen to position itself as a mouthpiece for ASEAN countries, and as a representative of thedeveloping world within the G20.[20]Bali, Indonesia had played host to the2022 G20 Summit.
Indonesia became a full member ofBRICS in 6 January 2025. BRICS is an intergovernmental organization comprising ten countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates.[21]
After 1966, Indonesia welcomed and maintained close relations with the international donor community, particularly the United States, western Europe, Australia, and Japan, through the meetings of theInter-Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI) and its successor, theConsultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), which coordinated substantial foreign economic assistance. Problems in Timor and Indonesia's reluctance to implement economic reform at times complicated Indonesia's relationship with donors. In 1992 the IGGI aid coordination group ceased to meet and the coordination activities were transferred to meetings arranged by the World Bank through the CGI. The CGI, in turn, ceased activities in 2007 when the Indonesian government suggested that an internationally organised aid coordination program was no longer needed.
Indonesia has a number of outlying and remote islands, some of which are inhabited by multiple pirate groups that regularly attack ships in theStrait of Malacca in the north,[22] andillegal fishing crews known for penetrating Australian and Filipino waters.[23] At the same time, Indonesian waters are the target of large-scale illegal fishing activities by foreign vessels.[24]
Indonesia has some present and historic territorial disputes with neighboring nations, such as:
Ambalat Block in dispute withMalaysia (ongoing, overlapping EEZ line drawn by both countries)
The Republic of Indonesia established diplomatic relations with Brunei Darussalam on 1 January 1984. Brunei Darussalam was recognised by Indonesia in 1984.
Although they do not share a direct land border, Indonesia and Brunei share the island ofBorneo. Overall relations between the two countries were progressing well and that both sides continued to enjoy strong ties in a wide spectrum of co-operations; including trade and investment, tourism, agriculture, marine and fisheries, health, defence, transnational crimes, education, youth, culture and people-to-people contacts.[135]
Indonesia has an embassy inBandar Seri Begawan, while Brunei has an embassy in Jakarta.
The relationship between ancient Indonesia and Cambodia dated back from the kingdom ofChenla andJavanSailendra alsoSrivijaya; it was mentioned that kingJayavarman II had resided for some times in Java during the reign of Sailendras, and in 802 declare sovereignty of Cambodia from Java and proclaimed himself as universal monarch thus started the Angkor period.[136]
During theSukarno reign in the 1960s, the president of Indonesia has visited Cambodia and vice versa princeNorodom Sihanouk also visited Indonesia.
Since established diplomatic relations in 1957, both countries enjoy cordial relations. Indonesia has an embassy inVientiane, while Laos has an embassy in Jakarta. Indonesia supported and welcomed Laotian membership to ASEAN in 1997. Laos and Indonesia agreed to enhance relations to focus on exploring the potential of both countries to co-operate on trade and investment. The two countries expressed a desire to reach further agreements relating to security, tourism, sport, air transport and education.[139] Indonesia through bilateral co-operation assist Laos on capacity building and development in various sectors, through scholarships and trainings for Laotian students.[140]
Despite fighting each other during the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, Indonesia and Malaysia enjoy friendly relations. The populations of both countries have cordial relations and trade between the two countries has greatly increased over the years.
Indonesia and Malaysia has the same ethnic population that belongs to the Austronesian group and sharing the same language although minor differences in vocabulary.
Currently, both countries are in a territorial dispute over the oil rich islands ofAmbalat. Previously, they were overterritorial disputes over the islands ofLigitan andSipadan, which were won by Malaysia.
The Indonesian migrant workers (Indonesian: TKI/Tenaga Kerja Indonesia) have become the important issue between both countries. The problems concerning migrant workers such as illegal immigration, crime, human trafficking, abuse, poor treatment and extortion upon migrant workers. Since 2009 Indonesia has temporarily stop sending domestic workers to Malaysia until both countries agree on ways to protect them.[141] Indonesia resumed sending migrant workers to Malaysia in May 2011 as both countries signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) about worker protection by the end of April 2011.[142]
Indonesia and the Philippines are both archipelagic countries dominated by an ethnic population that belongs to the Austronesian group.
Both countries established their bilateral and diplomatic relations in 1949. The Indonesian Government has opened its consular office inManila but it was not until the mid-1950s that an embassy was established headed by an ambassador. Indonesia also has a consulate general inDavao City.[145]
The Philippines has an embassy in Jakarta and a consulate general inManado.
A treaty of friendship was signed in 1951. This Treaty constituted the basic relationship of both countries, covering several aspects such as maintenance of peace and friendship, settlement of disputes by diplomatic and peaceful means, traffic arrangements for citizens of both countries and activities to promote co-operation in the area of trade and cultural, which include the political, social-economic and security matters of both countries.
Relations with Indonesia are generally good, though current outstanding issues include the bans on the export of sand, andgranite;[147] both of which Singapore's construction industry is reliant on.
Indonesia has an embassy in Singapore.
Singapore has an embassy in Jakarta and consulates general inBatam andMedan.[148]
Indonesia and Thailand are viewed as natural allies.[149]
Indonesia is Thailand's third most important trade partner within ASEAN, with bilateral trade worth $8.7 billion in 2007.[150] Trade between the two countries is set to grow over the years.
Following the military takeover of the government in Thailand in May 2014, Indonesia supports the restoration of democracy in Thailand. Indonesia urged the military and civilian elements in Thailand to work together to quickly restore the political situation in Thailand.[151]
Indonesia has an embassy inBangkok and a consulate inSongkhla.
Timor-Leste and Indonesia share the island ofTimor. Indonesia invaded the former Portuguese colony in 1975 and annexed it in 1976, maintaining East Timor as its 27th province until aUnited Nations-sponsored referendum in 1999, in which the people of Timor-Leste chose independence. Following aUnited Nations interim administration, Timor-Leste gained independence in 2002.
Despite the traumatic past, relations with Indonesia are good. Indonesia is by far the largest trading partner of Timor-Leste (Approximately 50% of imports, 2005) and is steadily increasing its share.
Problems to be solved include, Indonesia-Timor-Leste Boundary Committee meetings to survey and delimit land boundary; and Indonesia is seeking resolution of East Timorese refugees in Indonesia.
Formal relations started in 1955 for the consulate general level. Soedibjo Wirjowerdojo (former chargé d'affaires of Indonesian Embassy in Peking, China from year of 1953–1955) was appointed to be The First Indonesian Consul General to Vietnam, and located in Hanoi.
PresidentMegawati Sukarnoputri of Indonesia visited Vietnam in June 2003. At this time the two countries signed a "Declaration on the Framework of Friendly and Comprehensive Cooperation Entering the 21st Century".
In the December of the same year festivities were organized in the respective capital cities to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties.
TheEgyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially acknowledged the Jam'iyya Istiqlâl Indonesia on 22 March 1946, as the representative of the self-claimed Indonesian Republican government.
The Prime Minister of Egypt and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia signed the Treaty of Friendship and Cordiality between the two countries on 10 June 1947, beginning both diplomatic relationships.
Indonesia has anembassy inCairo and Egypt has an embassy in Jakarta since 25 February 1950.
The diplomatic relations was officially established in 1965, however it was not until 2013 that both leaders of each countries visited each other's to further the co-operations.
The ancestors of Madagascar people came from Indonesia, sailed acrossIndian Ocean, back in early 8th to 9th century CE.[169]
Indonesia has an embassy inAntananarivo, while Madagascar has not established an embassy inJakarta yet.
Malagasy language andIndonesian language shared similar words, such as hand:ˈtananə (Malagasy),tangan (Indonesian); skin:ˈhulitse (Malagasy),kulit (Indonesian); white:ˈfuti (Malagasy),putih (Indonesian).
Indonesia has an embassy inMaputo, also accredited toMalawi.[174] Mozambique maintains an embassy in Jakarta, which also serves Malaysia, East Timor, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.[175]
During a visit by Sudanese Foreign Minister Ali Karti to Jakarta in February 2012, both countries have agreed to foster bilateral relations in politics, science, education and economic sectors.[183]
Since the diplomatic relations established in 1956, the bilateral relations between Argentina and Indonesia were becoming increasingly more strategic.[192]
Indonesia is the second-largest destination for Argentine exports to Asia after China, and the largest one in Southeast Asia. While Argentina is South America's second-largest importer of Indonesian products afterBrazil.[192]
Brazil and Indonesia possess the largest tropical rainforest of the world[194] that contains the world's richestbiodiversity, which gave them a vital role in global environment issues, such as ensuring tropical forests protection.[195]
Indonesia sees strategic and geographic importance of Panama as their gate toCentral America as well as to reach theCaribbean region, while Panama has also recognized the strategic importance of Indonesia inASEAN.[205]
The United States has important economic, commercial, and security interests in Indonesia. It remains a lynchpin of regional security due to its strategic location astride a number of key international maritime straits, particularly theMalacca Strait. Relations between Indonesia and the US are positive and have advanced since the election of President Yudhoyono in October 2004. The US played a role in Indonesian independence in the late 1940s and appreciated Indonesia's role as an anti-communist bulwark during theCold War. Cooperative relations are maintained today, although no formal security treaties bind the two countries. The United States and Indonesia share the common goal of maintaining peace, security, and stability in the region and engaging in a dialogue on threats to regional security. Cooperation between the US and Indonesia on counter-terrorism has increased steadily since 2002, as terrorist attacks in Bali (October 2002 and October 2005),Jakarta (August 2003 and September 2004) and other regional locations demonstrated the presence of terrorist organisations, principallyJemaah Islamiyah, in Indonesia. The United States has welcomed Indonesia's contributions to regional security, especially its leading role in helping restore democracy inCambodia and in mediating territorial disputes in theSouth China Sea.
Indonesia reopened its embassy inKabul on 14 February 2022. Despite the embassy reopening, the Indonesian government remained not acknowledging the Taliban government.[215]
In January 2018, Indonesian presidentJoko Widodo visited Afghanistan.[216]
Indonesia is a country with the world largestMuslim population, whereas Bangladesh is the fourth largest Muslim country. Indonesia and Bangladesh are partners in theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation,Indian-Ocean Rim Association and theDeveloping 8 Countries. Bangladesh has an embassy inJakarta, whereas Indonesia has an embassy inDhaka. Since the official bilateral relations were established in 1972, both countries enjoy cordial and friendly relations.
China and Indonesia established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1950, which was suspended on 30 October 1967 due to the occurrence of the30 September event of 1965. Indonesia also supports China on the Diaoyu (Senkaku) issue.
Thebilateral relations began to ease since the 1980s. Foreign MinisterQian Qichen of China met with PresidentSuharto and State Minister Moerdiono of Indonesia in 1989 to discuss the resumption of diplomatic relations of the two countries. In December 1989, the two sides held talks on the technical issues regarding the normalisation of bilateral relations and signed the Minutes. Foreign MinisterAli Alatas of Indonesia visited China on invitation in July 1990 and the two sides issued the Agreement on the Settlement of Indonesia's Debt Obligation to China and the Communique on the Resumption of Diplomatic Relations between the two countries. The two countries issued the "Communiqué on the Restoration of Diplomatic Relations between the Two Countries".
PremierLi Peng visited Indonesia on 6 August 1990. In his talks with President Suharto, the two sides expressed their willingness to improve relations on the basis of theFive Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence and the Ten Principles of the Bandung Conference. On 8 August 1990, the Foreign Ministers of China and Indonesia signed a Memorandum of Understanding on the Resumption of Diplomatic Relations. The resumption of formal diplomatic relations between China and Indonesia was announced the same day.
India had supported Indonesian independence and Nehru had raised the Indonesian question in theUnited Nations Security Council.
Indonesia views India as a "distant-cousin" and fellow fighter against colonialism. Indonesia's President Sukarno called for both nations to "intensify the cordial relations" that had existed "for more than 1,000 years" as crystallized in the Treaty of Friendship of March 1951.[220]
India and Indonesia had signed three security agreements in 1956, 1958 and 1960.
India provided military assistance to Indonesia's counterinsurgency campaign in the 1950s.[220]
As part of India'sLook East Policy both countries signed2005 India-Indonesia Strategic Partnership Agreement which was a milestone in the bilateral relationship of both countries.[220]
India provides support and training for the Indonesian Air Force's Sukhoi fighter jet and pilots.[220]
India has an embassy in Jakarta[221] and Indonesia operates an embassy in Delhi.[222]
Indonesia and Iran areMuslim-majority countries, despite the differences in its religious orientation. Indonesia has the largest MuslimSunni population in the world, while Iran is a predominantlyShiite nation.[223]
Jakarta had offered to help mediate theIranian nuclear dispute,Jakarta is on good terms with Iran and other Middle East countries, as well as with the West.[225][226]
The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1950 and have signed around 15 agreements to boost bilateral ties. Indonesia has maintained its embassy in Baghdad during various crises, such as theIraq-Iran War in the 1980s. However, at the height of theIraq War, Indonesia was forced to temporarily closed its embassy inBaghdad in 2003, and reopen it in June 2011.[227]
In 2003, the Indonesian government and people protested against a US-led military campaign against Baghdad. Over 50,000 Indonesian people crowded the streets of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, on Sunday, 9 February 2003, to protest the United States' threat of military action against Iraq.[228] After the war ended and Indonesia reopened its embassy in 2011, relations between the two countries have developed at a fast pace. Iraq invited Indonesia's companies to participate in the reconstruction of Iraq.[229]
Traditionally, Indonesia views Iraq as a source of energy resources, such as oil and gas. Iraqi people are familiar with Indonesian exported products such as: tires, soaps, spices, furniture, coal, clothing, palm oil, shoes, paper, automobiles, rubber, and electronic goods.
The two countries maintain no formal diplomatic ties, although they maintain limited trade, tourism and security relations.[230][231][232][233]
In 2005, Indonesia said that establishing full diplomatic ties with Israel will only be possible after peace withPalestine has been reached.[234] PresidentPrabowo Subianto reiterated this statement on 28 May 2025.[235]
In 2008, Indonesia signed a medical cooperation agreement with Israel's national emergency medical service worth US$200,000.[236]
Indonesia is one of the few countries that still maintain cordial relations with North Korea, despite international sanctions and isolation applied upon North Korea concerning itshuman rights abuses andnuclear missile program. Indonesia has adopted what it calls a "free-and-active" foreign policy, which allows it to be consistent in counting on both Koreas as friends.
Both countries share a relationship that dates back to theSukarno andKim Il Sung era in the 60s. Indonesia has an embassy inPyongyang, while North Korea has an embassy in Jakarta. both countries are members of theNon-Aligned Movement.
According to a 2014BBC World Service Poll, 28% of Indonesians view North Korea's influence positively, with 44% expressing a negative view. This shows a deterioration from previous year's poll where 42% of Indonesians view North Korea's influence positively, with 29% expressing a negative view.[239][240]
South Korea has an embassy in Jakarta and a consulate inDenpasar.[241]
Scale of bilateral trade between two nation is US$14.88 billion.
Both countries have invested in multiple joint military development projects including the KFX/IFX fighter jet.
South Korea firm Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering (DSME) is in final contract negotiations to supply Indonesia with three Type-209 submarines. This will be the largest ever bilateral defence deal valued at US$1.1 billion.[242]
Indonesia and Mongolia established diplomatic relations in 1956.
Mongolia is planning to have a Center of Indonesian Studies, located inMongolian National University. This institution will serve as a learning center for Mongolian students, professors and common people wishing to learn various aspects of Indonesian studies, includes language, culture, history, politics and economy.[244]
Mongolian embassy inBangkok is accredited to Indonesia.
Indonesia is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
Since diplomatic relations were established in 1960, both countries enjoy friendly and cordial relations, although both parties have not established embassies in each counterparts' capitals. Indonesia only established an honorary consulate inKathmandu, while its embassy inDhaka,Bangladesh, is also accredited to Nepal. Nepal on the other hand accredited its embassy inKuala Lumpur,Malaysia, also to Indonesia. Both the countries have multiple cultural proximities and similar view on international issues. Both countries are also partners and founding members of theNon-Aligned Movement (NAM).
Indonesia sent the largesthajj pilgrims among Muslim-majority countries.
The balance of trade is heavily in favour of Saudi Arabia, because of its oil and gas exports to Indonesia.
Migrant worker abuse anddeath sentences faced by Indonesian workers in Saudi Arabia are the main problems that strained diplomatic relations between two countries.
Indonesia and Taiwan (ROC) do not have diplomatic relations, both have only an unofficial relationship.
Despite geopolitical constraints, the relations between two countries remain flourished over times, the opportunities for widening and deepening the relations have grown.[254]
In 2020, around 300,000 Indonesians reside in Taiwan.[255]
The diplomatic relations between Indonesia and the United Arab Emirates are important because both share the solidarity asMuslim-majority countries, and both countries recognize the important role of each counterparts in the region.
Since the diplomatic relations established in 1976, both country enjoy friendly and cordial relationship.
Indonesia has an embassy inAbu Dhabi, while the United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Jakarta.
Indonesia uses the UAE as the main gate to enter the Gulf and Middle East market, Indonesia's export to UAE is the largest in the Middle East.
The Indonesian government has established the trade and investment representative office to promote its products in the United Arab Emirates and the entire Middle East region.
Islam came to Indonesia through Yemeni merchants, the indigenous ruled byHindu kings converted by seeing the modest of Yemenis, Islam spread through trade in theNusantara archipelago.
Indonesia is represented in Yemen through its embassy inMuscat,Oman.
Bilateral relations between Austria and Indonesia were officially established in 1954.
Austria recognises Indonesia as a stable and reliable partner, and both countries enjoy excellent relations.[264]
The two countries have agreed to expand relations in business, trade and investment,tourism, culture, environment andgreen technology.[265]
Austria has an embassy in Jakarta, while Indonesia has an embassy inVienna that is also accredited toSlovenia as well as the following multilateral organisations:IAEA, PrepCom CTBTO,UNODC andUNOOSA.
Croatia sees Indonesia as one of the largest and the most influential nation inASEAN, and recognized its potential as the gate to enter ASEAN markets.[269] Vice versa, Indonesia also recognizes Croatian potential as a strategic gate to penetrate Balkans andEuropean Union market.[270]
Relations between France and Indonesia have been improving of late, while Indonesia has become increasingly strategic to the government and people of France.
There are 110 French multinational companies operating in Indonesia.[276]
The relations between two countries are important as both are democratic republics and both have significant geopolitical influence in their regions.
The diplomatic relationship between France and Indonesia is also a key element for developing relations between Indonesia and the European Union and between France and ASEAN.[277]
Indonesia and Germany have traditionally enjoyed good, intensive and wide-ranging relations.
Germany and Indonesia, as the largest members of theEuropean Union and theAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), respectively, take similar positions on a number of issues relating to the development of the two regional organisations.[279]
The Holy See recognised the Republic of Indonesia on 16 March 1950[284]
Official relations were established in 1950 with the status ofApostolic Internunciatur.[285] In December 1965, the status changed toNunciatur Apostolic.
Both countries have shown a strong desire to improve their relations, especially in intercultural understanding and trade.[293]
Indonesia recognises Italy's strategic location and important role in theMediterranean region, while Italy has favoured relations with Indonesia, and sees Indonesia as the leader inSoutheast Asia.[294]
The relations between two countries not only important to bridge the two regional communities;European Union andASEAN, but also vital as intercultural and interfaith dialogue,[295]
Indonesia's reaction to Kosovo's independence has been mixed. Indonesia does not recognize Kosovo's membership in some international organizations, including theWorld Bank.[296]
Due to the resemblance of the colors red and white on their flags,[297] theMonégasque government asked Indonesia to modify itsflag during the International Hydrographic Congress on 29 April 1952.[298]
Indonesia has a non-resident embassy inParis.[299]
Monaco maintains an honorary consulate inJakarta.[299]
Both countries have agreed to establish a strategic partnership against poverty and climate change, and also in promoting democracy and tolerance.[301]
Both countries are also members of theG20 andAPEC.
Early in theCold War, both countries had strong relations with Indonesian presidentSukarno visiting Moscow and Soviet leaderNikita Khrushchev visiting Jakarta. When Sukarno wasoverthrown byGeneral Suharto, relations between the two states were not as close as they were during Sukarno's times.
In late 2007, Indonesia purchased military weapons from Russia with long term payment.
Serbia has close relations with Indonesia, especially within the fields of trade, culture and tourism. Indonesia has also voiced support for Serbia's territorial integrity over the Kosovo issue.[309]
Because of their long-standing cordial and cordial ties dating back to President Sukarno's administration, Indonesia was among the first nations to recognize the independence of the Slovak Republic.[310]
Both countries formally established their embassies in their respective capital cities, Jakarta andBratislava, in 1995.[310]
Spain identifies Indonesia as a natural ally and has named Indonesia as one of their priority countries in their foreign relations with the Asian region.[312]
Cooperation has expanded to various fields, from trade and culture to education and the defence technology sector.[313]
Since the 1980s, Spain and Indonesia have embarked on a strategic partnership inaeronautics technology. Spain'sCASA and Indonesia'sIPTN (formerly known as Nurtanio) co-designed and co-produced theCASA/IPTN CN-235 medium transport aircraft.
In 2010, the heads of state of the two countries agreed to launch negotiations on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement.[315]
Switzerland has named Indonesia as one of seven priority countries for economic development co-operation.[316]
Indonesia has an embassy inBern, while Switzerland has an embassy in Jakarta, also accredited forEast Timor andASEAN.
On 6 December 1973, the Indonesian and Swiss governments signed an agreement to establish Polytechnic for Mechanics within theBandung Institute of Technology at Bandung.[317] Today, the Swiss Mechanics Polytechnic has transformed into Bandung State Polytechnic for Manufacture.
Indonesia recognised Ukraine's independence on 28 December 1991 and established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1992.
In 2011, the total trade volume between two nations has reached US$1.27 billion, and increased to US$1.32 billion in 2012. The trade balances between two nations is in favour to Ukraine; the Indonesian export value to Ukraine in 2012 was US$548.9 million, while Indonesia's import value from Ukraine for the same year was US$774.1 million.[319]
The United Kingdom is accredited to Indonesia through itsembassy in Jakarta, as well as an honorary consulate in Bali.[326]
The United Kingdom occupiedIndonesia from 1811 to 1816 and 1945 to 1946, on both occasionsIndonesia was transferred to theNetherlands.
Both countries share common membership of theG20, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[327] a Double Taxation Agreement,[328] an Investment Agreement,[329] and a Strategic Partnership.[330]
The Culture and Tourism Ministry of Indonesia launched a campaign to boost the number of tourists from the UK entering Indonesia.[331] In 2009, 160,000 British tourists visited Indonesia, the aim of the campaign was to boost this number to 200,000.[331]
In March 2010 members of theHouse of Lords praised Indonesia for its progress indemocratising society, media freedom and environmental protection.[333] In a meeting with Indonesian MPHayono Isman, the Lords stated that they wanted to improve the relationship between the two countries.[333]
Since Indonesian independence, the two countries have maintained mutual diplomatic relations, formalised co-operation (especially in the fields of fisheries conservation, law enforcement, and justice co-operation), a measure of security co-operation, broadeningtreaty relationships, co-membership of regional forums, and co-participation in severalmultilateral Treaties of significance. Trade between the two countries has grown over the years.
Recent years have seen a deepening of Australia's aid commitment to Indonesia, and Australia has become a popular venue for Indonesian students.[334]
In 2008–09, Indonesia is the largest recipient of Australian aid at a value of AUD462 million.[335]
Having common interests as democracies and neighbours in theAsia-Pacific region, New Zealand and Indonesia are viewed as natural partners.[336] Both countries are members ofAPEC. Indonesia and New Zealand officially established diplomatic relations in 1958, the diplomatic and economic ties have grown stronger ever since. New Zealand has an embassy inJakarta and Indonesia has an embassy inWellington. Indonesia's commodity exports to New Zealand consist mainly of energy products and minerals as well as lumber and agriculture, while New Zealand's commodity exports to Indonesia mainly consist ofdairy products and meats, such as beef, milk, and cheese.
Indonesia established diplomatic relations with both the Cook Islands and Niue on 12 July 2019 as a move to strengthen its ties with thePacific Islands region.[337][338]
Indonesia shares a 760-kilometre (470 mi) border with Papua New Guinea through itsPapua,Highland Papua andSouth Papua provinces. The common border has raised tensions and ongoing diplomatic issues[which?] over multiple decades.[340]
Indonesia is represented in Vanuatu through its embassy inCanberra,Australia. However, Vanuatu suggested that the Indonesian embassy inPort Vila should be kept apart from the one in Canberra.[343]
Vanuatu has announced plans to open an embassy in Jakarta.[344]
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^News from Hsinhua News Agency Daily bulletin · Issues 834-847. 1960. p. 65....Indonesia, Guinea to exchange ambassadors Conakry, April twenty-seventh Chsinhua) - Indonesia and the Republic of Guinea decided to establish diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level ...
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^"Cook Islands establish diplomatic relations with Indonesia". Pacific Islands News Association. 14 July 2019. Archived fromthe original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved6 September 2019.Joint communiques play a significant role in relations between states, as they are affirmation of recognition by each state of each other's political and economic sovereignty as states and signify commitment by both states to promote cooperation on the basis of equality, mutual respect for each other's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity as well as non-interference in the internal affairs of each other, guided by the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961.
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