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Foreign relations of Estonia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Republic of Estonia gained its independence from theRussian Empire on 24 February 1918 and established diplomatic relations with many countries via membership of theLeague of Nations. The forcible incorporation of Estonia into the Soviet Union in 1940 was not generally recognised by the international community and theEstonian diplomatic service continued to operate in some countries. Following the restoration of independence from theSoviet Union,Russia was one of the first nations to re-recognizeEstonia's independence (the first country to do so wasIceland on 22 August 1991). Estonia's immediate priority after regaining its independence was the withdrawal ofRussian (formerly Soviet) forces from Estonian territory. In August 1994, this was completed. However, relations with Moscow have remained strained primarily becauseRussia decided not to ratify the border treaty it had signed with Estonia in 1999.

Trends following re-independence

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Since regaining independence, Estonia has pursued a foreign policy of close cooperation with Western European nations.

PresidentToomas Hendrik Ilves and PresidentGeorge W. Bush, in Estonia 2006.

The two most important policy objectives in this regard have been accession intoNATO and theEuropean Union, achieved in March and May 2004 respectively. Estonia's international realignment toward the West has been accompanied by a general deterioration in relations withRussia, most recently demonstrated by the controversy surrounding relocation of theBronze Soldier WWII memorial in Tallinn.[1] Estonia has become an increasingly strong supporter of deepening European integration. The decision to participate in the preparation of afinancial transaction tax in 2012 reflects this shift in Estonia's EU policy.[2]

An important element in Estonia's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with theNordic countries, especiallyFinland andSweden. Indeed, Estonians consider themselves a Nordic people due to beingFinnic people like the Finns rather thanBalts,[3][4] based on their historical ties withDenmark and particularlyFinland andSweden. In December 1999 Estonian foreign minister (and since 2006,president of Estonia)Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech titled "Estonia as a Nordic Country" to theSwedish Institute for International Affairs.[5] In 2003, theforeign ministry also hosted an exhibit called "Estonia: Nordic with a Twist".[6] And in 2005, Estonia joined theEuropean Union'sNordic Battle Group. It has also shown continued interest in becoming a full member in theNordic Council.

Whereas in 1992 Russia accounted for 92% of Estonia's international trade,[7] today there is extensive economic interdependence between Estonia and its Nordic neighbors: three-quarters offoreign investment in Estonia originates in the Nordic countries (principally Finland and Sweden), to which Estonia sends 42% of its exports (as compared to 6.5% going to Russia, 8.8% to Latvia, and 4.7% to Lithuania). On the other hand, the Estonian political system, itsflat rate of income tax, and its non-welfare-state model distinguish it from the other Nordic states, and indeed from many other European countries.[8]

Estonia is a party to 181 international organizations, including theBIS,CBSS,CE,EAPC,EBRD,ECE,EU (member since 1 May 2004),FAO,IAEA,IBRD,ICAO,ICRM,IFC,IFRCS,IHO,ILO,IMF,International Maritime Organization,Interpol,IOC,IOM (observer),ISO (correspondent),ITU,ITUC,NATO,OPCW,OSCE,PFP,UN,UNCTAD,UNESCO,UNMIBH,UNMIK,UNTSO,UPU,WCO,WEU (associate partner),WHO,WIPO,WMO,WTO.

International disputes

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Territorial issues between Estonia and Russia

[edit]
Main article:Territorial issues between Estonia and Russia
Estonian PresidentKersti Kaljulaid with Russian PresidentVladimir Putin inMoscow on 18 April 2019

After thedissolution of the Soviet Union Estonia had hoped for the return of more than 2,000 square kilometers of territory annexed to Russia afterWorld War II in 1945. The annexed land had been within the borders Estonia approved by Russia in the1920 Tartu Peace Treaty. However, theBoris Yeltsin government disavowed any responsibility for acts committed by theSoviet Union.

After signing the border treaty by the corresponding foreign minister in 2005, it was ratified by the Estonian government and president. The Russian side interpreted the preamble as giving Estonia a possibility for future territorial claim, andVladimir Putin notified Estonia that Russia will not consider these. Negotiations were reopened in 2012 and the Treaty was signed in February 2014. Ratification is still pending.[9]

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Estonia maintains diplomatic relations with:

#Country[10]Date
1Denmark24 August 1991
2Iceland26 August 1991
3Norway27 August 1991
4Germany28 August 1991
5Sweden28 August 1991
6Finland29 August 1991
7Luxembourg29 August 1991
8France30 August 1991
9Italy31 August 1991
10Hungary2 September 1991
11Poland2 September 1991
12Canada4 September 1991
13Liechtenstein4 September 1991
14  Switzerland4 September 1991
15United States4 September 1991
16Belgium5 September 1991
17United Kingdom5 September 1991
18Latvia6 September 1991[11]
19Czech Republic9 September 1991
20Bulgaria10 September 1991
21Ireland10 September 1991
22China11 September 1991
23Romania13 September 1991
24Mauritania18 September 1991
25Argentina27 September 1991
26Chile27 September 1991
27Cape Verde1 October 1991
28Portugal1 October 1991
29Greece2 October 1991
—Holy See3 October 1991
30Lithuania5 October 1991[12]
31Spain9 October 1991
32Japan10 October 1991
33South Korea17 October 1991
34Netherlands21 October 1991
35Turkey23 October 1991
36Russia24 October 1991
37South Africa4 November 1991
38Cuba12 November 1991
39Mongolia20 November 1991
40Australia21 November 1991
41India2 December 1991
42Mexico5 December 1991
43Slovenia11 December 1991
44Brazil16 December 1991
45Philippines19 December 1991
46Albania1 January 1992
47Malta1 January 1992
48Egypt2 January 1992
49Ukraine4 January 1992
50New Zealand6 January 1992
51Austria8 January 1992
52Israel9 January 1992
53Cyprus22 January 1992
54Ghana5 February 1992
55Guinea10 February 1992
56Malaysia11 February 1992
57Vietnam20 February 1992
58Croatia2 March 1992
59Senegal3 April 1992
60Belarus6 April 1992
61Madagascar13 April 1992
62Azerbaijan20 April 1992
63   Nepal20 April 1992
64Thailand27 April 1992
65Kazakhstan27 May 1992
66Georgia17 June 1992
67Morocco22 June 1992
68Tunisia29 June 1992
69Zimbabwe29 June 1992
70Paraguay1 July 1992
71Burundi30 July 1992
72Iran18 August 1992
73Armenia23 August 1992
74Oman23 September 1992
75Uruguay30 September 1992
76Ecuador22 October 1992
77Bangladesh5 November 1992
78Moldova10 November 1992
79Nigeria10 November 1992
80Mali13 November 1992
81Singapore2 February 1993
82Guatemala3 February 1993
83Bosnia and Herzegovina8 February 1993
84Slovakia30 March 1993
85Syria19 May 1993
86Antigua and Barbuda4 June 1993
87Indonesia5 July 1993
88Pakistan20 September 1993
89Costa Rica4 October 1993
90Jamaica15 February 1994
91Maldives22 March 1994
92Colombia23 March 1994
93Venezuela11 July 1994
94Turkmenistan26 August 1994
95Uzbekistan10 October 1994
96Kuwait28 October 1994
97Panama13 January 1995
98North Macedonia10 March 1995
99Laos29 March 1995
100Peru27 July 1995
101Sri Lanka31 January 1996
102Andorra11 April 1996
103Kyrgyzstan12 April 1996
104Tanzania24 July 1996
105Angola10 March 1997
106Algeria19 March 1997
107Qatar14 April 1997
108Zambia15 May 1997
109Belize5 May 1999
110Jordan24 January 2001
111Serbia9 February 2001
112El Salvador12 February 2001
113Gambia30 May 2001
114Lebanon3 September 2001
115Mauritius24 October 2001
116Kenya31 October 2001
117Dominican Republic18 November 2002
118Honduras5 February 2003
119Saudi Arabia21 March 2003
120Botswana3 June 2003
121San Marino15 October 2003
122Nicaragua5 March 2004
123Bolivia10 March 2004
124Bahrain27 April 2004
125Namibia26 May 2004
126Iraq22 April 2005
127Eritrea31 May 2005
128Djibouti16 June 2005
129Suriname21 June 2005
130Benin27 June 2005
131Afghanistan1 July 2005
132Ethiopia23 August 2005
133Cambodia31 August 2005
134Niger12 October 2005
135Bahamas20 October 2005
136Timor-Leste21 December 2005
137Tajikistan23 February 2006
138Rwanda14 March 2006
139Burkina Faso28 March 2006
140United Arab Emirates28 March 2006
141Republic of the Congo26 April 2006[13]
142Brunei1 May 2006
143Grenada12 May 2006
144Montenegro13 June 2006
145Cameroon27 July 2006
146Uganda19 September 2006
147Federated States of Micronesia22 September 2006
148Saint Vincent and the Grenadines13 October 2006
149Seychelles15 November 2006
150Dominica13 February 2007
151Guyana20 April 2007
152Liberia28 June 2007
153Gabon13 July 2007
154Guinea-Bissau8 December 2007
155Equatorial Guinea18 December 2007
156Monaco7 February 2008
—Kosovo24 April 2008
157Barbados15 May 2008
158Fiji14 July 2008
159Libya17 December 2008
160Samoa23 January 2009
161São Tomé and Príncipe20 May 2009
162Saint Kitts and Nevis23 September 2009
163Saint Lucia23 September 2009
164Mozambique25 September 2009
165Haiti31 March 2010
166Comoros30 November 2010
167Sierra Leone10 May 2011
168Somalia23 May 2011
169Solomon Islands25 May 2011
170Tuvalu25 May 2011
171Malawi19 July 2011
172Nauru21 March 2012
173Trinidad and Tobago2 April 2012
174Ivory Coast8 June 2012
175Vanuatu25 September 2012
176Lesotho26 September 2012
177Myanmar26 September 2012
178Marshall Islands12 July 2013
179Palau8 November 2013
180Central African Republic3 April 2014
181Kiribati4 September 2014
182Togo23 September 2014
183Tonga12 March 2015[14]
184Papua New Guinea4 October 2016
185South Sudan18 September 2017
186Sudan25 January 2018
187Democratic Republic of the Congo3 July 2018
—Cook Islands25 August 2018[15]
188Chad28 September 2018
189Eswatini21 November 2018
—Sovereign Military Order of Malta11 March 2020

Bilateral relations

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Multilateral

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OrganizationFormal Relations BeganNotes
European UnionSee2004 enlargement of the European Union

Estonia joined theEuropean Union as a full member on 1 May 2004.

NATO

Estonia joinedNATO as a full member on 29 March 2004.

Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Egypt1937
Ethiopia23 August 2005[16]
  • Estonia has an embassy office inAddis Ababa.[17]
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
Lesotho2012

Both countries established diplomatic relations in September 2012.[18]

  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Lesotho.
  • Lesotho does not have an accreditation to Estonia.
Morocco22 June 1992
  • Estonia is accredited to Morocco from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal.
  • Morocco is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
South Africa
  • Estonia does not have an accredited to South Africa.
  • South Africa is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Argentina27 September 1991
  • Argentina is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Argentina.
Belize5 May 1999
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1999.[19]
  • Belize does not have an accreditation to Estonia.
  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Belize.
Bolivia8 September 1992
  • Bolivia is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Bolivia.
BrazilSeptember 1991
  • Brazil has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Estonia is accredited to Brazil from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tallinn.
Canada1922SeeCanada–Estonia relations
Chile22 September 1921SeeChile–Estonia relations

Chile first recognized Estonia on 22 September 1921. Chile re-recognised Estonia on 28 August 1991 and diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on 27 September 1991. An agreement on visa-free travel between Estonia and Chile came into force on 2 December 2000.[22][23][24] The two countries also have in force a Memorandum on co-operation between the Ministries of Foreign Affairs.[22] Agreements on cultural, tourism, and IT cooperation are being readied.[22]

Chile is among Estonia's most importantforeign trade partners inSouth America.[25] In 2006, Estonia and Chile issued the joint Antarctic themed stamp series, designed by Ülle Marks and Jüri Kass, bearing images of the Emperor penguin and the minke whale.[26] The works of Chilean writersIsabel Allende,Pablo Neruda andJosé Donoso have been translated into Estonian.[22]

  • Chile is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland and maintains an honorary consulate in Tallinn.
  • Estonia is accredited to Chile from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tallinn and maintains an honorary consulate inSantiago.
Colombia22 September 1921
  • Colombia first recognised Estonia on 22 September 1921 and re-recognised the restored Republic of Estonia on 23 March 1994.
  • Colombia is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
  • Estonia is accredited to Colombia from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tallinn.
  • Colombia defines Estonia as a major ally and key player on Colombia's accession into theOECD and ratification of the Colombia-European Union Trade Agreement.[27]
Costa Rica4 October 1993[28]
  • Costa Rica does not have an accreditation to Estonia
  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Costa Rica.
Cuba12 November 1991[29]
  • Cuba is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Cuba.
El Salvador
  • El Salvador is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to El Salvador.
Guyana19 April 1997

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 April 1997.[30]

  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Guyana.
  • Guyana does not have an accreditation to Estonia.
Mexico28 January 1937SeeEstonia–Mexico relations
  • Estonia and Mexico signed a friendship treaty on 28 January 1937.
  • Mexico was among those countries that never recognized Estonia's annexation by the Soviet Union. Mexico recognized the restored Republic of Estonia on 5 September 1991, while diplomatic relations were re-established on 5 December 1991.
  • Estonia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains honorary consulates inMexico City and inTampico.[31]
  • Mexico is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland and maintains an honorary consulate in Tallinn.[32]
Peru
  • Estonia is accredited to Peru from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tallinn.
  • Peru is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland and maintains an honorary consulate in Tallinn.
Saint Kitts and Nevis2009

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 2009.[33]

  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Saint Kitts and Nevis.
  • Saint Kitts and Nevis does not have an accreditation to Estonia.
United States22 July 1922SeeEstonia–United States relations
Uruguay
  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Uruguay.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland and maintains an honorary consulate in Tallinn.
Venezuela
  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Venezuela.
  • Venezuela is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Afghanistan1 July 2005
  • Afghanistan is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
  • Estonia is accredited to Afghanistan from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tallinn.
Armenia23 August 1992SeeArmenia–Estonia relations
  • Armenia is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland and an honorary consulate inTallinn.
  • Estonia is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Tbilisi, Georgia and through an honorary consulate inYerevan.
  • There are around 2,000 ofArmenian descent living in Estonia.
  • Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe.
  • Estonia fully supports Armenia'sEuropean integration process.[36]
Azerbaijan20 April 1992SeeAzerbaijan-Estonia relations
  • Estonia recognized the independence of Azerbaijan on February 20, 1992.
  • Diplomatic relations between Azerbaijan and Estonia have been established since April 20, 1992.
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Estonia has an embassy office inBaku.
  • Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe.
Cambodia31 August 2005
  • Cambodia is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Estonia does not have an accreditation for Cambodia.
China11 September 1991SeeChina–Estonia relations
  • China has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Estonia has an embassy inBeijing.

In June 2020, Estonia openly opposed theHong Kong national security law[37]

Georgia17 June 1992
India22 September 1921SeeEstonia–India relations
  • India first recognized Estonia on 22 September 1921 and re-recognized Estonia on 9 September 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy inNew Delhi.
  • India is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland and maintains an honorary consulate in Tallinn.
Indonesia5 July 1993
  • Estonia is accredited to Indonesia from its embassy inSingapore.
  • Indonesia is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
Iran22 September 1921[38]
  • Iran recognized Estonia on 22 September 1921, Iran has never recognised the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union and re-recognized Estonia on 10 September 1991. Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 18 August 1992.
  • Estonia is accredited to Iran from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
  • Iran is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
Iraq22 April 2005
  • Estonia is accredited to Iraq from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tallinn.
  • Iraq is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
Israel9 January 1992SeeEstonia–Israel relations
  • Israel recognized Estonia on 4 September 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy inTel Aviv.
  • Israel is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
Japan26 January 1921;10 October 1991SeeEstonia–Japan relations
  • Estonia has an embassy inTokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Tallinn.
Kazakhstan27 May 1992
  • Estonia has an embassy inAstana.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Tallinn.
Kuwait28 October 1994
  • Estonia is accredited to Kuwait from its embassy in Abu Dhabi, UAE.
  • Kuwait is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Kyrgyzstan1996
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1996.
  • Estonia is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.
  • Kyrgyzstan is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Minsk, Belarus.
  • Both countries are full members of theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Malaysia4 November 1993
  • Malaysia recognised the independence of Estonia on 11 September 1991 shortly after the dissolution of theEstonian Soviet Socialist Republic on 20 August 1991.[39] Relations between the two countries have been established since 4 November 1993.[39]
  • Estonia is accredited to Malaysia from its embassy in New Delhi, India and maintains an honorary consul inKuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia is accredited to Estonia from its embassy Helsinki, Finland.
Mongolia20 October 1991
  • Estonia is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Beijing, China and maintains an honorary consulate inUlaanbaatar.
  • Mongolia is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
North KoreaN/a
  • Neither of the nations have established diplomatic relations.
  • Estonia only recognizedRepublic of Korea as the sole legitimate regime in the Korean Peninsula, excluding North Korea.
Oman23 September 1992
  • Estonia is accredited to Oman from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Oman is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in London, United Kingdom
Pakistan20 September 1993
  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Pakistan.
  • Pakistan is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
Philippines19 December 1991[40]
  • Estonia is accredited to the Philippines from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan, and maintains an honorary consul inManila.
  • The Philippines is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
Saudi Arabia21 March 2003
  • Estonia is accredited to Saudi Arabia from its embassy in Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates.
  • Saudi Arabia is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
South Korea17 September 1991SeeEstonia–South Korea relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between Estonia and the Republic of Korea began on 1991-09-17.

  • Estonia has an embassy inSeoul.[41]
  • South Korea is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
  • Estonia recognized South Korea as the sole legitimate regime in the Korean Peninsula.
Sri Lanka31 January 1996SeeEstonia–Sri Lanka relations
  • Sri Lanka recognized Estonia on 10 October 1991.
  • Estonia is accredited to Sri Lanka from its embassy in New Delhi, India.
  • Sri Lanka is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
Syria19 May 1993[42]SeeEstonia–Syria relations
  • Syria recognized Estonia on 19 May 1993.
  • Syria has a non-resident ambassador inMinsk.[43]
TaiwanSeeEstonia–Taiwan relations
Tajikistan2006
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2006.
  • Estonia is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Minsk, Belarus.
  • Both countries are full members of theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Thailand22 October 1921
  • Thailand (thenSiam) first recognized Estonia on 22 October 1921. Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1992.
  • Estonia is accredited to Thailand through its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Thailand is accredited to Estonia through its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
Turkey23 October 1991SeeEstonia–Turkey relations
  • Turkey recognized Estonia on 23 October 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy inAnkara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members of theNATO.
  • Estonia is anEUmember and Turkey is anEUcandidate. Estonia supports Turkey's accession negotiations to the EU, although negotiations have now been suspended.
Turkmenistan26 August 1994
  • Estonia is accredited to Turkmenistan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.
  • Turkmenistan is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Minsk, Belarus.
United Arab Emirates28 March 2006
  • Estonia has an embassy inAbu Dhabi.
  • UAE is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
Uzbekistan10 October 1994
  • Estonia is accredited to Uzbekistan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.
  • Uzbekistan is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Riga, Latvia.
Vietnam
  • Estonia is accredited to Vietnam from its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Albania1 January 1992SeeAlbania–Estonia relations
  • Albania is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
  • Estonia is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
Austria26 June 1921
  • Austria recognised Estonia on 26 June 1921.
  • Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 8 January 1992.
  • Austria has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Estonia has an embassy inVienna.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union.
Belarus6 April 1992SeeBelarus-Estonia relations
  • Belarus has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Estonia has an embassy inMinsk.
Belgium26 January 1921
  • Belgium is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
  • Estonia has an embassy inBrussels.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Bosnia and Herzegovina8 February 1993
  • Bosnia is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Estonia is accredited to Bosnia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary.
Bulgaria20 May 1921SeeBulgaria–Estonia relations
  • Bulgaria recognised Estonia on 20 May 1921 and re-recognised Estonia on 26 August 1991.
  • Bulgaria is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland and maintains an honorary consulate in Tallinn.
  • Estonia is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania and has an honorary consulate inSofia.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Croatia2 March 1992
  • Croatia is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
  • Estonia is accredited to Croatia from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
  • In 2000 the two countries mutually ended the visa regimes for citizens travelling between the two states.[44] In September 2008, the Estonian prime ministerAndrus Ansip made a state visit to Croatia in which he supported the country on its way towardNATO andEU membership.
Cyprus22 January 1992
  • Cyprus is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
  • Estonia is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union.
Czech Republic9 September 1991
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Estonia has an embassy inPrague.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Denmark1921SeeDenmark–Estonia relations
Finland20 June 1920SeeEstonia–Finland relations
  • Finland first recognised Estonia on 20 June 1920.
  • Finland has an embassy in Tallinn and an honorary consulate inTartu.
  • Estonia has an embassy inHelsinki and six honorary consulates inKotka,Mariehamn,Oulu,Tampere,Turku andVaasa.
  • Both countries are full members of theCouncil of the Baltic Sea States and of theEuropean Union and ofNATO.
  • Estonia and Finland have a joint embassy in Canberra.
  • Estonia fully supported Finland's application to join NATO, which resulted in membership on 4 April 2023.
France26 January 1921SeeEstonia–France relations
Germany28 August 1991SeeEstonia–Germany relations
  • Estonia has an embassy inBerlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Greece19 May 1922SeeEstonia–Greece relations
Holy See10 October 1921
Hungary24 February 1921SeeEstonia–Hungary relations
Iceland30 January 1922SeeEstonia–Iceland relations
  • Iceland was the first country to re-recognized Estonia's independence on 22 August 1991.[citation needed]
  • Estonia is accredited to Iceland through its embassy in Oslo, Norway and maintains an honorary consulate inReykjavík.
  • Iceland is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO, of theCouncil of Europe and of theCouncil of the Baltic Sea States.
  • Estonia and Iceland have a joint embassy in Beijing, China.
Ireland27 August 1991
  • Ireland recognised Estonia on 27 August 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy inDublin.
  • Ireland has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
Italy26 January 1921SeeEstonia–Italy relations
  • Italy recognised Estonia on 26 January 1921. Italy re-recognised Estonia on 27 August 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy inRome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
Kosovo24 April 2008SeeEstonia–Kosovo relations
  • Estoniarecognized Kosovo on 21 February 2008.
  • Estonia is accredited to Kosovo from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
  • Kosovo is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
Latvia3 December 1918SeeEstonia–Latvia relations
  • Estonia has an embassy inRiga.
  • Latvia has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • The two states share 343 km of common borders.[citation needed]
  • They enjoy close relations sharing a common history of relations in the USSR and being neighbours.[45]
Lithuania1919SeeEstonia–Lithuania relations
  • Estonia has an embassy in Vilnius.
  • Lithuania has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Until 31 July 2016 the Estonian ambassador to Lithuania was Toomas Kukk.
  • Both countries are situated in theBaltic region and are the full members of NATO and EU.
Luxembourg22 February 1923
  • Luxembourg recognized Estonia on 22 February 1923 and re-recognised Estonia on 27 August 1991.[46] Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1991.[46]
  • Estonia is accredited to Luxembourg from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and maintains an honorary consulate inLuxembourg City.
  • Trade agreement between Estonia and Belgium and Luxembourg (1935)[47]
  • Agreement on Road Transport between Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (came into force 1 December 1994)[48]
  • Agreement Between Estonia and the Belgo-Luxembourg Economic Union on the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments (came into force 23 September 1999)[49]
  • Agreement Between Estonia and the States of Benelux on Readmission of Persons (came into force 1 February 2005)
  • Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Income and Capital Tax evasion (signed 23 May 2006)
Malta1 January 1992
  • Malta recognized Estonia on 26 August 1991.
  • Estonia is accredited to Malta from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Malta is accredited to Estonia from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs inValletta.
  • Malta has an honorary consulate in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
MoldovaSeeEstonia–Moldova relations
  • Moldova recognized Estonia on 28 August 1991 and Estonia recognized Moldova on 20 February 1992.
  • Estonia haș an embassy office inChişinău.
  • Moldova has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe.
  • Estonia is anEUmember and Moldova is anEUcandidate.
Montenegro13 June 2006
  • Estonia is accredited to Montenegro from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary.
  • Montenegro is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
  • Estonia is anEUmember and Montenegro is anEUcandidate.
Netherlands5 March 1921
  • The Netherlands recognized Estonia on 5 March 1921. After the end of Soviet occupation the Netherlands re-recognised Estonia on 2 September 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy inThe Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
North Macedonia2 March 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 March 1995.

  • Estonia is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
  • Estonia is anEUmember and North Macedonia is anEUcandidate.
Norway5 February 1921
Poland31 December 1920SeeEstonia–Poland relations
  • Poland recognized Estonia's independence on 31 December 1920 and re-recognized it on 26 August 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy inWarsaw and three honorary consulates (inSzczecin,Poznań andKraków).[52]
  • Poland has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, of NATO and of the European Union.
Portugal6 February 1921
  • Portugal recognized Estoniade facto in 1918 and de jure on 6 February 1921. Portugal never recognized the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union. Portugal re-recognized Estonia on 27 August 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy inLisbon.
  • Portugal is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
Romania26 February 1921
  • Romania recognized Estonia's independence on 26 February 1921.
  • Estonia has an embassy inBucharest.
  • Romania has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
Russia2 February 1920SeeEstonia–Russia relations

Russia recognized Estonia via theTartu Peace Treaty on 2 February 1920. Russian-Estonian relations were re-established in January 1991, when leaders of the two countries,Boris Yeltsin of Russia andArnold Rüütel of Estonia, met in Tallinn and signed a treaty on the relations of the two countries after the anticipated independence of Estonia from the Soviet Union.[53][54] The treaty envisaged the right to freely choose their citizenship for all permanent residents of Estonia at the time.

Russia re-recognized theRepublic of Estonia on 24 August 1991 after the failedSoviet coup attempt, as one of the first countries to do so. The Soviet Union recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September 1991. Estonia's ties with Boris Yeltsin's government weakened after the Russian president's initial show of solidarity with the Baltic states in January 1991. Issues surrounding the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Baltic countries and Estonia's denial of automatic citizenship to persons who settled in Estonia in 1940–1991 and their offspring[55] ranked high on the list of points of contention.

Serbia9 February 2001
  • Estonia is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary.
  • Serbia is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
  • Estonia is anEUmember and Serbia is anEUcandidate.
Slovakia30 March 1993SeeEstonia–Slovakia relations
  • Estonia recognised Slovakia on 15 January 1993.
  • Estonia is accredited to Slovakia through its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
  • Slovakia is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
Slovenia
  • Estonia is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic.
  • Slovenia is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Riga, Latvia.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
Spain25 March 1921SeeEstonia–Spain relations
  • Spain recognized Estonia in 1921. Spain renewed its recognition of Estonia on 27 August 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy inMadrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
SwedenSeeEstonia–Sweden relations
  • Estonia was under Swedish rule between 1561 and 1721.
  • Sweden recognized Estonia on 4 February 1921.[56] Sweden resumed diplomatic relations with Estonia on 28 August 1991.[57]
  • Estonia has an embassy inStockholm and five honorary consulates (inEskilstuna,Gothenburg,Karlskrona,Malmö andVisby).
  • Sweden has an embassy in Tallinn and two honorary consulates (inNarva andTartu).
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
  • Estonia fully supported Sweden's application to join NATO, which resulted in membership on 7 March 2024.
 Switzerland4 September 1991
  • Estonia is accredited to Switzerland from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
  • Switzerland is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Riga, Latvia.
Ukraine4 January 1992SeeEstonia–Ukraine relations

The contractual and legal framework of relations between Ukraine and Estonia covers a wide range of branches of bilateral cooperation, including political, trade and economic, scientific and technical, humanitarian, law enforcement and other spheres. This base is ramified and efficient enough and includes 53 bilateral documents, among which are 3 interstate agreements, 15 intergovernmental and 35 interdepartmental.

Ukraine and Estonia bring together common aspirations in the political, economic, social and other spheres. Recognizing Ukraine as its foreign policy priority, Estonia is one of the most consistent supporters of Ukraine's European choice, supported the signing of the Agreement on the Association of Ukraine with the EU.

Intensive bilateral contacts between state and non-governmental institutions are developing, and interaction within the framework of international organizations is active. At the state level, the important role played by Ukraine in ensuring stability and security in Europe is constantly stressed. Estonia supports political and socio-economic reforms in Ukraine, provides substantial humanitarian, financial and advisory and technical assistance.

United Kingdom5 February 1921SeeEstonia–United Kingdom relations

Estonia re-establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 5 September 1991.[58]

  • Estonia maintains anembassy inLondon.[58]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Estonia through its embassy in Tallinn.[59]

Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,Joint Expeditionary Force,NATO,OECD,OSCE, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Defence Cooperation Agreement,[60] and a Double Taxation Agreement.[61]

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia22 September 1921SeeAustralia–Estonia relations
  • Australia first recognised Estonia on 22 September 1921.
  • Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1991.
  • Australia is accredited to Estonia through a part-time (pop-up) embassy inTallinn since 2018.[62]
  • Estonia has an embassy inCanberra.
  • Australia is host to one of the largest communities of Estonians abroad, with 8,232 people identifying as Estonian in the 2006Australian Census.[63][64]
New Zealand6 January 1992[65]SeeEstonia–New Zealand relations
  • Estonia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
Samoa2009

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 2009.[66]

  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Samoa.
  • Samoa does not have an accreditation to Estonia.
Tonga13 March 2015
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 2015.
  • Estonia does not have an accreditation to Tonga.
  • Tonga does not have an accreditation to Estonia.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^"Estonia strives to be at the core of the EU".The Finnish Institute of International Affairs. 17 October 2012. Archived fromthe original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved14 January 2013.
  3. ^Estonian foreign ministry publicationArchived 25 March 2009 at theWayback Machine, 2004
  4. ^Estonian foreign ministry publicationArchived 7 March 2008 at theWayback Machine, 2002
  5. ^"NATO :: NATO :: Estonia as a Nordic Country". Archived fromthe original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved8 March 2008.
  6. ^"Estonia - Nordic with a Twist". Archived fromthe original on 8 February 2008.
  7. ^"The Estonian Economic Miracle".The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 March 2010. Retrieved20 February 2015.
  8. ^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 7 March 2008. Retrieved2 June 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Foreign investment
  9. ^"Estonia, Russia to exchange 128.6 hectares of land under border treaty".Estonian news - news.postimees.ee. 28 May 2013.
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  11. ^"History of Diplomatic Relations (Embassy of Estonia in Riga)".
  12. ^"List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations".Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved10 January 2022.
  13. ^"Eesti ja Kongo vabariik sõlmisid diplomaatilised suhted".EestiPäevaleht (in Estonian). 27 April 2006. Retrieved26 October 2022.
  14. ^"Diplomatic relations between Tonga and ..." Retrieved26 October 2022.
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  16. ^"Ethiopia | Ministry of Foreign Affairs".
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  19. ^"Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia | Välisministeerium".vm.ee.
  20. ^"Office of the embassy of Canada in Tallinn". Archived fromthe original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved18 September 2015.
  21. ^"Frontpage".Ottawa.
  22. ^abcdEstonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs:Estonia and ChileArchived 3 August 2007 at theWayback Machine
  23. ^Elektrooniline Riigi Teataja:Eesti Vabariigi valitsuse ja Tšiili Vabariigi valitsuse vaheline turistide viisakohustuse kaotamise kokkulepe
  24. ^"NewsLibrary.com - newspaper archive, clipping service - newspapers and other news sources". Archived fromthe original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved20 February 2015.
  25. ^Estonian Cabinet of Ministers:Prime Minister spoke with the President of Chile about the common interests of both states
  26. ^ÕhtulehtEesti ja Tšiili ühine postmark, 25 October 2006
  27. ^"- Cancillería". Retrieved20 February 2015.
  28. ^"Costa Rica | Ministry of Foreign Affairs".vm.ee.
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  31. ^"Frontpage".Washington.
  32. ^"Embassy of Mexico in Finland | Embajada de México en Finlandia".embamex.sre.gob.mx.
  33. ^"High-level meetings between Estonia, St. Kitts-Nevis begin". 13 April 2018.
  34. ^"Embassy of Estonia in Washington, D.C."
  35. ^"Embassy of the United States in Tallinn".
  36. ^"Foreign Minister Tsahkna to Armenian foreign minister: Estonia supports Armenia in boosting relations with the European Union".vm.ee. 27 June 2024.
  37. ^Lawler, Dave (2 July 2020)."The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong".Axios. Retrieved3 July 2020.
  38. ^"Iran | Ministry of Foreign Affairs".vm.ee.
  39. ^ab"Bilateral relations (Estonia and Malaysia)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Estonia. Archived fromthe original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved30 January 2014.
  40. ^"30th Anniversary of the establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Philippines and Estonia".Manila Bulletin. 19 December 2021. Retrieved2 June 2025.
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  42. ^"Diplomaatiliste suhete (Taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia | Välisministeerium".
  43. ^"Syria | Välisministeerium".
  44. ^"HRVATSKA I ESTONIJA POTPISALE SPORAZUM O UKIDANJU VIZA I READMISIJI". Archived fromthe original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved20 February 2015.
  45. ^"Avaleht | Välisministeerium".vm.ee. Archived fromthe original on 3 August 2007.
  46. ^abEstonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs."Estonia and Luxembourg". Archived fromthe original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved23 May 2009.
  47. ^"Mémorial A n° 76 de 1935 - Legilux".legilux.public.lu.
  48. ^"AGREEMENT ON ROAD TRANSPORT BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA, THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA, THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA, THE KINGDOM OF". Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved20 February 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  49. ^"United Nations - Office of Legal Affairs".legal.un.org.
  50. ^"Estemb in Oslo". Archived fromthe original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved20 February 2015.
  51. ^"Norra - ametlik kodulehekülg Eestis". Archived fromthe original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved20 February 2015.
  52. ^"Estonian Embassy in Poland". Retrieved20 February 2015.
  53. ^Kristina Kallas,Eesti Vabariigi ja Vene Föderatsiooni riikidevahelised läbirääkimised aastatel 1990–1994Archived 25 February 2009 at theWayback Machine - Tartu 2000
  54. ^Eesti Ekspress:Ta astus sajandist pikema sammu - Boriss Jeltsin 1931-2007Archived 27 September 2007 at theWayback Machine, 25 April 2007
  55. ^Citizenship Act of Estonia (§ 5. Acquisition of Estonian citizenship by birth):"Citizenship Act of Estonia (1995, consolidated March 2004) - Legislationline - free online legislation database". Archived fromthe original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved13 July 2007.
  56. ^"Namn och nytt..." [Name and new...].Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 5 February 1921. p. 13. Retrieved12 February 2025.Regeringen har i gårdagens konselj erkänt republikerna Estland och Lettland såsom självständiga och oberoende stater. [At yesterday's council, the government recognized the republics of Estonia and Latvia as independent and sovereign states.]
  57. ^Sveriges internationella överenskommelser: SÖ 1991:34(PDF) (in Swedish). Stockholm: Utrikesdepartementet. 1991. p. 1.ISSN 0284-1967.SELIBR 4110996.
  58. ^ab"Bilateral relations".Embassy of Estonia London.Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved6 April 2024.
  59. ^"British Embassy Tallinn".GOV.UK.Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved6 April 2024.
  60. ^Hankewitz, Sten (13 October 2023)."Estonia and the UK sign a long-term defence cooperation agreement".Estonian World.Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved22 January 2025.
  61. ^"United Kingdom - Estonia Tax Treaty (1994)".Orbitax.Archived from the original on 22 January 2025. Retrieved22 January 2025.
  62. ^"Pop up embassy opens in Estonia, Media release, 07 Mar 2018, Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs, The Hon Julie Bishop MP".foreignminister.gov.au. Archived fromthe original on 20 March 2019. Retrieved30 November 2019.
  63. ^"Estonia". Retrieved20 February 2015.
  64. ^"Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia". Archived fromthe original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved16 May 2009.
  65. ^"New Zealand | Ministry of Foreign Affairs".vm.ee.
  66. ^"Countries with Established Diplomatic Relations with Samoa | Samoa Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade".
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