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Foreign relations of Chad

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Theforeign relations of Chad are significantly influenced by the desire for oil revenue and investment in Chadian oil industry and support for formerChadian PresidentIdriss Déby. Chad is officiallynon-aligned but maintains close relations withFrance, its former colonial power.[needs update] Relations with neighbouring countriesLibya andSudan vary periodically. Lately, the Idris Déby regime waged an intermittentproxy war with Sudan. Aside from those two countries, Chad generally enjoys good relations with its neighbouring states.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Chad maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1United States11 August 1960[1]
2Germany11 August 1960[2]
3France12 August 1960[3]
4Philippines22 September 1960[4]
5United Kingdom9 December 1960[5]
6Israel10 January 1961[6]
7Sudan13 March 1961[7]
8Belgium27 June 1961[8]
9South Korea6 August 1961[9]
10Japan6 December 1961[10]
11Canada12 February 1962[11]
12Netherlands7 May 1962[12]
13Nigeria18 October 1962[13]
14Cameroon1962[14]
15Libya1962[15]
16Republic of the Congo13 February 1963[16]
17Gabon3 September 1963[17]
18Morocco16 December 1963[18]
19  Switzerland16 December 1963[19]
20Lebanon1963[20]
21Italy13 February 1964[21]
22Central African Republic29 February 1964[22]
23Luxembourg28 April 1964[23]
24Russia24 November 1964[24]
25Mali15 January 1966[25]
26Serbia1966[26]
27Czech Republic5 February 1967[27]
28Ghana23 July 1967[28]
29Tunisia25 January 1968[29]
30Guinea29 August 1968[30]
31Iraq10 February 1969[31]
32North Korea8 March 1969[32]
33Democratic Republic of the Congo2 April 1969[33]
34Romania15 July 1969[34]
35Syria16 August 1969[35]
36Ethiopia21 October 1969[36]
37Turkey27 January 1970[37]
38JordanJanuary 1970[38]
39Kuwait31 March 1970[39]
40EgyptSeptember 1970[40]
41Yemen10 November 1970[41]
42Iran19 July 1972[42]
43SenegalOctober 1972[43]
44Hungary1 November 1972[44]
45Saudi Arabia20 November 1972[45]
46China28 November 1972[46]
47Rwanda9 December 1972[47]
48Bahrain10 December 1972[48]
49Qatar13 December 1972[45]
50United Arab Emirates7 April 1973[49]
51Pakistan30 June 1973[50]
52Argentina24 May 1974[51]
53Spain7 February 1975[52]
54Algeria18 August 1975[53]
55Greece13 September 1975[54]
56India18 October 1975[55]
57Mexico25 February 1976[56]
58Uganda8 September 1976[57]
59Benin18 October 1976[58]
60Cuba18 October 1976[59]
61Burundi6 December 1976[60]
62Portugal4 May 1977[61]
63Ivory Coast15 November 1977[61]
64Austria10 January 1978[62][63]
65Poland5 January 1979[64]
—Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (suspended)4 July 1980[65][66]
66Vietnam5 October 1981[67]
67Togo10 April 1985[68]
68Colombia29 September 1988[61]
—Holy See28 November 1988[69]
69Oman21 January 1989[70]
—State of Palestine12 August 1989[71]
70Bulgaria10 October 1989[61]
71Thailand28 September 1990[72]
72Ukraine27 July 1992[73]
73Kyrgyzstan11 January 1993[74]
74Tajikistan27 February 1993[75]
75Lithuania10 August 1994[76]
76Uzbekistan16 September 1994[77]
77Turkmenistan4 October 1994[78]
78South Africa21 October 1994[79]
79Bosnia and Herzegovina1 December 1994[80]
80Sweden3 August 1995[81]
81Norway13 November 1995[82]
82Latvia23 April 1996[83]
83Brazil8 October 1996[61]
84Kazakhstan21 July 1999[84]
85Croatia17 September 1999[61]
86North Macedonia13 October 1999[61]
87Slovakia20 April 2000[61]
88Ireland30 June 2000[61]
89Belarus20 August 2001[85]
90Cyprus18 September 2002[61]
91Azerbaijan5 April 2004[86]
92Iceland14 April 2004[61]
93Venezuela5 March 2005[61]
94Angola23 June 2005[87]
95Burkina Faso14 October 2005[88]
96Australia19 December 2005[89]
97Armenia26 December 2006[90]
98Djibouti8 January 2007[91]
99Finland21 March 2007[61]
100Kenya26 May 2007[92]
101Denmark23 November 2009[93]
102Cambodia9 February 2010[61]
103Mongolia3 April 2014[61]
104 Georgia19 June 2014[61]
105Botswana9 February 2015[94]
106Montenegro20 March 2015[61]
107Fiji4 August 2015[95]
108Indonesia22 September 2016[96]
—Kosovo27 May 2018[97]
109Singapore25 September 2018[98]
110Chile26 September 2018[99]
111Estonia27 September 2018[61]
112Namibia13 March 2019[100]
113Liechtenstein26 June 2019[101]
114Sierra Leone13 February 2020[102]
115Gambia31 August 2021[103]
116Eritrea12 October 2021[104]
117Nicaragua24 September 2021[105]
118São Tomé and Príncipe3 March 2022[106]
119Zimbabwe13 February 2023[107]
120Malawi26 November 2024[108]
121Guinea-Bissau17 January 2025[109]
122Malaysia25 June 2025[110]
123Slovenia1 August 2025[61]
124Zambia4 September 2025[111]
125BruneiUnknown
126Equatorial GuineaUnknown
127MadagascarUnknown
128MauritaniaUnknown
129MozambiqueUnknown
130NigerUnknown
131TanzaniaUnknown

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]

Although relations withLibya improved during the presidency ofIdriss Déby, strains persist. Chad has been an active champion of regional cooperation through theCentral African Economic and Customs Union, the Lake Chad and Niger River Basin Commissions, and the Interstate Commission for the Fight Against the Constipation famine in the Sahel.

Delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity ofLake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, has been completed and awaits ratification byCameroon,Chad,Niger, andNigeria.

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Burkina Faso
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Kenya
  • Chad is represented in Kenya through its embassy in Addis Ababa.[114]
LibyaSeeChad-Libya relations

Chadian-Libyan relations were ameliorated when Libyan-supportedIdriss Déby unseated Habré on December 2. Gaddafi was the first head of state to recognize the new regime, and he also signed treaties of friendship and cooperation on various levels; but regarding the Aouzou Strip Déby followed his predecessor, declaring that if necessary he would fight to keep the strip out of Libya's hands.[115][116]

The Aouzou dispute was concluded for good on February 3, 1994, when the judges of the ICJ by a majority of 16 to 1 decided that the Aouzou Strip belonged to Chad. The court's judgement was implemented without delay, the two parties signing as early as April 4 an agreement concerning the practical modalities for the implementation of the judgement. Monitored by international observers, the withdrawal of Libyan troops from the Strip began on April 15 and was completed by May 10. The formal and final transfer of the Strip from Libya to Chad took place on May 30, when the sides signed a joint declaration stating that the Libyan withdrawal had been effected.[117]

Madagascar
  • The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[118]
Mali
Morocco
  • Chad has an embassy inRabat.[112]
  • Morocco has an embassy in N'Djamena.
MozambiqueThe two countries maintain diplomatic relations andIdriss Déby visited Mozambique in November 2016.[119]
Niger
NigeriaSeeChad-Nigeria relations

Nigeria's 1983 economic austerity campaign produced strains with neighboring states, including Chad.[120] Nigeria expelled several hundred thousand foreign workers, mostly from its oil industry, which faced drastic cuts as a result of declining world oil prices.[120] At least 30,000 of those expelled were Chadians.[120] Despite these strains, however, Nigerians had assisted in the halting process of achieving stability in Chad, and both nations reaffirmed their intention to maintain close ties.[120]

  • Chad has an embassy inAbuja and a consulate inMaiduguri.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in N'Djamena.
Senegal
Sudan15 March 1961SeeChad-Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1961[121]

On December 24, 2005, Chad declared itself as in a "state of belligerance" with neighboring Sudan. The conflict in the border region of Darfur has become an increasingly bi-national affair as increasing numbers of Sudanese flee to refugee camps in Chad, and Sudanese government troops and militias cross the borders to strike at both these camps and specific ethnic groups. Although theGovernment of Chad and theGovernment of Sudan signed theTripoli Agreement on February 8, 2006, officially ending hostilities, fighting continues. On August 11, 2006, Chad and Sudan resumed relations at the behest ofLibyan leaderMuammar Gaddafi.[122]

Chad broke diplomatic relations withSudan at least twice in 2006 because it believed theSudanese government was supportingJanjaweed andUFDC rebels financially and with arms. Two accords were signed, theTripoli Accord, which was signed on February 8 and failed to end the fighting, and the more recently signed N'Djamena Agreement. On May 11, 2008, Sudan announced it was cutting diplomatic relations with Chad, claiming that it was helping rebels inDarfur to attack the Sudanese capitalKhartoum.[123]

  • Chad has an embassy inKhartoum and a consulate-general inGeneina.
  • Sudan has an embassy in N'Djamena.
TanzaniaThe two countries maintain diplomatic relations andIdriss Déby visited Kenya in November 2016.[124]
Zambia
  • Zambia is represented in Chad through its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.[125]

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Brazil8 October 1996

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 October 1996. In 2012, Chadian President Idriss Déby Itno paid a visit to Brazil.[126]

  • Brazil is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Yaoundé, Cameroon.
  • Chad is accredited to Brazil from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
CanadaFebruary 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations in February 1962[127]
  • Canada is accredited to Chad from its high commission in Yaoundé, Cameroon.[128]
  • Chad has an embassy inOttawa.[129]
Cuba9 June 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1976[130]
  • Chad is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Cuba is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Niamey, Niger.[131]
Mexico25 February 1976SeeChad–Mexico relations

Chad and Mexico established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1976.[132] In May 2002, Chadian Prime MinisterNagoum Yamassoum paid a visit to the Mexican city ofMonterrey to attend theMonterrey Consensus conference.[133]

  • Chad is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[134]
  • Mexico is accredited to Chad from its embassy inCairo, Egypt.[135]
United States11 August 1960SeeChad–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 August 1960[136]

Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.

The US embassy in N'Djamena, established at Chadian independence in 1960, was closed from the onset of the heavy fighting in the city in 1980 until the withdrawal of the Libyan forces at the end of 1981. It was reopened in January 1982. TheU.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and theU.S. Information Service (USIS) offices resumed activities in Chad in September 1983. The United States Department of State issued a travel advisory to U.S. citizens in 2009, recommending that citizens not affiliated with humanitarian efforts avoid all travel to eastern Chad and the Chad/Central African Republic border area due to insecurity caused by banditry, recent clashes between Chadian government and rebel forces, and political tension between Chad andSudan.[137] PresidentDonald Trump issued a proclamation on September 24, 2017, suspending the entry of Chadian nationals to the United States. The proclamation claims that the government of Chad "does not adequately share public-safety and terrorism-related information..."[138] On April 10, 2018, the US Government lifted travel restrictions on Chad.[139][140][141]

  • Chad has an embassy in Washington, DC.[142]
  • United States has an embassy in N'djamena.[143]

Asia

[edit]

Despite centuries-old cultural ties to theArab World, the Chadian Government maintained few significant ties to Arab states inNorth Africa orWest Asia in the 1980s.[120] In September 1972, Chad had broken off relations with theState of Israel underChadian PresidentFrançois Tombalbaye.[120] President Habré hoped to pursue closer relations with Arab states as a potential opportunity to break out of Chad's post-imperial dependence on France, and to assert Chad's unwillingness to serve as an arena forsuperpower rivalries.[120] In addition, as a northern Muslim, Habré represented a constituency that favored Afro-Arab solidarity, and hopedIslam would provide a basis for national unity in the long term.[120] For these reasons, he was expected to seize opportunities during the 1990s to pursue closer ties with the Arab World.[120] In 1988, Chad recognized theState of Palestine, which maintains a mission inN'Djamena.[144] In November 2018, President Deby visited Israel and announced his intention to restore diplomatic relations.[145] Chad and Israel re-established diplomatic relations in January 2019.[146] In February 2023, Chad opened an embassy in Israel.[147]

During the 1980s, Arab opinion on theChadian–Libyan conflict over theAouzou Strip was divided.[120] Several Arab states supported Libyan territorial claims to the Strip, among the most outspoken of which wasAlgeria, which provided training for anti-Habré forces, although most recruits for its training programs were from Nigeria or Cameroon, recruited and flown to Algeria by Libya.[120] TheProgressive Socialist Party ofLebanon also sent troops to supportMuammar Gaddafi's efforts against Chad in 1987.[120] In contrast, numerous other Arab states opposed the Libyan actions,[148] and expressed their desire to see the dispute over the Aouzou Strip settled peacefully.[149][120] By the end of 1987, Algiers and N'Djamena were negotiating to improve relations and Algeria helped mediate the end of the Aouzou Strip conflict.[150]

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Brunei
  • Chad is represented in Brunei through its embassy inRiyadh, Saudi Arabia.[151]
China28 November 1972SeeChad–China relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1972,[46] but China severed diplomatic relations with Chad in 1997 when the country resumed diplomatic ties with Taiwan.[152] According to a joint communique signed by the two countries when they resumed diplomatic ties starting from August 6, 2006, Chad recognized there is only one China in the world and Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory[153]

  • Chad has an embassy in Beijing.
  • China has an embassy in N'Djamena.
India18 October 1975SeeChad–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 1975[55]

  • Chad has an embassy in New Delhi.[154]
  • India has an embassy in N'Djamena.[155]
Iran19 July 1972Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1972[42]
Iraq29 April 1973Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1973.[156]
Israel10 January 1961SeeChad–Israel relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1961,[157] but diplomatic relations were broken on 28 November 1972[158] and re-established on 20 January 2019[159]In November 2018, Chadian PresidentIdriss Déby paid a visit to Israel.[160] In January 2019 Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu paid a visit to Chad. During the visit, both nations re-established diplomatic relations since relations were cut in 1972.[146] In February 2023, Chad opened an embassy in Israel.[147]

  • Chad has an embassy inTel Aviv.[147]
  • Israel is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Dakar, Senegal[147]
Malaysia
  • Malaysia is represented in Chad through its High Commission in Abuja, Nigeria.[161]
Pakistan
  • Pakistan is represented in Chad through its embassy in Sudan.[162]
State of Palestine
  • The State of Palestine is represented in Chad through its embassy in Bamako, Mali.[163]
TaiwanSeeChad–Taiwan relations

Chad andTaiwan had relations from 1962 to 1972 when Chad first switched diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China. Chad then reestablished bilateral ties with Taiwan from 1997 to 2006. Since August 2006, Chad has granted diplomatic recognition to China.

Turkey27 January 1970SeeChad–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 January 1970[164]

  • Chad has an embassy inAnkara.[165]
  • Turkey has an embassy in N'Djamena.[165]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$72.4 million in 2019 (Chadian exports/imports: 32.5/39.9 million USD).[165]
  • There are direct flights fromIstanbul toN'Djamena since December 12, 2013.[165]
United Arab Emirates7 April 1973Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1973[166]
  • Chad has an embassy inAbu Dhabi and a consulate-general inDubai.
  • UAE has an embassy in N'Djamena.
  • UAE opened coordination office forforeign aid in Chad in August 2023.[167]

Europe

[edit]

Chad is officially non-aligned but maintains close relations withFrance, its former colonial power, which has about 1,200 troops stationed in the capitalN'Djamena. It receives economic aid from countries of theEuropean Community, theUnited States, and various international organizations.Libya supplies aid and has an ambassador resident inN'Djamena. Traditionally strong ties with the Western community have weakened over the past two years due to a dispute between theGovernment of Chad and theWorld Bank over how the profits from Chad's petroleum reserves are allocated. Although oil output to the West has resumed and the dispute has officially been resolved, resentment towards what the Déby administration considered "foreign meddling" lingers.

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
AustriaAustria is represented in Chad through its embassy inAbuja, Nigeria.[168]
DenmarkDenmark is represented in Chad through its embassy in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.[169]
France12 August 1960SeeChad–France relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1960[170]

France was Chad's most importantforeign donor and patron for the first three decades followingindependence in 1960.[120] At the end of the 1980s, economic ties were still strong, and France provided development assistance in the form of loans and grants.[120] It was no longer Chad's leading customer foragricultural exports, but it continued to provide substantial military support.

Chad remained a member of theAfrican Financial Community, which linked the value of its currency, theCFA franc, to theFrench franc.[120] French private and government investors owned a substantial portion of Chad's industrial and financial institutions, and the French treasury backed theBank of Central African States, which served as the central bank for Chad and six other member nations.[120] Chad's dependence on France declined slightly duringHabré's tenure as president, in part because other foreign donors and investors returned as the war subsided and also because increased rainfall since 1985 improved food production.[120] French official attitudes toward Chad had changed from the 1970s policies under the leadership ofGiscard d'Estaing to those of theMitterrand era of the 1980s.[120] Economic, political, and strategic goals, which had emphasized maintaining French influence in Africa, exploiting Chad's natural resources, and bolsteringfrancophone Africa's status as a bulwark against the spread of Soviet influence, had been replaced by nominallyanticolonialist attitudes.[120] Theelection in France of theSocialist government in 1981 had coincided withconditions of near-anarchy in Chad, leading France's Socialist Party to reaffirm its ideological stance against high-profile intervention in Africa.[120] Hoping to avoid a confrontation withLibya, another important client state in the region, President Mitterrand limited French military involvement to a defense of the region surroundingN'Djamena in 1983 and 1984.[120] Then, gradually increasing its commitment to reinforce Habré's presidency, France once again increased its military activity in Chad.[120] In 2024, Chad breaks its defense agreements with France, dating from 1966.[171]

Netherlands7 May 1962SeeChad–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1962 when accredited first Ambassador of Netherlands to Chad (resident in Leopoldville)[174]

  • Chad is accredited to Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Netherlands is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Khartoum, Sudan.
Romania15 July 1969SeeChad–Romania relations

Chad–Romania relations were established on July 15, 1969.[175] However, neither country has an embassy in the other's capital, and although an agreement on trade was signed in 1969, followed by an agreement on economic and technical cooperation in 1971, as of 2007[update], the volume of bilateral trade remained insignificant.[176]

In November 2007, Romania announced that they would deploy 120 troops to Chad and theCentral African Republic in connection witha European Union peacekeeping mission there.[177] Romania continued to condemn violence in Chad and blamed it on rebel groups.[178] However, by mid-2008, Romanian defence ministerTeodor Meleşcanu indicated that his country would not send further troops to the mission in Chad, stating that they had reached their limits and did not want involvement in a war theatre.[179]

Chad and Romania have almost identical flags.

United Kingdom9 December 1960SeeForeign relations of the United Kingdom

Chad establisheddiplomatic relations with the UK on 9 December 1960.[5][failed verification]

  • Chad does not maintain an embassy in the UK.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Chad through its embassy inN'Djamena.[180]

Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[181]

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
AustraliaAustralia is represented in Chad through its embassy inParis, France.[182]

Membership of international organizations

[edit]

Chad belongs to the following international organizations:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"All Countries".Office of the Historian. RetrievedNovember 12, 2021.
  2. ^"Tschad: Steckbrief".Auswärtiges Amt (in German). RetrievedMarch 6, 2025.
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  4. ^"Today, September 22, we celebrate 58 years of the establishment of formal diplomatic relations between the Philippines and Chad". September 22, 2018. RetrievedJuly 31, 2023.
  5. ^ab"THE LONDON GAZETTE, 5th MAY 1961"(PDF).The London Gazette.London. May 5, 1961. p. 3340.Archived(PDF) from the original on January 14, 2024. RetrievedMarch 9, 2024.
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  55. ^abIndian Foreign Policy: Annual Survey. Foreign Policy Research Centre. 1975. p. 140.
  56. ^Informe de labores - Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Mexico. Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. 1976. pp. 26 and 36–37.
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