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Foreign relations of Brunei

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is part of a series on the
Politics of
Brunei Darussalam
iconPolitics portal

Brunei maintains diplomatic relations with 170 out of 193 countries, joinedASEAN on 7 January 1984, one week after resuming full independence, and gives its ASEAN membership the highest priority in its foreign relations. Brunei joined theUnited Nations in September 1984. It is also a member of theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and theCommonwealth of Nations. Brunei hosted the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in November 2000. In 2005 it attended the inauguralEast Asia Summit.

Brunei has a number ofdiplomatic missions abroad and has closerelations with Singapore, sharing an interchangeable currency regime as well as close military relations with the latter island-state. Aside from relations with other ASEAN states, of which thePhilippines,Indonesia, andMalaysia are key partners, Brunei also has extensive relations with theMuslim world and theArab world outside its ownregion.

International organizations

[edit]

Brunei became a member state of theCommonwealth in 1984,[1]ASEAN and theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation in 1984,[2] the 7th member of theASEAN-Japan Centre in 1990,[3] the 159thUnited Nations member on 21 September 1985,[4] a major player inBIMP-EAGA in 1994,[5] and a founding member of theWorld Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.[6] Since 2009,Brunei and thePhilippines signed amemorandum of understanding (MOU) that seeks to strengthen the bilateral co-operation of the two countries in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments.[7]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

Brunei maintains diplomatic relations with the following countries:

#CountryDate
1Australia1 January 1984[8]
2Chile1 January 1984[9]
3Indonesia1 January 1984[10]
4Malaysia1 January 1984[11]
5Philippines1 January 1984[12]
6Singapore1 January 1984[13]
7South Korea1 January 1984[14]
8Thailand1 January 1984[15]
9United Kingdom1 January 1984[16]
10Germany30 January 1984[17]
11   Nepal3 February 1984[18]
12Pakistan9 February 1984[19]
13United States10 March 1984[20]
14Oman24 March 1984[19]
15Maldives31 March 1984[21]
16Japan2 April 1984[19]
17Sri Lanka3 April 1984[22]
18Papua New Guinea1 May 1984[19]
19Egypt2 May 1984[19]
20Belgium3 May 1984[19]
21Bangladesh5 May 1984[19]
22New Zealand5 May 1984[19]
23Canada7 May 1984[23]
24France8 May 1984[19]
25India10 May 1984[19]
26Brazil8 June 1984[24]
27Turkey27 June 1984[19]
28SpainJune 1984[25]
29Norway12 October 1984[26]
30  SwitzerlandNovember 1984[27]
31Yemen28 December 1984[28]
32Sweden1984[29]
33Jordan18 February 1985[19]
34Italy15 April 1985[30]
35Netherlands21 April 1985[31]
36Austria2 December 1985[32]
37Greece6 May 1986[32]
38Ireland6 May 1986[32]
39Malta15 August 1986[33]
40Saudi Arabia1 July 1987[19]
41Morocco28 May 1988[19]
42Bahrain24 September 1988[19]
43Finland11 November 1988[34]
44Denmark6 February 1990[35]
45Iran1 May 1990[19]
46Iraq1 May 1990[36]
47Kuwait1 May 1990[19]
48Mali1 May 1990[37]
49Niger1 May 1990[37]
50Seychelles1 May 1990[37]
51Tonga1 May 1990[38]
52Tunisia1 May 1990[39]
53Peru1 June 1990[40]
54Guyana20 June 1990[41]
55Mauritius2 July 1990[42]
56China30 September 1991[43]
57Russia1 October 1991[43]
58Mexico2 October 1991[43]
59Qatar2 October 1991[43]
60Senegal25 November 1991[43]
61Ghana10 December 1991[44]
62Honduras20 December 1991[43]
63Burkina Faso21 January 1992[43]
64Hungary21 January 1992[43]
65Federated States of Micronesia23 February 1992[45]
66Vietnam29 February 1992[19]
67Czech Republic2 March 1992[43]
68Colombia24 March 1992[46]
69Argentina24 April 1992[47]
70Eswatini11 May 1992[48]
71Mongolia18 May 1992[49]
72Solomon Islands21 May 1992[43]
73United Arab Emirates28 May 1992[43]
74Cambodia9 June 1992[19]
75San Marino10 June 1992[50]
76Madagascar20 October 1992[43]
77Nigeria1 December 1992[51]
78Laos27 July 1993[19]
79Myanmar21 September 1993[43]
80Bosnia and Herzegovina25 January 1994[52]
81Albania27 January 1994[53]
82Benin1 March 1994[54]
83Bulgaria14 April 1994[43]
84Costa Rica14 April 1994[43]
85Romania15 April 1994[43]
86Lebanon18 May 1994[55]
—State of Palestine3 June 1994[56]
87Ivory Coast3 June 1994[56]
88Guinea-Bissau3 June 1994[56]
89Zimbabwe7 September 1994[57]
90Uruguay19 September 1994[43]
91Algeria24 January 1995[58]
92Sierra Leone10 July 1995[43]
93Azerbaijan24 November 1995[59]
94Marshall Islands17 January 1996[60]
95Kyrgyzstan15 March 1996[43]
96Poland20 March 1996[43]
97Portugal22 March 1996[43]
98Panama28 March 1996[43]
99Paraguay8 April 1996[43]
100Slovakia4 June 1996[43]
101Mozambique18 June 1996[43]
102Uzbekistan20 June 1996[61]
103Namibia27 June 1996[43]
104South Africa4 October 1996[62]
105Cyprus6 November 1996[63]
106Cuba4 April 1997[64]
107Slovenia28 April 1997[65]
108GabonJune 1997[66]
109Ukraine3 October 1997[43]
110Croatia1 May 1998[43]
111NicaraguaJuly 1998[67]
112SudanAugust 1998[67]
113North Korea7 January 1999[68]
114Comoros16 February 1999[43]
115Suriname22 February 1999[69]
116Turkmenistan22 February 1999[70]
117Lesotho30 March 2000[71]
118Republic of Congo15 May 2000[43]
119Kazakhstan14 June 2000[43]
120Latvia14 July 2000[72]
121El Salvador28 August 2000[43]
122Tanzania6 October 2000[54]
123Malawi11 October 2000[73]
124Ecuador19 March 2001[43]
125Lithuania27 April 2001[74]
126Armenia15 April 2002[75]
127Timor-Leste20 May 2002[76]
128Syria31 August 2002[77]
129Belarus4 November 2002[43]
130Togo3 December 2002[78]
131Zambia3 February 2003[43]
132Luxembourg18 July 2003[43]
133Uganda21 October 2003[43]
134Eritrea13 May 2004[43]
135Tajikistan2 June 2004[43]
136Guatemala30 June 2004[43]
137Venezuela13 July 2005[43]
138Samoa8 February 2006[79]
139Iceland27 April 2006[43]
140Estonia1 May 2006[80]
141Angola18 October 2006[43]
142Moldova18 October 2006[43]
143Afghanistan14 February 2007[81]
144North Macedonia1 August 2007[82]
145Guinea8 August 2007[83]
146Mauritania23 October 2007[84]
147Kenya11 August 2008[85]
148Grenada29 January 2009[43]
149Libya4 April 2009[86]
150Trinidad and Tobago24 November 2009[43]
151Antigua and Barbuda21 December 2009[43]
152Montenegro18 January 2010[43]
153Georgia1 March 2010[43]
154Dominican Republic10 August 2010[87]
155Fiji25 April 2011[43]
156Andorra16 June 2011[43]
157Jamaica20 June 2011[43]
158Monaco22 June 2011[88]
159Liechtenstein25 November 2011[89]
160Serbia5 December 2011[43]
161Palau16 December 2011[90]
162Djibouti9 November 2012[91]
163Saint Vincent and the Grenadines27 May 2015[43]
164Gambia21 January 2016[92]
165Kiribati26 January 2016[93]
166Bahamas21 November 2016[43]
—Kosovo20 February 2017[94]
167Saint Kitts and Nevis21 February 2017[43]
168Dominica22 January 2020[43]
169Rwanda9 December 2020[43]
170ChadUnknown

Bilateral relations

[edit]
CountryFormal relations beganNotes
Australia1 January 1984

Australia and Brunei Darussalam enjoy a warm, and increasingly diverse bilateral relationship. Australian servicemen liberated Brunei from Japanese occupation in June 1945. A memorial marking this event can be found at Muara Beach and is the venue for the annual ANZAC Day ceremony organised by the High Commission. Both countries are also participating in the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations which commenced in 2010, with participants aiming to conclude an agreement which will serve as a building block for Asia Pacific economic integration.

Brunei has a High Commission inCanberra, and Australia has one inBandar Seri Begawan.[95] Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Relations between the two countries were established in 1984 when Australia became one of the first countries to establish diplomatic ties with Brunei.[95][96][97]

Cambodia9 June 1992

Brunei has an embassy inPhnom Penh, and Cambodia has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[98] Relations were established on 9 June 1992.[98]

Canada1 January 1984

Canada established diplomatic relations with Brunei Darussalam on 7 May 1984, following Brunei's independence.[99][100] Brunei has a High Commission inOttawa, and Canada has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan.[100] Like Brunei, Canada is a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations..

China30 September 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1991

Brunei has an embassy inBeijing, and China has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[101] Relations can be traced back to over 2,000 years ago, as early as theWestern Han periods.[102]

France8 May 1984

Brunei has an embassy inParis, and France has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[103] Relations between the two countries have been established since 8 May 1984.[103]

Germany30 January 1984

Brunei has an embassy inBerlin, and Germany has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[104] Relations between the two countries has been established since 1 May 1984.[104][105]

India10 May 1984

Brunei has a High Commission inNew Delhi, and India has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan.[106] Both countries are full members of theCommonwealth of Nations. Relations have been established since 10 May 1984.[106]

Indonesia1 January 1984

Republic of Indonesia established diplomatic relations with Brunei Darussalam on 1 January 1984.[107]

Iran1 May 1990
Japan2 April 1984
Embassy of Japan in Bandar Seri Begawan

Brunei has an embassy inTokyo, and Japan has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[108] Relations were established on 2 April 1984.[108]

Laos27 July 1993

Brunei has an embassy inVientiane, and Laos has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[109] Relations were established on 27 July 1993.[109]

Malaysia1 January 1984

Both countries established diplomatic relations since January 1984 with Brunei has a High Commission inKuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan.[110] Like Brunei, Malaysia is a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Mexico2 October 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1991
  • Brunei is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C.[111]
  • Mexico is accredited to Brunei from its embassy in Singapore.[112]
Myanmar21 September 1993Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1993

Brunei has an embassy inYangon, and Myanmar has an embassy inGadong.[113] Relations were established on 21 September 1993.[113]

New Zealand5 May 1984

The Bruneian High Commission in Kuala Lumpur is accredited to New Zealand, while the New Zealand High Commission in Kuala Lumpur is cross-accredited to Brunei.[114] Relations has been established since 5 May 1984 and have always been friendly and positive with such co-operation in education trade and defence.[115]

North Korea7 January 1999

In August 2013Brunei's Foreign Affairs and Vice-Minister, PrinceMohamed Bolkiah arrived in Pyongyang.Brunei is represented in North Korea, through its embassy inKuala Lumpur,Malaysia.

North Korea established diplomatic relations with Brunei on 7 January 1999.[116]

Oman24 March 1984

Brunei has an embassy inMuscat, and Oman has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[117] Relations has been established since 24 March 1984.[117]

Pakistan9 February 1984

Pakistan has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan and Brunei has a High Commission inIslamabad. Pakistan initially hesitated to recognise the country at first since its close relations withMalaysia which what they considered as part of the Federation of Malaysia but later established relations on 9 February 1984 when Malaysia established relations with the country.[118]

Philippines1 January 1984

Relations between Brunei and the natives of a then divided Philippines under a classical era started since the 10th to 13th centuries and continued even under the colonial regimes. Relations continued through the Sultanate of Sulu. Post World War II relations between the two countries has been re-established since January 1984.[119] In April 2009, Brunei and ThePhilippines signed amemorandum of understanding (MOU) that seeks to strengthen the bilateral co-operation of the two countries in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments.[120] The MOU further strengthened bilateral co-operation between the two Southeast Asian countries, particularly in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments.[121] The two countries have agreed to co-operate in plant science, crops technology, vegetable and fruit preservation, biotechnology, post-harvest technology, livestock, organic agriculture, irrigation and water resources andHalal industry. Brunei is viewed by the Philippines as a key ASEAN and Islamic ally. While Brunei view the Philippines as an ASEAN and Christian ally with a Muslim minority.[122]

Qatar2 October 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1991

Brunei has an embassy inDoha, and Qatar has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[123]

Russia1 October 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1991

Brunei maintains an embassy inMoscow, the Russian embassy in Brunei was established in March 2010.

Singapore1 January 1984

The official relations between the two countries have been established since 1984.[124] Brunei and Singapore agreed to have Singapore train its armed forces with Brunei. Like Brunei, Singapore is a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Brunei and Singapore have a currency agreement that the currencies of both countries can be used in either of the two countries. TheBrunei dollar and theSingapore dollar are maintained at par.

In August 2005,Brunei's Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister, PrinceMohamed Bolkiah arrived in Singapore for a three-day visit during which the two countries signed an agreement to eliminate double taxation, paving the way for further bilateral trade and investment.[125]

TheRoyal Brunei Navy and theRepublic of Singapore Navy conduct an annual Exercise Pelican signifying strong ties between the two navies.

South Korea1 January 1984

Brunei has an embassy inSeoul, and South Korea has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[126] South Korea established diplomatic relations with Brunei on 1 June 1984 right after the country gained independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January on that year.[126][127]

Thailand1 January 1984

Brunei has an embassy inBangkok, and Thailand has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[128] The relations have always been close and cordial.[129]

United Kingdom1 January 1984
Prime MinisterKeir Starmer withBruneian SultanateHassanal Bolkiah in Downing Street, December 2024.

Brunei establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984.[16]

The UK governedBrunei from 1888 to 1984, when Brunei achieved full independence.[132]

Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth,CPTPP, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement.[133]

The UK and Brunei have a long-standing and strong bilateral relationship, particularly on defence co-operation, trade and education. The UK continues to play a strong role in developing Brunei's oil and gas sector, and the Brunei Investment Agency is a significant investor in the UK, with their largest overseas operations in the City of London. The UK remains the destination of choice for Bruneian students, with about 1,220 of them enrolled in higher education in the UK in 2006–07.[Out of date] The Brunei royal family have strong ties to the UK, more specificallyBirchwood, a suburb ofWarrington.

United States10 March 1984

The US welcomed Brunei Darussalam's full independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984, and opened an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan on that date. Brunei opened its embassy inWashington, D.C. in March 1984.Brunei's armed forces engage in joint exercises, training programs, and other military co-operation with the USA memorandum of understanding on defence co-operation was signed on 29 November 1994. TheSultan of Brunei visited Washington in December 2002.

Vietnam29 February 1992

Relations between the two countries have been established since 29 February 1992.[134] Brunei has an embassy inHanoi, and Vietnam has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[134] Relations between the two countries have always been friendly especially in the political field.[135]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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