Between World War II and 1990, bothdemocratic andmilitary governments sought to expand Brazil's influence in the world by pursuing a state-ledindustrial policy and an independent foreign policy. Brazilian foreign policy has recently aimed to strengthen ties with other South American countries, engage in multilateral diplomacy through theUnited Nations and theOrganization of American States, and act at times as a countervailing force to U.S. political and economic influence in Latin America.
ThePresident has ultimate authority over foreign policy, whileCongress is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic nominations andinternational treaties, as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign policy.[2]
TheMinistry of Foreign Affairs, also knownmetonymically as Itamaraty, is the government department responsible for advising the President and conducting Brazil's foreign relations with other countries and international bodies. Itamaraty's scope includes political, commercial, economic, financial, cultural and consular relations, areas in which it performs the classical tasks of diplomacy: represent, inform and administer. Foreign policy priorities are established by the President.
Brazil's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's unique position as aregional power in Latin America, a leader amongdeveloping countries, and an emergingworld power.[3] Brazilian foreign policy has generally been based on the principles ofmultilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and non-intervention in the affairs of other countries.[4] Brazil engages in multilateral diplomacy through the Organization of American States and the United Nations, and has increased ties with developing countries in Africa and Asia. Brazil is currently commanding a multinational U.N. stabilization force in Haiti, theMINUSTAH. Instead of pursuing unilateral prerogatives, Brazilian foreign policy has tended to emphasize regional integration, first through theSouthern Cone Common Market (Mercosul) and now theUnion of South American Nations. Brazil is also committed to cooperation with other Portuguese-speaking nations[5] through joint-collaborations with the rest of thePortuguese-speaking world, in several domains which include military cooperation, financial aid, and cultural exchange. This is done in the framework ofCPLP,[6] for instance. Lula da Silva visit to Africa in 2003 included State visits to three Portuguese-speaking African nations (Angola,São Tomé and Príncipe, andMozambique).[7] Finally, Brazil is also strongly committed in the development and restoration of peace inEast Timor, where it has a very powerful influence.[8][9]
Brazil's political, business, and military ventures are complemented by the country'strade policy. In Brazil, theMinistry of Foreign Relations continues to dominate trade policy, causing the country's commercial interests to be (at times) subsumed by a larger foreign policy goal, namely, enhancing Brazil's influence in Latin America and the world.[10][11] For example, while concluding meaningful trade agreements withdeveloped countries (such as the United States and theEuropean Union) would probably be beneficial to Brazil's long-term economic self-interest, the Brazilian government has instead prioritized its leadership role within Mercosul and expanded trade ties with countries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East.
Brazil'ssoft power diplomacy involves institutional strategies such as the formation of diplomatic coalitions to constrain the power of the establishedgreat powers.[12] In recent years, it has given high priority in establishing political dialogue with otherstrategic actors such as India, Russia, China and South Africa through participation in international groupings such asBASIC,IBSA andBRICS. The BRICS states have been amongst the most powerful drivers of incremental change in world diplomacy and they benefit most from the connected global power shifts.[12]
The Brazilian foreign policy under theLula da Silva administration (2003–2010) focused on the following directives: to contribute toward the search for greater equilibrium and attenuateunilateralism; to strengthenbilateral andmultilateral relations in order to increase the country's weight in political and economic negotiations on an international level; to deepen relations so as to benefit from greater economical, financial, technological and cultural interchange; to avoid agreements that could jeopardize development in the long term.[13]
These directives implied precise emphasis on: the search for political coordination withemerging anddeveloping countries, namely India, South Africa, Russia and China; creation of theUnion of South American Nations and its derivative bodies, such as the South American Security Council; strengthening ofMercosul; projection at theDoha Round andWTO; maintenance of relations withdeveloped countries, including the United States; undertaking and narrowing of relations with African countries; campaign for thereform of the United Nations Security Council and for a permanent seat for Brazil; and defense of social objectives allowing for a greater equilibrium between the States and populations.[13]
From 2003 to 2010, Lula embraced China as central to reforming what he considered an unjust global order.[14] Lula stated Brazil's commitment to the One China principle that is the position held by thePeople's Republic of China and the rulingChinese Communist Party, saying that the government of the People's Republic of China was the sole legal government representing the whole of China, includingTaiwan—as part of China.[15]
Under Lula, Brazil provided money and corporate support to Cuba.[16][17] The state-controlled Brazilian oil companyPetrobras studied the possibility of drilling for oil off of Cuba, while theOdebrecht construction firm headed a revamp of the Cuban port ofMariel into the island's main commercial port.[17][18] Brazil's state-runBrazilian Development Bank gave $300 million to Odebrecht to build new roads, rail lines, wharves, and warehouses at Mariel.[17] Brazil also offered Cuba up to $1 billion incredit lines to pay for Brazilian goods and services.[18]
In November 2007, Lula defended Venezuela's presidentHugo Chávez as the democratic choice of his people.[19] He said: "There is no risk with Chávez."[19] Expressing his admiration for Chávez, he said "Only thanks to Chávez’s leadership, the people [of Venezuela] have had extraordinary achievements," and that in 2008 that Chávez was "the best president the country has had in 100 years."[20]
The foreign policy of theRousseff administration (2011–2016) sought to deepen Brazil's regional commercial dominance and diplomacy, expand Brazil's presence in Africa, and play a major role in theG20 onglobal warming and in other multilateral settings.[21] At the United Nations, Brazil continues to opposeEconomic sanctions and foreign military intervention, while seeking to garner support for a permanent seat at theSecurity Council.[22] Cooperation with otheremerging powers remain a top priority in Brazil's global diplomatic strategy. On the recent airstrike resolution supportingmilitary action in Libya, Brazil joined fellowBRICS in the Council andabstained. On the draft resolution condemningviolence in Syria, Brazil worked with India and South Africa to try to bridge the Western powers' divide with Russia and China.[23]
AfterRousseff's impeachment, Brazil started reconnecting with its western allies. In 2019Jair Bolsonaro succeededMichel Temer. The new foreign policy focused on a reapprochement with major governments especially the United States and Colombia in the Americas; Israel, Japan and South Korea in Asia; United Kingdom, Italy and Greece in Europe. TheBrazil–Portugal relations were also strengthened, and despite disagreements over thecrisis in Venezuela, Brazil remained close to the BRICS countries.[24][25]
Bolsonaro with United States PresidentDonald Trump at theWhite House, 19 March 2019Bolsonaro with United Kingdom Prime MinisterBoris Johnson, 20 September 2021
During the 2018 presidential campaign, Bolsonaro said he would make considerable changes to Brazil's foreign relations, saying that the "Itamaraty needs to be in service of the values that were always associated with the Brazilian people". He also said that the country should stop "praising dictators" and attacking democracies, such as the United States, Israel and Italy.[26] In early 2018, he affirmed that his "trip to the five democratic countries the United States, Israel, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan showed who we will be and we would like to join good people". Bolsonaro has shown distrust towards China throughout the presidential campaign claiming they "[want to] buy Brazil",[27][28] although Brazil recorded a US$20 billion trade surplus with China in 2018, and China is only the 13th largest source of foreign direct investment into Brazil.[29] Bolsonaro said he wishes to continue to have business with the Chinese but he also said that Brazil should "make better [economic] deals" with other countries, with no "ideological agenda" behind it.[30] His stance towards China has also been interpreted as an attempt to curry favor from theTrump administration to garner concessions from the US.[29] However, Bolsonaro has mostly changed his position on China after he took office, saying that the two countries were "born to walk together" during his visit to Beijing in October 2019.[31][32] He has also said that Brazil will stay out of the ongoingChina-U.S. trade war.[31]
Bolsonaro said that his first international trip as president would be toIsrael.[33] Bolsonaro also said that theState of Palestine "is not a country, so there should be no embassy here", adding that "you don't negotiate with terrorists."[33] The announcement was warmly received by the prime minister of Israel,Benjamin Netanyahu, who welcomed Bolsonaro to Israel in March 2019 during the final weeks of a re-election campaign,[34] but was met with condemnation from theArab League, which warned Bolsonaro it could damage diplomatic ties.[35] "I love Israel," Bolsonaro said in Hebrew at a welcoming ceremony, with Netanyahu at his side, at Tel Aviv's Ben-Gurion airport.[36]
Bolsonaro also praised U.S. President Donald Trump andhis foreign policy,[26] and has been called "the tropical Trump".[37] His sonEduardo has indicated that Brazil should distance itself from Iran, sever ties withNicolás Maduro's government in Venezuela and relocateBrazil's embassy in Israel to Jerusalem.[38] Bolsonaro is widely considered the most pro-American candidate in Brazil since the 1980s. PSL members said that if elected, he would dramatically improverelations between the United States and Brazil.[39] During an October 2017 campaign rally inMiami, he saluted the American flag and led chants of "USA! USA!" to a large crowd.[40] U.S. National Security AdvisorJohn Bolton praised Bolsonaro as a "like-minded" partner and said his victory was a "positive sign" for Latin America.[41]
At the regional level, Bolsonaro praised Argentine PresidentMauricio Macri for ending the 12-year rule ofNéstor andCristina Fernández de Kirchner, which he saw as similar to Lula and Rousseff. Although he does not have plans to leave theMercosur, he criticized it for prioritizing ideological issues over economic ones.[42] A staunch anti-communist, Bolsonaro has condemnedCuba's former leaderFidel Castro and the current regime in that island.[43][44]
Bolsonaro praised British Prime MinisterWinston Churchill, saying that he had learned from Churchill: "Patriotism, love for your fatherland, respect for your flag – something that has been lost over the last few years here in Brazil... and governing through example, especially at that difficult moment of the Second World War."[43] Bolsonaro said he's open to the possibility of hosting aU.S. military base in Brazil to counter Russian influence in the region.[45] With the intention to persuade Trump to make Brazil aNATO member in March 2019, Bolsonaro said: "the discussions with the United States will begin in the coming months".[46][47][48][49]
Bolsonaro with Russian PresidentVladimir Putin in November 2019
With formal U.S. support for Brazil's entry toOECD in May 2019, Bolsonaro said, "currently, all 36 members of the organization support the entry of the country, fruit of confidence in the new Brazil being built, more free, open and fair".[50][51][52] In October 2019, on a state visit to China, he announced the end of the need for visas for Chinese and Indian entry into Brazil. Brazil had already removed the need for visas for people from the U.S., Canada, Japan, and Australia.[53]
In May 2022, Lula placed blame for Russia's invasion of Ukraine on Ukrainian presidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy, saying "This guy is as responsible as Putin for the war".[54] Lula also repeatedly attackedNATO and theEuropean Union as having caused the war.[55] After Germany appealed to Lula toprovide military aid to Ukraine by selling it arms, Lula refused.[56] In December 2023, Lula said that he will invite Vladimir Putin to Brazil.[57] In February 2024, he was visited by Russian Foreign MinisterSergey Lavrov.[58]
In November 2023, Lula met inRiyadh with the prime minister and crown prince ofSaudi Arabia,Mohammed bin Salman.[59][60][61] They discussed strengthening bilateral relations, and investments in both countries.[60][61] Salman said that a more robust strategic partnership between the two countries would benefit both sides.[60] The $10 billion that thesovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia pledged to invest in Brazil was one topic of conversation.[60][61] Lula mentioned Brazil's rapprochement with Arab countries.[60] Salman also discussed Saudi Arabia's entry intoBRICS in January 2024.[60] Lula invited Salman to visit Brazil in 2024.[60][62][61]
Mercosur, a regional trade bloc between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
Over the first decade of the 21st century, Brazil has firmly established itself as a regional power.[63] It has traditionally, if controversially,[64] been a leader in the inter-American community and played an important role in collective security efforts, as well as in economic cooperation in theWestern Hemisphere.[65] Brazilian foreign policy supports economic and political integration efforts in order to reinforce long-standing relationships with its neighbors.[63] It is a founding member of theOrganization of American States (OAS) and theInter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty).[65] It has given high priority to expanding relations with its South American neighbors and strengthening regional bodies such as theLatin American Integration Association (ALADI), theUnion of South American Nations (UNASUR) andMercosur.[65] Althoughintegration is the primary purpose of these organizations, they also serve as forums in which Brazil can exercise its leadership and develop consensus around its positions on regional andglobal issues.[63] Most scholars agree that by promoting integration through organizations like Mercosur and UNASUR, Brazil has been able to solidify its role as aregional power.[63] In addition to consolidating its power within South America, Brazil has sought to expand its influence in the broader region by increasing its engagement in the Caribbean and Central America.,[63] although some think this is still a fragile, ongoing process, that can be thwarted by secondary regional powers in South America.[1]
Brazil regularly extendsexport credits and universityscholarships to its Latin American neighbors.[68] In recent years, theBrazilian Development Bank (BNDES) has provided US$5 billion worth of loans to countries in the region.[69] Brazil has also increasingly provided Latin American nations withfinancial aid and technical assistance.[63] Between 2005 and 2009,Cuba,Haiti, andHonduras were the top three recipients of Brazilian assistance, receiving over $50 million annually.[63][70]
In November 2019, Brazil made a historic move to break with the rest of Latin America on theU.S. embargo of Cuba, becoming the first Latin American country in twenty-six years to vote against condemning the U.S.-led embargo of Cuba at theUnited Nations General Assembly.[71]
Brazil is a founding member of theUnited Nations and participates in all of its specialized agencies. It has participated in 33United Nations peacekeeping missions and contributed with over 27,000 soldiers.[72] Brazil has been a member of theUnited Nations Security Council ten times, most recently 2010–2011.[73] Along with Japan, Brazil has been elected more times to the Security Council than any other U.N. member state.[72]
Brazil is currently seeking a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.[74] It is a member of theG4, an alliance among Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan for the purpose of supporting each other's bids for permanent seats on theSecurity Council.[74] They propose the Security Council be expanded beyond the current 15 members to include 25 members. The G4 countries argue that a reform would render the body "more representative, legitimate, effective and responsive" to the realities of the international community in the 21st century.[74]
Overseas aid has become an increasingly important tool for Brazil's foreign policy.[78] Brazil providesaid through theBrazilian Agency of Cooperation (Abbreviation:ABC;Portuguese:Agência Brasileira de Cooperação), in addition to offering scientific, economical, and technical support. More than half of Brazilian aid is provided to Africa, whereas Latin America receives around 20% of Brazilian aid. The share of aid allocated to the Asian continent is small.[79] Within Africa, more than 80% of Brazilian aid is received by Portuguese-speaking countries.[80] Brazil concentrates its aid for Portuguese-speaking countries in the education sector, specially in secondary and post-secondary education, but it is more committed to agricultural development in other countries.[81] Estimated to be around $1 billion annually, Brazil is on par with China and India and ahead of many more traditional donor countries.[78] The aid tends to consist of technical aid and expertise, alongside a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to development results.[78] Brazil's aid demonstrates a developing pattern of South-South aid, which has been heralded as a 'global model in waiting'.[82] Concomitantly, South-South relations have become a major subfield of specialisation among Brazilian foreign policy experts.[83] Some studies have suggested that, by giving aid, Brazil could be trying to get access to mineral and energy resources.[84]
Kosovo - Brazil does not recognizeKosovo as an independent state and has announced it has no plans to do so without an agreement withSerbia.[86] However, Brazil accepts theKosovan passport.[87]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 January 1951 when was accredited first Minister of Ethiopia to Brazil Mr. Blatta Dawit Ogbazgy[237]
Mozambique is the country that receives the highest amount of Brazilian aid in Africa. Almost 50% of Brazilian aid allocated to the African continent between 1998 and 2010 was allocated to Mozambique.[80]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1961[240]
Bilateral relations between Nigeria and Brazil focus primarily upon trade and culture. The largest country in Latin America by size, and the largest country in Africa by population are remotely bordered across from one another by the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil and Nigeria for centuries, have enjoyed a warmly, friendly, and strong relationship on the basis of culture (manyAfro-Brazilians trace their ancestry to Nigeria) and commercial trade.
Brazil has an embassy inAbuja and a consulate-general inLagos.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1948[241]
Brazil-South Africa relations have traditionally been close. Brazil has provided military assistance to South Africa in the form of warfare training and logistics. Bilateral relations between the countries have recently increased, as a result of Brazil's newSouth-South foreign policy aimed to strengthen integration between the major powers of thedeveloping world. South Africa is part of theIBSA Dialogue Forum, alongside Brazil and India.
Brazil has an embassy inPretoria and a consulate-general inCape Town.
South Africa has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general inSão Paulo.
Argentina is the first country to recognize Brazil's independence and to establish diplomatic relations with the empire. The Argentine envoy Valentín Gómez presents the Brazilian Foreign Minister with a credential letter signed by Bernardino Rivadavia, with the recognition of Brazil's independence (August 5), and is received by Dom Pedro I (August 11).[242] After democratization, a strong integration and partnership began between the two countries. In 1985 they signed the basis for theMERCOSUL, a Regional Trade Agreement. In the field of science, the two regional giants had been rivals since the 1950s when both governments launched parallel nuclear and space programs, however, several agreements were signed since then such as the creation of theBrazilian–Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials (ABACC) to verify both countries' pledges to use nuclear energy only for peaceful purposes. National spaces agenciesCONAE and theAEB had also begun working together since the 1990s. Brazil's decision to prevent a Royal Navy ship docking in Rio de Janeiro was seen as backing Argentina over the Falklands dispute.[243] Also on the military side there has been greater rapprochement. In accordance with the friendship policy, both armies dissolved or moved major units previously located at their common border (for example,Argentine's 7th Jungle and 3rd Motorized Infantry Brigades). Brazilian soldiers are embedded in the Argentinepeacekeeping contingent atUNFICYP inCyprus and they are working together atMINUSTAH inHaiti and, as another example of collaboration,Argentine Navy aircraft routinely operate from theBrazilian Navy carrierNAe São Paulo.
Argentina has an embassy inBrasília and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
Brazil has an embassy inBuenos Aires and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
In May 2023, Argentina and Brazil announced plans to continue working on the development of a mechanism allowing them to avoid using theUS dollar inbilateral trade.[244]
Brazil-Canada relations have been cordial but relatively limited, although the relationship between the two countries has been gradually evolving over time.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 April 1836.[245]
Chile and Brazil have acted numerous times as mediators in international conflicts, such as in the1914 diplomatic impasse between the United States and Mexico, avoiding a possiblestate of war between those two countries. More recently, since the2004 Haiti rebellion, Chile and Brazil have actively participated in theUnited Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, which is led by theBrazilian Army. They are also two of the three most important economies in South America along with Argentina.
Brazilian-Cuban relations were classified as "excellent" in May 2008 following a meeting of foreign ministers.[246] During a January 2008 state visit to Cuba by Brazilian PresidentLula da Silva, the Brazilian leader expressed desire for his country to be Cuba's "number one partner".[246] Bilateral trade increased by 58% between April 2007 and April 2008.[247]
Brazilian-Cuban relations deteriorated greatly during the presidency of Brazilian right-wing presidentJair Bolsonaro since 2019.[248] TheMais Médicos (More Doctors) programme was suspended and thousands of Cuban doctors left Brazil.[249] In November 2019, Brazil voted for the first time against an annual United Nations resolution condemning and calling for an end to Washington's economic embargo on Cuba.[250]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1968.[252] Brazil–Guyana relations have traditionally been close. Brazil has provided military assistance toGuyana in the form of warfare training and logistics. Bilateral relations between the countries have recently increased, as a result of Brazil's newSouth-South foreign policy aimed to strengthen South American integration.
Brazil and Mexico have the two largest emerging economies in Latin-America and the global stage. Both nations are considered to beregional powers and highly influential within the American continent. Both nations have historically been friendly and they have both participated in and are members of several multilateral organizations such as theG20,Organization of American States,Organization of Ibero-American States,Rio Group and theUnited Nations. Several high-level diplomatic meeting have been held by presidents of both nations to enhance bilateral relations.
Paraguay–Brazil relations have improved greatly after Brazilian President Lula's decision in 2009 to triple its payments to Paraguay for energy from a massive hydro-electric dam on their border, ending a long-running dispute. Under the accord, Brazil will pay Paraguay $360m a year for energy from the jointly-operated Itaipu plant. Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva called it a "historic agreement" and the deal slated as a political victory for Paraguayan PresidentFernando Lugo.[254] In February 2019, Brazilian PresidentJair Bolsonaro praised the late military strongman of Paraguay,Alfredo Stroessner, calling him "a man of vision." Bolsonaro made the comments during a ceremony at theItaipu hydroelectric dam on the countries' shared border. At his side was his close ally, Paraguayan right-wing PresidentMario Abdo Benitez.[255]
Brazil has an embassy inAsunción and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
Paraguay has an embassy in Brasília and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 May 1824[261]
Brazil-United States relations has a long history, characterized by some moments of remarkable convergence of interests but also by sporadic and critical divergences on sensitive international issues.[262] The United States has increasingly regarded Brazil as a significant power, especially in its role as a stabilizing force and skillful interlocutor in Latin America.[263] As a significant political and economic power, Brazil has traditionally preferred to cooperate with the United States on specific issues rather than seeking to develop an all-encompassing, privileged relationship with the United States.[263]In October 2020, Brazilian presidentJair Bolsonaro said that the Brazil-US relations have elevated to "its best moment ever."[264]
Brazil has an embassy inWashington, D.C., and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
United States has an embassy in Brasília and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
Brazil and Uruguay are neighboring countries that share close historical, cultural and geographical ties. The singularity of the bilateral relationship between the two countries originates from the strong historical connection - marked by important events, such as the establishment of theColônia do Sacramento in 1680, the annexation by Brazil and the subsequent creation of theProvíncia Cisplatina in 1815, and Uruguay's independence from Brazil in 1828.[265]
Brazil has an embassy inMontevideo and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
Uruguay has an embassy in Brasília and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
During the Brazilian government of PresidentJair Bolsonaro since 2019, Brazil has cut off the relations with the current Venezuelan leftwing and disputed government of presidentNicolás Maduro. Brazil downgraded its diplomatic relations with the ruling Venezuelan government. Brazil has recognised Venezuelan opposition leaderJuan Guaidó as the legitimate President of Venezuela.[266]
Brazil has an embassy inCaracas and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
Venezuela has an embassy in Brasilia and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1974[273] Relations have been good. In 2013, Bangladesh has sought Brazil's support for its candidature at the Human Rights Council in 2015 and non-permanent seat of the UN Security Council for 2016–17 term. In 2014, Brazil assured its support to Bangladesh for the posts of United Nations Human Rights Commission and CEDAW (The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women). Bangladesh also supported Brazil's candidature for the post of Director General of World Trade Organization.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 April 1948[276]The two countries share similar perceptions on issues of interest todeveloping countries and have cooperated in the multilateral level on issues such as reform to theUN and theUNSC expansion.[277]
Brazil has an embassy inNew Delhi and a consulate-general inMumbai.
India has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo.
Both countries established diplomatic relations in March 1953[278]Both are large tropical country endowed with rich natural resources, Brazil and Indonesia possess the largest tropical rain forest of the world that contains the world's richest biodiversity, which gave them a vital role in global environment issues, such as ensuring tropical forests protection. Both countries leading the list of Megadiverse countries with Indonesia second only to Brazil.
Both countries are full members of theGroup of 77. Brazil was the first Latin American country to reopen its embassy in Iraq since the1991 Gulf War.[280]
Brazil played a large role in theestablishment of the State of Israel. Brazil held the Presidency office of theUN General Assembly in 1947, which proclaimed thePartition Plan for Palestine. The Brazilian delegation to the U.N., supported and heavily lobbied for the partition of Palestine toward the creation of theState of Israel. Brazil was also one of the first countries to recognize the State of Israel, on 7 February 1949, less than one year afterIsraeli Declaration of Independence. For a long time, Brazil and Israel maintained close political, economic and military ties. Several Brazilian elected officials participate in theIsrael Allies Caucus,[282] a political advocacy organization that mobilizes pro-Israel parliamentarians in governments worldwide. The two nations enjoy a degree of arms cooperation as Brazil is a key buyer of Israeli weapons and military technology.[283] Also, Brazil is Israel's largest trading partner in Latin America.[284] Brazil has the 9th largestJewish community in the world, about 107,329 by 2010, according to theIBGE census.[285] The Jewish Confederation of Brazil (CONIB) estimates to more than 120,000.[286] Brazil-Israel relations improved significantly during the presidency ofJair Bolsonaro since 2019. Bolsonaro has expressed his love for Israel several times.[287] He even said to have turned Brazil into Israel's new best friend.[288]
Relations cooled after Bolsonaro's administration ended and as a result of theGaza genocide and its ramifications. On February 17, 2024, the Brazilian PresidentLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva denounced the military operations of Israel while speaking to reporters at theAfrican Union summit inAddis Ababa, comparing the events in Gaza to that of theHolocaust.[289][290] The statement was highly contentious within Israel, receiving strongly-worded statements from Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu and other public figures.[290][291] On February 19, 2024, Brazil then recalled their ambassador to Israel,[289] and summoned the Israeli ambassador for a reprimand,[290][292] following Israel deeming the president of Brazil apersona non grata.[289][290]
Both countries established diplomatic relations in January 1951[140]Brazil-Pakistan relations are characterized as friendly and cooperative. In 2008, Brazil approved the sale of 100 MAR-1anti-radiation missiles to Pakistan despite India's pressure on Brazil to avoid doing so.[302]
In June 2009, Brazil and the Philippines made their pledges as they signed mutual cooperation agreements in the fields of bio-energy and agriculture.[303] The two countries committed themselves to take the necessary steps to implement the signed Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Agriculture and the Memorandum of Understanding on Bioenergy Cooperation.[304] The Philippines and Brazil signed six memoranda of understanding and agreements on the development and production of renewable energy, and agriculture cooperation.[305] It intends to "facilitate technical cooperation... on the production and use of biofuels, particularly ethanol, and promote the expansion of bilateral trade and investment in biofuel,"[306]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1989[319]
The Brazilian Embassy in Hanoi was opened in 1994, being the first Latin American country to open an embassy in Hanoi. Vietnamese PresidentsLê Đức Anh andTrần Đức Lương have visited Brazil in October 1995 and November 2004, respectively.[320]
The countries have enjoyed "Bilateral relations [that] have always been good and are progressing smoothly," according to the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[326]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1825[344]
Portugal and Brazil have countless bilateral agreements in areas such as culture, language, R&D, immigration, defence, tourism, economy, environment, among others.[345][346] Portugal and Brazil hold regular Summits to discuss bilateral and multilateral agreements and current topics (last one in Bahia in 2008, before that one in Porto in 2005).[347] One rather controversial topic was the spelling reform that aims at homogenising spelling in lusophone countries. Both countries share a common heritage and are committed in its preservation, be it through bilateral agreements or involving other nations, such as in the framework ofCPLP.[348] Both countries lobby within the UN to upgrade Portuguese to a working language in that Organisation.[349] Portugal has also lobbied for Brazil to become a permanent member of the UN Security Council.[350] Finally, Portugal hosted the1st EU-Brazil summit, in 2007.
Brazil has an embassy inLisbon and consulates-general inFaro andPorto.
Brazil–Russia relations have seen a significant improvement in recent years, characterized by an increasing commercial trade and cooperation in military and technology segments. Today, Brazil shares an important alliance with the Russian Federation, with partnerships in areas such as space and military technologies, and telecommunications.
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^Resenha de política exterior do Brasil Issues 24-27 (in Portuguese). Brazil. Ministério das Relações Exteriores. 1980. p. 161.o estabelecimento de relações diplomáticas entre o brasil e são vicente e granadinas Em 15 de abril de 1980 , o Palácio do Itamaraty em Brasília divulgou o seguinte Comunicado à imprensa ...
^A política externa do regime militar brasileiro: multilateralização, desenvolvimento e construção de uma potência média, 1964-1985. Editora da Universidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 1998. p. 330.
^A política externa do regime militar brasileiro: multilateralização, desenvolvimento e construção de uma potência média, 1964-1985 (in Portugal). Editora da Universidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. 1998. p. 330.
^Resenha de política exterior do Brasil Issues 44-47 (in Portuguese). Brazil. Ministério das Relações Exteriores. 1985. p. 25.O Palácio do Itamaraty , em Brasília , divulgou , em 12 de março de 1985 , o seguinte comunicado à imprensa : Os Governos da República Federativa do Brasil e de São Cristóvão e Nevis ... concordaram em estabelecer , nesta data , relações diplo- máticas a nível de Embaixada
^Paulo Gilberto Fagundes Vizentini (2004).A política externa do regime militar brasileiro multilateralização, desenvolvimento e construção de uma potência média, 1964-1985 (in Portuguese). Editora da UFRGS. p. 318.
Almeida, Paulo Roberto de. "Never before seen in Brazil: Luis Inácio Lula da Silva's grand diplomacy."Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 53 (2010): 160–177.online
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Brazilian foreign policy under Jair Bolsonaro: far-right populism and the rejection of the liberal international order.
Academic Journal
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Kosovo - Brazil does not recognizeKosovo as an independent state and has announced it has no plans to do so without an agreement withSerbia.[86] However, Brazil accepts theKosovan passport.[87]
Taiwan - Brazil does not recognize theRepublic of China as it has recognized thePeople's Republic of China, although it has non-diplomatic relations and maintains aspecial office in Taiwan.[88] Brazil also accepts theTaiwan passport.[87]
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