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Foreign relations of Belarus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

CIS Member State

Administrative divisions
Presidential elections

Parliamentary elections

flagBelarus portal

TheByelorussian SSR was one of only twoSoviet republics to be separate members of theUnited Nations (the other being theUkrainian SSR). Both republics and theSoviet Union joined the UN when the organization was founded in 1945.

Prior to 2001

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After thedissolution of the Soviet Union, at which time Belarus gained its independence, Belarus became a member of theCommonwealth of Independent States (CIS), theOrganization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE),NATO'sPartnership for Peace, theNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council, theInternational Monetary Fund, and theWorld Bank. The adoption by Supreme Council of the BSSR of the declaration of State Sovereignty of Belarus in 1990 was a turning point on the development of the state. It has also beenin a supranational union with Russia since 2 April 1996, although this has had little practical effect.Belarus-Council of Europe relations are based on cooperation and it is not a member (like Russia).

Belarus–Russia relations

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Further information:Foreign relations of Russia towards Belarus

The introduction offree trade between Russia and Belarus in mid-1995 led to a spectacular growth in bilateral trade, which was only temporarily reversed due to the1998 Russian financial crisis. PresidentAlexander Lukashenko sought to develop a closer relationship with Russia. The framework for the Union of Russia and Belarus was set out in the Treaty on the Formation of a Community of Russia and Belarus (1996), the Treaty on Russia-Belarus Union, the Union Charter (1997), and the Treaty of the Formation of a Union State (1999). The integration treaties contained commitments tomonetary union,equal rights, single citizenship, and a common defence andforeign policy.

Belarus–European Union relations

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Main article:Belarus–European Union relations

Following the recognition of Belarus as an independent state in December 1991 by theEuropean Community, EC/EU-Belarus relations initially experienced a steady progress. The signature of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) in 1995 signaled a commitment to political, economic and trade cooperation. Some assistance was provided to Belarus within the framework of theTACIS programme and also through various aid programs and loans. However, progress in EU-Belarus relations stalled in 1996 after serious setbacks to the development of democracy, and theDrazdy conflict.

The EU did not recognize the 1996 constitution, which replaced the 1994 constitution. TheCouncil of the European Union decided against Belarus in 1997: The PCA was not concluded, nor was its trade-related part; Belarusian membership in theCouncil of Europe was not supported; bilateral relations at the ministerial level were suspended and EU technical assistance programs were frozen.

Acknowledging the lack of progress in relation to bilateral relations and the internal situation following the position adopted in 1997, the EU adopted a step-by-step approach in 1999, whereby sanctions would be gradually lifted upon fulfillment of the four benchmarks set by theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. In 2000, some moderately positive developments toward the implementation of recommendations made by the OSCE AMG were observed but were not sufficient in the realm of access to fair and free elections.

According to the European Commission's website, as of 2025, "The EU has not yet ratified the bilateral Partnership and Cooperation Agreement concluded with Belarus in 1995, due to Belarus' lack of commitment to democracy, and political and civil rights. The bilateral trade and economic relations therefore remain covered by theTrade and Cooperation Agreement concluded by the European Community with the Soviet Union in 1989, and subsequently endorsed by Belarus."[1]

Belarus–United Kingdom relations

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Main article:Belarus–United Kingdom relations

Belarus establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 27 January 1992.[2]

  • Belarus maintains anembassy inLondon.[3]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Belarus through its embassy in Minsk.[4]

Both countries share common membership of theOSCE. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,[5] and an Investment Agreement.[6]

Belarus–United States relations

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Main article:Belarus–United States relations

The United States has encouraged Belarus to conclude and adhere to agreements with theInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) on the program of macroeconomic stabilization and related reform measures, as well as to undertake increased privatization and to create a favorable climate for business and investment. Although there has been some American direct private investment in Belarus, its development has been relatively slow given the uncertain pace of reform. An Overseas Private Investment Corporation agreement was signed in June 1992 but has been suspended since 1995 because Belarus did not fulfill its obligations under the agreement.

Belarus is eligible forExport-Import Bank short-term financinginsurance for U.S. investments, but because of the adverse business climate, no projects have been initiated. The IMF granted standby credit in September 1995, but Belarus has fallen off the program and did not receive the second tranche of funding, which had been scheduled for regular intervals throughout 1996.

The United States - along with the European Union - has restricted the travel of President Alexander Lukashenko and members of his inner circle, as well as imposing economic sanctions.[7]

Belarus–Baltic relations

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Further information:Belarus-Estonia relations

,

Further information:Belarus-Latvia relations

,

Further information:Belarus-Lithuania relations

Present situation (2001 onwards)

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This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(May 2021)

Relations with the European Union

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Main article:Belarus–European Union relations

The structure of Belarus trade reflects the low competitiveness and output decline of manufacturing industry in the country over the past decade, leading to the predominance of primary production, work-intensive goods as exports. Belarusian exports to the EU consist mainly of agricultural and textile products, while imports from the EU are primarily machinery.

Belarus is a beneficiary of the EU's Generalised System of Preferences (GSP). The European Commission decided in 2003 to initiate an investigation into violations of freedom of association in Belarus as the first step towards a possible temporary withdrawal of the GSP from Belarus.

In December 2004, the EU adopted a position aimed at imposing travel restrictions on officials from Belarus responsible for the fraudulent parliamentary elections and referendum on 17 October 2004, and for human rights violations during subsequent peaceful political demonstrations inMinsk.TheEuropean Parliament released a statement in March 2005 in which it denounced the Belarusian government as a dictatorship. The European parliamentarians were primarily concerned about the suppression of independent media outlets in the country and the fraudulent referendum. A resolution of the European Parliament declared that the personal bank accounts of President Lukashenko and other high-ranking Belarusian officials should be tracked and frozen.

In 2005,Amnesty International reported apattern of deliberate obstruction, harassment and intimidation of human rights defenders in Belarus.Reporters Without Borders accused the Belarusian authorities of hounding and arresting journalists from the country's Polish minority. Lukashenko has closed the country's main Polish newspaper, printing a bogus paper instead with the same name and size that praises his incumbent government. Several foreign, mainly Polish, journalists have been arrested or expelled from the country. Lukashenko accused Poland of an attempt to overthrow his government by stirring up a peaceful revolution in Belarus comparable to theOrange Revolution inUkraine in 2004.

Later in 2005 the Belarusianriot police seized the headquarters of theUnion of Poles in Belarus, an association representing the 400,000ethnic minority Polish living in western areas the country that were part of Poland untilWorld War II. The dispute between Poland and Belarus escalated further as Poland responded by recalling its ambassador from Belarus for indefinite consultations, and called on the European Union to impose sanctions on the Belarusian leadership in order to curtail thehuman rights abuses in Belarus. Belarusian papers described this as a 'dirty political game', and part of a 'cold war' waged on president Lukashenko. Polish Foreign MinisterAdam Rotfeld said a clampdown was under way, aimed at destroying"all elements of political pluralism and independence" in Belarus.

Members of the Eastern Partnership

In August 2005 the EU's executive commission called for human rights to be respected in Belarus. The commission said it was considering offering support to independent media in the country and had set aside more than eight million euros from its budget to offer support for human rights activities. France expressed her solidarity with Poland on the issue of human rights in Belarus a day after the EU declared it was worried about the situation in that country. Several former Soviet Republics, including neighbouring Ukraine, also expressed their concerns about the development of the situation in Belarus.

In May 2009 Belarus and the EU agree on cooperation in theEastern Partnership (EaP). However, it is contended by some scholars that the (EaP) is unable to create a workable partnership.[8] This proved to be correct when Belarus withdrew from the Partnership on 30 September 2011.[9]

In August 2012, Belarus expelled allSwedish diplomats, including the Swedish Ambassador to Belarus, Stefan Eriksson, and closed its embassy inStockholm, after a Swedishpublic relations firm releasedteddy bears carrying pro-democracy flyers in parachutes from an airplane over Minsk on 4 July 2012. Lukashenko also fired his air defence chief and the head of the border guards over the incident. Their replacements have been told not to hesitate to use force to stop future intrusions from abroad.[10]

Relations with Russia

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Main article:Belarus–Russia relations

Russia remains the largest and most important partner for Belarus both in the political and economic fields. After protracted disputes and setbacks, the two countries'customs duties were unified in March 2001 but the customs controls were soon restored. In terms of trade, almost half of Belarusian export goes to Russia. Due to the structure of Belarusianindustry, Belarus relies heavily on Russia both for export markets and for the supply ofraw materials and components.

After initial negotiation with theRussian Central Bank onmonetary union, theRussian ruble was set to be introduced in Belarus in 2004, but this was postponed first until 2005, then until 2006, and now seems to have been suspended indefinitely.

Relations with the United States

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Main article:Belarus–United States relations

Belarus has had an ongoing discussion to relaunch IMF-backed reforms, concluding an arrangement for an IMF Staff-monitored program (SMP) in 2001. However, the authorities did not follow through with reforms as hoped, leaving an uncertain future for IMF-backed cooperation. Belarus authorities have said on several occasions that they find IMF intervention and recommendations in Belarus counter-productive to the economic development of those countries.The relationships with the United States have been further strained, afterCongress of the United States unanimously passed theBelarus Democracy Act of 2004.

On 7 March 2008 the government of Belarus ejected US AmbassadorKaren B. Stewart from the country, following a row over travel restrictions placed on President Lukashenko and sanctions against state-owned chemical companyBelneftekhim. The Belarusian Foreign Ministry announced at the same time that it was recalling its own ambassador to the US. This was followed by the expulsion of ten other U.S. embassy staff from Minsk in late April. At the same time the government of Belarus ordered the U.S. Embassy in Minsk to cut its staff by half.[11][12][13] AWhite House spokesman described the expulsion as "deeply disappointing".

Relations with other countries

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Due to strained relations with the United States and the European Union, as well as occasional high-level disputes with Russia over prices on core imported natural resources such as oil and gas, Belarus aims to develop better relations with countries in other regions, like the Middle East, Asia, andLatin America.[14]

Hong Kong national security law

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Belarus was one of 53 countries that in June 2020 supported theHong Kong national security law at theUnited Nations Human Rights Council.[15]

Nuclear weapons offer

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In May 2023, the President of Belarus offered nuclear weapons to other countries who join Belarus and Russia.[16]

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Belarus maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1Ukraine27 December 1991[17]
2United States28 December 1991[18]
3Lithuania30 December 1991[19]
4Australia9 January 1992[20]
5Mexico14 January 1992[21]
6Sweden14 January 1992[22]
7China20 January 1992[23]
8Mongolia24 January 1992[24]
9Vietnam24 January 1992[25]
10France25 January 1992[26]
11Japan26 January 1992[27]
12Portugal26 January 1992[28]
13Chile27 January 1992[29]
14United Kingdom27 January 1992[30]
15Egypt1 February 1992[31]
16North Korea3 February 1992[32]
17Denmark4 February 1992[33]
18Norway4 February 1992[34]
19Austria5 February 1992[35]
20Brazil10 February 1992[36]
21Liechtenstein10 February 1992[37]
22South Korea10 February 1992[38]
23  Switzerland10 February 1992[39]
24Hungary12 February 1992[40]
25Spain13 February 1992[41]
26Romania14 February 1992[42]
27Bangladesh21 February 1992[43]
28Finland26 February 1992[44]
29Poland2 March 1992[45]
30Greece5 March 1992[46]
31Malaysia5 March 1992[47]
32Belgium10 March 1992[48]
33Germany13 March 1992[49]
34Netherlands24 March 1992[50]
35Turkey25 March 1992[51]
36Bulgaria26 March 1992[52]
37Israel26 March 1992[53]
38Ireland27 March 1992[54]
39Guinea4 April 1992[55]
40Estonia6 April 1992[56]
41Latvia7 April 1992[57]
42Cyprus9 April 1992[36]
43New Zealand9 April 1992[58]
44Italy13 April 1992[59]
45Canada15 April 1992[60]
46Cuba16 April 1992[61]
47Zimbabwe16 April 1992[62]
48India17 April 1992[63]
49Ghana5 May 1992[64]
50Morocco8 May 1992[36]
51Kuwait25 May 1992[65]
52Equatorial Guinea25 May 1992[66]
53Cape Verde4 June 1992[67]
54Thailand21 June 1992[68]
55Costa Rica24 June 1992[69]
56Russia25 June 1992[70]
57Uruguay7 July 1992[36]
58Luxembourg9 July 1992[71]
59Oman23 July 1992[72]
60Slovenia23 July 1992[73]
61Burundi24 July 1992[74]
62Nigeria3 August 1992[75]
63Singapore12 August 1992[76]
64Kazakhstan16 September 1992[77]
65Croatia25 September 1992[78]
66United Arab Emirates20 October 1992[79]
67Argentina6 November 1992[36]
—Holy See11 November 1992[80]
68Paraguay18 November 1992[36]
69Moldova19 November 1992[81]
70Bosnia and Herzegovina22 November 1992[82]
71Burkina Faso25 November 1992[83]
72Colombia9 December 1992[36]
73Czech Republic5 January 1993[84]
74Slovakia14 January 1993[85]
75North Macedonia20 January 1993[86]
76Kyrgyzstan21 January 1993[87]
77Turkmenistan21 January 1993[88]
78Uzbekistan21 January 1993[89]
79Malta16 February 1993[90]
80South Africa4 March 1993[91]
81Guatemala11 March 1993[36]
82Iran18 March 1993[92]
83Ecuador5 May 1993[36]
84Albania17 May 1993[93]
85Madagascar28 May 1993[94]
86Armenia11 June 1993[95]
87Azerbaijan11 June 1993[96]
88Indonesia18 June 1993[97]
89   Nepal19 July 1993[36]
90Syria26 August 1993[98]
91Zambia13 October 1993[99]
92Mali3 November 1993[100]
93Kenya17 November 1993[101]
94Maldives6 December 1993[36]
95Georgia6 January 1994[102]
96Pakistan3 February 1994[103]
97Laos7 February 1994[104]
98Bolivia11 April 1994[105]
99Ethiopia18 May 1994[106]
100Nicaragua24 May 1994[107]
101Jamaica6 June 1994[36]
102Serbia15 November 1994[108]
103Cambodia25 January 1995[36]
104Angola24 April 1995[36]
105Yemen7 August 1995[109]
106Algeria24 October 1995[110]
107Qatar16 January 1996[36]
108Lebanon21 March 1996[111]
—Sovereign Military Order of Malta30 April 1996[112]
109Philippines22 May 1996[113]
110Tanzania23 May 1996[114]
111Bahrain1 July 1996[36]
112Libya9 July 1996[115]
113Tajikistan5 September 1996[116]
114Jordan15 October 1996[36]
115Gabon5 December 1996[117]
116Iraq26 December 1996[118]
117Tunisia29 January 1997[119]
118Venezuela4 February 1997[36]
119Peru19 February 1997[120]
120Saudi Arabia6 June 1997[121]
121Eritrea11 September 1998[122]
122Ivory Coast30 September 1998[36]
123Uganda2 October 1998[123]
124Panama22 October 1998[36]
125Afghanistan15 June 1999[124]
126Sudan15 July 1999[125]
127El Salvador25 October 1999[36]
128Haiti29 October 1999[36]
129Guyana25 February 2000[36]
130Mozambique29 February 2000[36]
131Antigua and Barbuda18 May 2000[36]
132Grenada31 May 2000[36]
133Belize4 August 2000[126]
134Saint Lucia25 August 2000[36]
135Myanmar22 September 2000[36]
136Sri Lanka20 November 2000[127]
137Namibia21 December 2000[128]
138Dominican Republic18 April 2001[36]
139Iceland25 May 2001[36]
140Benin21 June 2001[129]
141Malawi13 July 2001[36]
142Chad20 August 2001[130]
143Nauru12 September 2001[36]
144Seychelles4 October 2001[36]
145São Tomé and Príncipe11 December 2001[36]
146Senegal25 January 2002[36]
147Republic of the Congo11 February 2002[131]
148Rwanda25 February 2002[36]
149Gambia10 April 2002[36]
150Saint Vincent and the Grenadines24 April 2002[36]
151Honduras20 May 2002[36]
152Guinea-Bissau27 September 2002[132]
153Brunei4 November 2002[36]
—State of Palestine4 February 2003[133]
154Mauritius26 September 2003[36]
155Sierra Leone27 September 2003[36]
156Somalia3 October 2003[134]
157Mauritania6 July 2004[135]
158Dominica9 July 2004[136]
159Botswana15 March 2006[36]
160Montenegro8 August 2006[137]
161Cameroon14 November 2006[138]
162San Marino9 February 2009[139]
163Suriname2 June 2009[36]
164Fiji26 May 2010[36]
165Togo28 September 2010[36]
166Democratic Republic of the Congo16 November 2010[140]
167Trinidad and Tobago12 April 2011[36]
168Andorra27 September 2011[36]
169Niger29 March 2012[141]
170Central African Republic4 April 2012[36]
171Solomon Islands10 September 2012[36]
172Tuvalu12 September 2012[142]
173Djibouti26 August 2013[143]
174South Sudan3 September 2013[144]
175Timor-Leste1 October 2014[145]
176Monaco15 April 2016[146]
177Liberia27 April 2016[36]
178Saint Kitts and Nevis4 June 2016[147]
179Bahamas9 December 2019[148]
180Barbados10 December 2019[149]
181Lesotho2020[150]
182Eswatini4 June 2024[151]

Bilateral relations

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Multilateral

[edit]
OrganizationFormal Relations BeganNotes
European UnionSeeBelarus–European Union relations
NATOSeeBelarus–NATO relations

Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Angola1995-04-24Bilateral relations were established on 24 April 1995.[152]
  • Angola is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Russia.[152]
  • Belarus is accredited to Angola from its embassy in South Africa.[152]
Ethiopia1994-05Diplomatic relations were established between the two countries in May 1994.[153]
Kenya1993-11-17Bilateral relations were established on 17 November 1993
  • Belarus has an embassy inNairobi.
  • Kenya is accredited to Belarus from its embassy inMoscow, Russia.[156]
Libya1992SeeBelarus–Libya relations.
  • Belarus operated an embassy inTripoli between 2000 and 2014, but suspended operations due to escalation of themilitary conflict.[157]
  • Libya closed its embassy in Belarus in 2015.[158]
Mozambique2000-02-29Bilateral relations were established between Belarus and Mozambique on 29 February 2000.[159]
  • Belarus is represented in Mozambique through its embassy in South Africa.[159]
  • In 2017 the interior ministries of the two countries signed an agreement to work together to fight terrorism.[160]
Namibia2000-12-21The two countries established bilateral relations on 21 December 2000.[161]
  • Belarus is represented in Namibia through its embassy in South Africa.[161]
  • Namibia is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[162]
South AfricaMarch 1993[163]
Sudan1999-07-15SeeBelarus–Sudan relations
Zimbabwe1992-04-16Bilateral relations were established on 16 April 1992.[165]

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Argentina
  • Argentina is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Belarus has an embassy inBuenos Aires.
Brazil
  • Belarus has an embassy inBrasília.
  • Brazil has an embassy in Minsk.
Canada1992-04-15Belarus and Canada established diplomatic relations on 15 April 1992.[167]
  • Belarus had an embassy inOttawa, which was closed on September 1, 2021, as a result of Canada's condemnation of the forced grounding ofRyanair Flight 4978[168][169]
  • Canada is represented in Belarus through its embassy inWarsaw (Poland).[170]
Cuba1992-04Bilateral relations between Cuba and Belarus began in April 1992.[171]
  • Belarus opened an embassy in Havana, Cuba, in November 1998, its first in Latin America and the Caribbean.[171][172]
  • Cuba upgraded its representation in Havana [Minsk?], Belarus, to an embassy in May 1997.[171][173]
Dominica2004

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 2004.[174]

Dominican Republic
  • Belarus has an honorary consulate inSanto Domingo, operated though the embassy in Cuba.[175]
  • Dominican Republic has an honorary consulate in Minsk.[176]
Ecuador

The governments of Belarus andEcuador concluded an agreement about mutual visa-free travel. It was signed inQuito on 20 June 2014, ratified by Belarus law on 29 December 2014.[177]

  • Belarus is accredited to Ecuador from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.
  • Ecuador is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Guyana2000

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 2000.[178]

MexicoJanuary 1992SeeBelarus–Mexico relations

Belarus and Mexico established diplomatic relations in January 1992.[179]

  • Belarus is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Havana, Cuba, and maintains an honorary consulate inMexico City.[180][181]
  • Mexico is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia, and maintains an honorary consulate in Minsk.[182]
Panama1998-10-22

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 October 1998.[183]

  • Panama is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[184]
United States1991SeeBelarus–United States relations
Embassy of Belarus in Washington, D.C.

Diplomatic relations between the United States and Belarus began in 1991 upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union, of which Belarus had been a part. However, the relations have turned sour due to accusations by the United States that Belarus has been undemocratic. Belarus, in turn, has accused the United States of interfering in its internal affairs.

Uruguay1992
  • Belarus is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and maintains an honorary consulate inMontevideo.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Venezuela1992
  • Belarus has an embassy inCaracas.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Minsk.

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Armenia1992SeeArmenia–Belarus relations
Azerbaijan1992SeeAzerbaijan–Belarus relations
Bangladesh1992-02-21Bilateral relations were established on 21 February 1992.[192]
  • Belarus is primarily represented in Bangladesh through its embassy in India, but also has an honorary consulate inDhaka.[192][193]
  • Bangladesh has represented in Belarus by its ambassador in Moscow, Russia since June 2010.[192]
China1992SeeBelarus–China relations
  • Belarus has an embassy in Beijing.[194]
  • China has an embassy in Minsk.[195]
Georgia1992SeeBelarus–Georgia relations
India1992-04-17[199]
  • Belarus has had an embassy in New Delhi since June 1998.[199] It also has an honorary consul inKolkata.[193]
  • Since 14 May 1992, India has an embassy in Minsk.[200]
Iran1993-03-18SeeBelarus–Iran relations. Bilateral relations were established on 18 March 1993.[201]
  • Belarus has had an embassy inTehran since 6 March 1998.[202][203]
  • Iran opened an embassy in Minsk in February 2001.[201]
  • The two countries have enjoyed good relations in recent years reflected in regular high level meetings and various agreements. In 2008, Belarusian Foreign MinisterSergei Martynov described Iran as an important partner of his country in the region and the world.[204]
Israel1992

Belarus andIsrael established diplomatic relations in 1992. During the 1990s, around 130,000 Belarusian citizens immigrated to Israel, forming one of the largest Belarusian expatriate communities in the world.[205] In August 2015, an agreement was signed on visa-free entry,[206]making Israel the first country outside the Former Soviet Union to have visa-free travel with Belarus.[citation needed]

  • Israel and Belarus have signed multiple agreements, including for visa-free travel.
  • Belarus has an embassy inTel Aviv.[207]
  • Israel has an embassy in Minsk.[208] This was closed for 2 years from 2002 and a decision to close it again in 2016 was reversed after two months.[209]
Japan1992-01-26The two countries established bilateral relations on 26 January 1992.[210]
  • Belarus has an embassy inTokyo, opened in June 1995.[210]
  • Japan opened an embassy in Minsk in January 1993.[210][211]
Kazakhstan1992-09-16Bilateral relations began on 16 September 1992.[212]
Kyrgyzstan1993-07-21Belarus and Kyrgyzstan established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1993.[213] Relations were disrupted between August 2012 and October 2015 after Kyrgyzstan recalled their ambassador.[214]
Maldives1993-12-06

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1993.[216]

Myanmar22 September 2000SeeBelarus-Myanmar relations
  Nepal1993-07-19Belarus and Nepal established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1993.[217]
  • Belarus has an honorary consulate inKathmandu, operated by the embassy in India.[193]
  • Nepal has an honorary consulate general in Minsk.[218]
  • Minsk and Kathmandu have establishedtwin city relations.[217]
North Korea1992SeeForeign relations of North Korea.

Relations were established in 1992.[219]

PakistanSeePakistan–Belarus relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 3 February 1994.[225]

  • Belarus has an embassy inIslamabad.[225]
  • Pakistan maintains an embassy in Minsk.[226][227]
  • Pakistan andBelarus maintain very close relations with each other, Pakistan was one of the first countries to accept Belarus after its independence. President of Belarus and PM of Pak have visited each other's countries on state visits. Pakistan and Belarus have a huge trade partnership. Pakistan also provides Belarus with Military expertise.[citation needed]
South Korea1992-02-10[228]SeeBelarus–South Korea relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Belarus started on 10 February 1992.

Sri Lanka2000-11-20Bilateral relations were established on 20 November 2000.[232]
  • Belarus has an honorary consulate inColombo and is mainly represented through its embassy in India.[193][232]
  • Sri Lanka opened an honorary consulate in Belarus in 2004.[232]
Syria1992
  • Belarus has an embassy inDamascus.[233]
  • Syria has an embassy in Minsk.

SeeBelarus-Syria relations

Tajikistan1992
  • Belarus has an embassy inDushanbe.
  • Tajikistan has an embassy in Minsk.
Turkey1992-05-25SeeBelarus–Turkey relations
Turkmenistan1992
  • Belarus has an embassy inAshgabat.[234]
  • Turkmenistan has an embassy in Minsk.
Uzbekistan1992SeeBelarus–Uzbekistan relations
Vietnam27 December 1991[236]
  • Since 1997, Belarus has an embassy inHanoi.[237]
  • Since November 2003, Vietnam has an embassy inMinsk.[238]

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Austria1992
  • Austria recognised Belarus in December 1991 and both countries established diplomatic relations in February 1992.
  • Austria is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Since March 1993, Belarus has an embassy inVienna.[239]
Bosnia and Herzegovina1993-11-22Belarus and Bosnia and Herzegovina established bilateral relations on 22 November 1993.[240]
  • Belarus has been represented in Bosnia and Herzegovina by the ambassador to Hungary since March 2014.[147]
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina is represented in Belarus by the embassy in Russia.[147]
Bulgaria1992-03-26
Croatia1992-09-25SeeBelarus–Croatia relations
  • Croatia is primarily represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow, Russia, although an honorary consulate opened in Minsk in 2011.[244]
  • Belarus is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Vienna, Austria, and an honorary consulate inRijeka, Croatia.[245]
  • Croatian Foreign MinisterTonino Picula on 24 June 2000 attended a summit of the Central European Initiative inSzeged, Hungary, and held bilateral talks with his counterpart from Belarus.[246]
  • At least three bilateral agreements have been signed between the two counties.[247]
    • 2001 Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments
    • 2004 Avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and on capital
    • 2005 International Road Transport
Cyprus1991
  • Belarus has an honorary consulate inNicosia.[248]
  • Cyprus is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow, Russia, and through an honorary consulate in Minsk.[249][250]
Czech Republic1993
DenmarkSeeBelarus–Denmark relations
  • Belarus is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Denmark is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Estonia1992-04-06Bilateral relations began on 6 April 1992.[254]
  • Belarus has an embassy inTallinn.[255]
  • Estonia opened its embassy in Minsk on 20 October 2009.[256]
Finland1992-02-26
  • Finland recognised the independence of Belarus on 30 December 1991.
  • Finland is represented in Belarus through its embassy inVilnius,Lithuania, which also operates a liaison office in Minsk.[257]
  • Belarus opened an embassy inHelsinki on 5 December 2011.[258]
France1992-01Belarus and France established diplomatic relations in January 1992.[259]
Germany1923SeeBelarus–Germany relations
GreeceSeeBelarus–Greece relations
  • Belarus is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Greece is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Hungary1992-02-12Bilateral relations were established between Belarus and Hungary on 12 February 1992.[269]
Ireland1992-03-27Belarus and Ireland established bilateral relations on 27 March 1992.[271]
  • Belarus is represented in Ireland through its embassy inLondon, United Kingdom, and also has an honorary consulate inRathdrum, County Wicklow.[272]
  • Ireland is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Lithuania.[273]
Italy1992-04-13Bilateral relations were established on 13 April 1992.[274]
Latvia1992-04-07SeeBelarus–Latvia relations

The two countries signed a "Declaration on the Principles of Good-Neighborly Relations" on 16 December 1991 and established full bilateral relations on 7 April 1992.[278] Embassies were opened in both countries in 1993 and consulates general the following year.[278]

  • Belarus has an embassy inRiga and a general consulate inDaugavpils.[278]
  • Latvia has an embassy in Minsk and a consulate inVitebsk.[278][279]
  • The countries share 161 km of common border.[280]
  • Belarusian and Latvian regions have signed about 60twin city and partner agreements.[278]
Lithuania1992-12-30SeeBelarus–Lithuania relations

Both countries recognised each other's independence in December 1991, and signed an agreement on diplomatic relations on 30 December 1992.[281]

Malta1993-02-16Diplomatic relations were established on 16 February 1993.[286]
  • Belarus is represented in Malta through its embassy inRome, Italy.[287]
  • Malta is represented in Belarus through its embassy inWarsaw, Poland.[288]
Moldova1992-11-19Bilateral relations were established on 19 November 1992.[289]
Netherlands1994-03-24SeeBelarus–Netherlands relations

Bilateral relations began on 24 March 1992.[296]

Poland1992-03-02SeeBelarus–Poland relations

Belarus and Poland established bilateral relations on 2 March 1992.[297]

Portugal
  • Belarus is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Portugal is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Romania1992-02-14SeeBelarus–Romania relations

Romania recognised the independence of Belarus on 20 December 1991 and bilateral relations were established on 14 February 1992.[302]

Russia1992-06-25SeeBelarus–Russia relations

Belarus and Russia established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1992.[303]

Serbia1994-11-15SeeBelarus–Serbia relations
  • Serbia (then Yugoslavia) recognised Belarus in December 1991 and both countries established diplomatic relations in November 1994 and at the ambassadorial level in 1996.
  • Belarus has an embassy inBelgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Minsk.
Slovakia1993
Slovenia1992-07-23Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on 23 July 1992.[311]
  • Belarus is represented in Slovenia through its embassy in Hungary.[311]
  • Slovenia is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Russia.[311]
Spain1992-02-13SeeBelarus–Spain relations
Sweden1992
 Switzerland
UkraineSeeBelarus–Ukraine relations
United Kingdom1991SeeBelarus–United Kingdom relations

Belarus establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 27 January 1992.[2]

  • Belarus maintains anembassy inLondon.[3]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Belarus through its embassy in Minsk.[4]

Both countries share common membership of theOSCE. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,[5] and an Investment Agreement.[6]

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia9 January 1992[319]
  • Australia is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[320]
  • Belarus is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.[321]
New Zealand9 April 1992
  • Belarus is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.

See also

[edit]

References

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