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Foreign relations of Angola

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Theforeign relations of Angola are based on Angola's strong support ofU.S. foreign policy as theAngolan economy is dependent on U.S. foreign aid.From 1975 to 1989, Angola was aligned with theEastern bloc, in particular theSoviet Union,[1]Libya,[citation needed] andCuba.[1] Since then, it has focused on improving relationships withWestern countries, cultivating links with other Portuguese-speaking countries, and asserting its own national interests in Central Africa through military and diplomatic intervention.[1] In 1993, it established formal diplomatic relations with the United States.[1] It has entered theSouthern African Development Community as a vehicle for improving ties with its largely Anglophone neighbors to the south.[1]Zimbabwe andNamibia joined Angola in its military intervention in theDemocratic Republic of the Congo, where Angolan troops remain in support of theJoseph Kabila government.[1] It also has intervened in theRepublic of the Congo (Brazzaville) in support of Denis Sassou-Nguesso in the civil war.[1]

Since 1998, Angola has successfully worked with theUnited Nations Security Council to impose and carry out sanctions onUNITA.[2] More recently, it has extended those efforts to controls onconflict diamonds, the primary source of revenue for UNITA during the Civil War that ended in 2002.[2] At the same time, Angola has promoted the revival of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (CPLP) as a forum for cultural exchange and expanding ties withPortugal (its former ruler) and Brazil (which shares many cultural affinities with Angola) in particular.[1][2] Angola is a member of thePort Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA).

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Angola maintains diplomatic relations with:[3][4]

#CountryDate
1Czech Republic11 November 1975[5]
2Guinea11 November 1975[6]
3Brazil12 November 1975
4Serbia12 November 1975[7]
5Vietnam12 November 1975
6Cuba15 November 1975
7North Korea16 November 1975[8]
8Bulgaria20 November 1975[9]
9Poland21 November 1975
10Cambodia4 December 1975[10]
11Romania19 December 1975[11]
12Mongolia10 February 1976[12]
13France17 February 1976
14Egypt18 February 1976
15Netherlands18 February 1976
16Mexico20 February 1976[13]
17Portugal9 March 1976
18Nigeria15 March 1976
19Libya30 March 1976[14]
20Italy4 June 1976
21Republic of the Congo25 July 1976
22Sweden1 September 1976[15]
23Japan9 September 1976
24Denmark17 September 1976[16]
25Finland18 September 1976[17]
26  Switzerland30 September 1976[18]
27Ghana8 October 1976[19]
28Russia8 October 1976
29Benin11 October 1976[20]
30Hungary8 April 1977
31Ethiopia13 July 1977[21]
32Guyana24 July 1977[22]
33BangladeshAugust 1977[23]
34United Kingdom14 October 1977
35Algeria19 October 1977[24]
36Spain19 October 1977
37Pakistan20 October 1977[25]
38Austria25 October 1977
39Cape Verde30 October 1977
40Norway31 October 1977
41Yemen2 November 1977
42Belgium16 December 1977
43Canada1 February 1978
44São Tomé and Príncipe19 February 1978
45Mozambique5 September 1978[26][27]
46Democratic Republic of the Congo17 October 1978
47Central African Republic22 January 1979[28]
48Argentina2 June 1979
49India2 June 1979
50Germany16 August 1979[29]
51Cameroon21 August 1979[30]
52Zambia19 October 1979
53Botswana7 March 1980[31]
54Turkey9 July 1980
55Laos11 July 1980
56Niger28 August 1980[32]
57Greece30 August 1980[33]
—Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicAugust 1980[34]
58Tanzania25 August 1981
59Senegal16 February 1982[35]
60Gabon24 May 1982
61Zimbabwe15 October 1982
62Equatorial Guinea1982
63China12 January 1983
64Grenada13 March 1983[36]
65Ivory Coast3 June 1983[37]
66Lesotho1983[38]
67Tunisia1983[39]
68Morocco24 June 1985
69Kenya22 July 1985[40]
70Suriname6 September 1985[41][42]
71Iran8 January 1986
72Vanuatu16 July 1986
73Seychelles7 November 1986
74Venezuela9 December 1986
75Uruguay6 March 1987
76Mauritania2 December 1987[43]
77Australia30 March 1988[44]
78Colombia29 April 1988
79Albania17 August 1988[45]
80Peru27 August 1988[46]
81Togo27 September 1988[47]
82Nicaragua20 October 1988[47]
83Iceland2 November 1988[48]
84Rwanda20 December 1988[49]
85Burundi21 December 1988[50]
86Panama16 February 1989
87Eswatini8 November 1989[51]
88Namibia11 April 1990[52]
89Chile8 August 1990
90South Korea6 January 1992
—State of Palestine28 February 1992[53]
91Israel16 April 1992
92Thailand24 August 1992
93United States19 May 1993
94Slovakia30 September 1993
95Malawi9 November 1993
96North Macedonia10 November 1993
97South Africa27 May 1994
98Moldova30 September 1994[54]
99Ukraine30 September 1994
100Armenia3 October 1994[55]
101Kazakhstan3 October 1994
102Croatia16 November 1994[56]
103Azerbaijan1 December 1994
104Belarus24 April 1995
105Malaysia1995[57]
106Qatar1995[58]
107Lebanon3 July 1996
108Bolivia29 January 1997[59]
109Estonia10 March 1997
110Georgia10 March 1997
111Ecuador17 June 1997
112Turkmenistan18 June 1997
—Holy See8 July 1997[60]
113Kuwait20 November 1997
114United Arab Emirates11 December 1997
115Syria10 February 1999
116Bosnia and Herzegovina24 September 1999
117Cyprus1 June 2000
118Singapore14 September 2000
119Belize24 January 2001
120Ireland24 January 2001
121Costa Rica13 March 2001
122Indonesia7 August 2001[61]
123Philippines14 September 2001
124Luxembourg14 May 2002
125Timor-Leste20 May 2002
126Uzbekistan29 May 2002
127Lithuania4 June 2002
128Jamaica8 October 2002
129Mali28 October 2002[62]
130Uganda2002[63]
131Burkina Faso17 January 2003[64]
132Mauritius3 March 2003[65]
133Sudan22 October 2003[66]
134Slovenia20 January 2004
135Sri Lanka23 February 2004
136Jordan15 July 2004
137Sierra Leone1 November 2004[67]
138Comoros22 December 2004[68]
139Chad23 June 2005[69]
140Oman13 December 2005[70]
—Sovereign Military Order of Malta13 December 2005[71]
141Brunei18 October 2006
142Guinea-Bissau8 January 2007
143Paraguay21 June 2007[72]
144Andorra20 March 2009
145Saudi Arabia24 March 2009
146San Marino30 March 2009
147Dominican Republic25 September 2009[73]
148Liberia3 December 2009[74]
149Montenegro18 December 2009
150Malta15 June 2010
151Fiji18 May 2011
152Latvia7 July 2011
153Eritrea11 March 2012[75]
154Myanmar19 September 2013
155Bahrain26 September 2013
156New Zealand4 October 2013[76]
157Iraq21 February 2014[77]
158Monaco31 July 2014[78]
159South Sudan10 June 2016[79]
160   Nepal9 December 2017[80]
161Tajikistan5 October 2020
162Maldives10 November 2020
163Liechtenstein23 June 2021[81][82]
164Somalia31 August 2021[83]
165Gambia3 September 2021[84]
166Djibouti24 January 2022[85]
167Saint Vincent and the Grenadines30 March 2022[86]
168Barbados17 August 2022
169Trinidad and Tobago7 December 2022
170El Salvador18 September 2023[87]
171Guatemala22 September 2023
172Madagascar8 July 2024[88]
173Kyrgyzstan26 September 2024
174Bahamas26 September 2025[89]

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Cape Verde30 October 1977[4]SeeAngola–Cape Verde relations

Cape Verde signed a friendship accord with Angola in December 1975, shortly after Angola gained its independence. Cape Verde andGuinea-Bissau served as stop-over points forCuban troops on their way to Angola to fightUNITA rebels and South African troops. Prime MinisterPedro Pires sentFARP soldiers to Angola where they served as the personal bodyguards ofAngolan PresidentJosé Eduardo dos Santos.[90]

  • Angola has an embassy inPraia.
  • Cape Verde has an embassy in Luanda and a consulate inBenguela.
Democratic Republic of Congo17 October 1978[4]

Many thousands of Angolans fled the country after the civil war. More than 20,000 people were forced to leave theDemocratic Republic of the Congo in 2009, an action the DR Congo said was in retaliation for regular expulsion of Congolese diamond miners who were in Angola illegally. Angola sent a delegation to DR Congo's capitalKinshasa and succeeded in stopping government-forced expulsions which had become a "tit-for-tat"[91] immigration dispute. "Congo and Angola have agreed to suspend expulsions from both sides of the border," said Lambert Mende, DR Congo information minister, in October 2009.[92] "We never challenged the expulsions themselves; we challenged the way they were being conducted – all the beating of people and looting their goods, even sometimes their clothes," Mende said.[91]

  • Angola has an embassy inKinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Luanda.
KenyaSeeAngola–Kenya relations
  • Angola has an embassy inNairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Luanda.
Mozambique5 July 1975[4]SeeAngola–Mozambique relations
  • Angola has an embassy inMaputo.
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Luanda.
Namibia18 September 1990[4]SeeAngola–Namibia relations

Namibia borders Angola to the south. In 1999, Namibia signed a mutual defense pact with its northern neighborAngola.[93]This affected theAngolan Civil War that had been ongoing since Angola's independence in 1975. Namibia's ruling partySWAPO sought to support the ruling partyMPLA in Angola against the rebel movementUNITA, whose stronghold is in southern Angola, bordering to Namibia. The defence pact allowed Angolan troops to use Namibian territory when attackingJonas Savimbi's UNITA.

Nigeria15 March 1976[4]SeeAngola–Nigeria relations

Angolan-Nigerian relations are primarily based on their roles as oil exporting nations. Both are members of theOrganization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, theAfrican Union and other multilateral organizations.

  • Angola has an embassy inAbuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Luanda.
South Africa17 May 1994[4]SeeAngola–South Africa relations

Angola-South Africa relations are quite strong as the ruling parties in both nations, the African National Congress in South Africa and the MPLA in Angola, fought together during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War. They fought against UNITA rebels, based in Angola, and the apartheid-era government in South Africa who supported them. Nelson Mandela mediated between the MPLA and UNITA factions during the last years of Angola's civil war.

Zimbabwe15 October 1982[4]SeeAngola–Zimbabwe relations

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Argentina2 June 1979Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1979[94]

SeeAngola–Argentina relations

  • Angola has an embassy inBuenos Aires.
  • Argentina has an embassy in Luanda.
Brazil12 November 1975[4]SeeAngola–Brazil relations

Commercial and economic ties dominate the relations of each country. Parts of both countries were part of thePortuguese Empire from the early 16th century until Brazil's independence in 1822. As of November 2007, "trade between the two countries is booming as never before"[95]

Canada1 February 1978

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1978[96]

Canada-Angola relations were established in 1978, and Canada is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe. Ties have grown since the end of the civil war in 2002, with increased engagement in areas of mutual interest. As Chair of the United Nations Security Council's Angola Sanctions Committee, Canada limited the ability ofUNITA to continue its military campaign, sanctions helped to bring a ceasefire agreement to end Angola's conflict.

  • Angola is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Canada is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe and maintains an honorary consulate in Luanda.
Cuba15 November 1975[4]SeeAngola–Cuba relations

DuringAngola's civil war Cuban forces fought to install a Marxist–Leninist MPLA-PT government, against Western-backedUNITA andFLNA guerrillas and the South-African army.[97]

  • Angola has an embassy inHavana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Luanda.
Mexico20 February 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1976[98]

SeeAngola–Mexico relations

  • Angola is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Mexico is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Luanda.
United States14 July 1994Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 1994[99]

SeeAngola–United States relations

Embassy of Angola in Washington, D.C.

From the mid-1980s through at least 1992, the United States was the primary source of military and other support for theUNITA rebel movement, which was led from its creation through 2002 byJonas Savimbi. The U.S. refused to recognize Angola diplomatically during this period.

Relations between the United States of America and theRepublic of Angola (formerly thePeople's Republic of Angola) have warmed since Angola's ideological renunciation ofCommunism before the1992 elections.

  • Angola has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulates-general inHouston and New York City.
  • United States has an embassy in Luanda.[100]
Uruguay6 March 1987Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1987[101]

SeeAngola–Uruguay relations

  • Angola has a consulate-general inMontevideo.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
China12 January 1983Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1983[102]

SeeAngola–China relations

Chinese prime ministerWen Jiabao visited Angola in June 2006, offering a US$9 billion loan for infrastructure improvements in return for petroleum. The PRC has invested heavily in Angola since the end of the civil war in 2002.[103]João Manuel Bernardo, the current ambassador ofAngola to China, visited the PRC in November 2007.[104]

  • Angola has an embassy in Beijing and a consulate-general inMacau.
  • China has an embassy in Luanda.
India2 June 1979Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1979[105]

SeeAngola–India relations

  • Angola has an embassy in New Delhi.
  • India has an embassy in Luanda.
Israel16 April 1992[4]SeeAngola–Israel relations

Angola-Israel relations, primarily based on trade and pro-United States foreign policies, are excellent. In March 2006, the trade volume between the two countries amounted to $400 million. In 2005, President José Eduardo dos Santos visited Israel.

JapanSeptember 1976SeeAngola–Japan relations

Diplomatic relations between Japan and Angola were established in September 1976. Japan has donated towards demining following the civil war.[106]

  • Angola has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Luanda.
Pakistan20 October 1977

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1977[25]

The Government of Angola called for the support of Pakistan for the candidature of Angola to the seat of non-permanent member of the UN Security Council, whose election is set for September this year, during the 69th session of the General Assembly of United Nations. On the fringes of the ceremony, the Angolan diplomat also met with officials in charge of the economic and commercial policy of Pakistan, to assess the business opportunities between the two states. It asked to discuss aspects related to the cooperation on several domains of common interest.

Philippines14 September 2001Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 2001.
  • Angola has an embassy inManila.
  • Philippines is accredited to Angola from its embassy inLisbon, Portugal.
Turkey9 July 1980Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 1980[107]

SeeAngola–Turkey relations

Vietnam12 November 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1975[109]

SeeAngola–Vietnam relations

Angola-Vietnam relations were established on 12 November 1975 afterAngola gained its independence, when future president of AngolaAgostinho Neto visited Vietnam.[110]Angola and Vietnam have steadfast partners as both transitioned fromCold War-era foreign policies ofinternational communism to pro-Western pragmatism following the fall of theSoviet Union.

  • Angola has an embassy inHanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Luanda.

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
France17 February 1976[4]SeeAngola–France relations

Relations between the two countries have not always been cordial due to the formerFrench government's policy of supporting militant separatists in Angola'sCabinda province and the internationalAngolagate scandal embarrassed both governments by exposing corruption and illicit arms deals. Following French presidentNicolas Sarkozy's visit in 2008, relations have improved.

  • Angola has an embassy in Paris.
  • France has an embassy in Luanda.
Germany16 August 1979Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1979[111]

SeeAngola–Germany relations

  • Angola has an embassy inBerlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Luanda.
Holy See14 April 1975
Italy4 June 1976[113]

SeeAngola–Italy relations

  • Angola has an embassy inRome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Luanda.
Netherlands18 February 1976[4]
  • Angola has an embassy inThe Hague and a consulate-general inRotterdam.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Luanda.
Portugal9 March 1976[4]SeeAngola–Portugal relations

Angola-Portugal relations have significantly improved since the Angolan government abandoned communism and nominally embraced democracy in 1991, embracing a pro-U.S. and to a lesser degree pro-Europe foreign policy. Portugal ruled Angola for 400 years,[114] colonizing the territory from 1483 until independence in 1975. Angola's war forindependence did not end in a military victory for either side, but was suspended as a result of acoup in Portugal that replaced theCaetano regime.

  • Angola has an embassy inLisbon and a consulate-general inPorto.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Luanda and a consulate-general inBenguela.
Russia11 November 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 November 1975[115]

SeeAngola–Russia relations

  • Angola has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Luanda.
Serbia12 November 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1975[116]

SeeAngola–Serbia relations

The defence minister of Serbia,Dragan Šutanovac, stated in a 2011 meeting in Luanda that Serbia would negotiate with the Angolan military authorities for the construction of a new military hospital in Angola.[117]

Angola supports Serbia's stance onKosovo, and recognizes Serbia's territorial integrity.[118]

  • Angola has an embassy inBelgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Luanda.
Spain19 October 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 October 1977[119]

SeeAngola–Spain relations

  • Angola has an embassy inMadrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Luanda.
United Kingdom14 October 1977SeeAngola–United Kingdom relations
British Foreign SecretaryWilliam Hague withForeign MinisterGeorges Rebelo Chikoti andForeign Office MinisterHenry Bellingham in London, February 2012.

Angola established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 14 October 1977.[120]

  • Angola maintains anembassy in London.[121]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Angola through its embassy inLuanda.[122]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[123] theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a High Level Prosperity Partnership.[124]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghPublic Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain:"Angola".U.S. Department of State. April 2008. Retrieved20 October 2020.
  2. ^abcPublic Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain:"Angola".U.S. Department of State. December 2001. Retrieved20 October 2020.
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  4. ^abcdefghijklmn"Relações Diplomáticas".mirex.gov.ao (in Portuguese). Retrieved12 April 2023.
  5. ^Petruf, Pavol.Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). p. 112.
  6. ^Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 5021-5096. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1975.... broadcast by Conakry radio on 11th November, President Sekou Toure announced Guinea's recognition of the government set up in Luanda by the MPLA and the establishment of diplomatic relations " from today ".
  7. ^"Angola: bilateral relations".Republic of Serbia Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved16 November 2024.
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