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Foreign relations of Algeria

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African UnionMember State of the African UnionArab LeagueMember State of the Arab League

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Since its independence from France in 1962,Algeria has pursued an activist foreign policy. In the 1960s and 1970s,Algeria was noted for its support ofThird World policies and independence movements. Since its independence, Algeria has been a member of theArab League, theAfrican Union and of theUnited Nations.

History of foreign relations since independence

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During Ben Bella's presidency (1962–1965)

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Following its independence in 1962, Algeria developed deep ties with many foreign countries with a heavy presence in the global scene. The Algerian government, pursuing the dynamics that had started during the Algerian War for Independence and into theCold War used the country's strategic geopolitical position – at the crossroads of Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian world – to assert its own interests. Algeria came to see itself as a full actor in the Cold War and not simply a bystander caught in a crossfire between the Western and Eastern blocs. Moreover, Algeria played a central role in the creation of theThird World as a global political project, using its position at the intersection of international agendas – notably between non-alignment and Afro-Asianism positions, and betweenanticolonial andsocialist movements.

Algeria at the center of the competition between the Western and Eastern superpowers

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Being a newly independent country from colonial rule of a Western power – France – and having waged a liberation war with a socialist orientation, Algeria was naturally inclined to turn towards theSoviet Union and its allies. However, the country's strategic advantages increased its importance to the eyes of the Western bloc. Primarily,France wanted to preserve its interests in the oil and gas exploitations in Algeria. AsCharles de Gaulle stated to the Algerian finance minister in 1963, "If the Algerian government respects its commitments and takes into account our interests, it can count on our cooperation". Hence, French economic aid continued to flow in Algeria, to ensure control on the petroleum and gas industry as well as maintain continued use of Algerian soil to runatomic tests in the Saharan desert. UnderBen Bella, diplomatic relations with France were normalized, the negotiations concerning oil and gas leading to an agreement in 1964. As to theUnited States, they wanted to prevent Algeria from becoming yet another socialist country joining the ranks of theSoviet bloc. Hence, along with minor military equipment, the United States provided Algeria with a food program (PL-480) which delivered free food to the population. However, the Algerian commitment to supporting anti-colonial movements in Africa went against American interests in the continent, which led to an indirect conflict with the United States and an increasingly hostile relationship between the two countries.

During the war for independence, theALN had already benefitted from equipment, training and advice from communist countries: the USSR (though its help was quite timid until the final months of the war),China,Yugoslavia andCzechoslovakia. Moreover,ALN delegations had visited China andNorth Vietnam to learn from theirguerrilla strategies. Help and support from the communist bloc therefore increased after independence:

  • Even though Algeria was not a communist regime, theSoviet Union invested massive amounts of money and material help in the country. For instance, in 1963, the USSR granted $200 million in import credits for Soviet machinery to help build the Algerian industry, and committed to building a petrochemical research institute. The Soviet Union also agreed to buy agricultural products and minerals that Algeria was struggling to export. It was finally the country's main military supplier, providing planes, tanks, armored vehicles, ships, light weapons and ammunition for a total of 11 billion dollars from 1962 to 1989.
  • The other great communist power,China, demonstrated its interest in Algeria as a fellow antiimperialist country. Hence, whenZhou Enlai visited Algeria in December 1963, he granted Algeria a low-interest loan of $100 million. Moreover, the Chinese were more aggressive in their support for armed groups fighting imperialist and neo-imperialist regimes in Africa. Algeria and China therefore cooperated on this matter, with China contributing to ANP training camps, and shipping weapons and revolutionary militants to Algeria.

TheSino-Soviet split strengthened the two communist countries' competition for Algeria. However, China was inferior economically and militarily to the USSR, and could not match the USSR's industrial equipment and sophisticated armaments. Moreover, as the autogestion model proved to be widely inefficient, Algeria started to move towards a more centralized and Soviet-style economy by the end of 1964.

Algeria and the Third World project

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Ben Bella's foreign policy was marked by globalism, as it was not restrained to a specific culture nor geographical region. Rather, the project of theThird World and its diverse manifestations – theNon-Aligned Movement, theAfro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization, etc. – were meant to include all the developing and anti-imperialist countries, and Algeria intended to play a major role in its development.

This role is perfectly summarized byAmilcar Cabral's – leader of theAfrican Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde – famous declaration that Algeria was the "Mecca of revolution". Indeed, the Algerian foreign policy had been influenced byFrantz Fanon's and other radical Third World thinkers' urgings to "export revolution" to other countries suffering from the yoke of imperial oppression. Therefore, the support of armed nationalists and revolutionaries was one of the foundations of Algerian relations with African countries. Ever since 1960, the FLN camps in Algeria's neighboring countries (Morocco,Tunisia andMali) had been used to provide training and material help to revolutionary movements. By 1963, Algeria was offering refuge, funds, weapons and training to rebels from a dozen African countries: the left-wing opposition in Morocco, the secessionist Sanwi government in Ivory Coast, theSawaba party in Niger, the CNL (or "Simbas") inCongo-Leopoldville, theUPC in Cameroon, theMPLA andFNLA in Angola (250 recruits were trained in Algeria and 70 tons of armaments were sent to this country), and several armed groups in Zanzibar, Portuguese Guinea, South Africa and Namibia.

However, theThird World project also materialized through the various conferences and international organizations that united developing countries. Firstly, theNon-Aligned Movement, which was founded in Belgrade in 1961, and which Algeria joined shortly after its independence, defined the concept of non-alignment in the Cold War as a way for poor countries to exploit the conflicts and tensions and hence to promote their own interests. According to Jeffrey J. Byrne, the Algerian conception of the Non-Aligned Movement was that of a "political, goal-oriented and geographically unbounded anti-imperial solidarity". The Third World coalition could therefore encompass Latin America countries, and even Europe ones likeYugoslavia. Algeria was particularly important in this sense, as it acted as a bridge between blocs and regions. For instance, its position at the crossroads of the Arab and the sub-Saharan worlds enabled Algeria to create links and unity between these two regions: at Algeria's request, Arab countries supported Angolan and other African revolutions, while African countries endorsed the Palestinian cause. However, these global Third World solidarity links went further than Africa: for example, theNational Liberation Front of South Vietnam opened a permanent office in Algiers (one of only two that were located in non-communist countries). One of the most successful Third World projects was theOrganization of African Unity, founded in Addis Ababa in 1963 to formalize and institutionalize the main Third World principles. Moreover, Algeria advocated for the creation within the organization of a "liberation committee", the "Committee of Nine", to support national liberation movements (even by military means). This embodies the Algerian view of Third Worldism: the institutionalization of collective defiance towards the imperial system.

Therefore, if the multipolarity of international relations – the traditional East versus West bipolarism, but also the intra-communist poles and the development of Third World alternatives – had benefitted the non-aligned states such as Algeria, the latter's increasing reliance on the Soviet Union – especially since theSand War against Morocco in 1963 – risked jeopardizing the country's independence and its relations with other powers, such as the United States or China.

During Boumediene's presidency (1965–1978)

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Algerian foreign relations during the presidency ofHouari Boumediene marked a shift towards more stable and Algero-centered policies, in opposition toBen Bella's cosmopolitism. However, this greater focus on the country's economic needs and traditional Islamic culture did not end the period of international ambitions.

Algeria's centrality in the Third World

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Pan-Africanism andPan-Arabism were strengthened during the Boumediene era. Algeria had joined theArab League in 1962, and hosted its 1973 summit in Algiers. This strong relation with other Arab countries, notably withEgypt, was reinforced after Boumediene's seizure of power. For instance, in 1966, Egyptian presidentGamal Abdel Nasser sent thousands of teachers to support Algeria in the Arabization of its educational system. After Nasser's death in 1970, Boumediene increasingly represented the political project of Pan-Arabism; and in 1973, Algeria played a major role in the organization of the war againstIsrael, as well as calling for oil to be used as a weapon in theOPEC. Moreover, in 1969, Algiers hosted the Pan-African Cultural Festival: this grandiose display of an African identity, forged from the continent's common experience of Western imperialism, reunited anticolonial militants from numerous countries of the Third World. Far from being opposed, Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism were, under Algerian influence, united: Boumediène summoned an extraordinary session of the Organization for African Unity following theKippur War in 1973, which resulted in the creation of a special committee to coordinate the Organization and the Arab League, and in the break of diplomatic relations of 42 African states with Israel. Finally, Boumediène presided over a larger and more powerful Non-Aligned Movement in 1973.

Algeria's approach to international politics was motivated by the need for a "liberation" from the Western neocolonial economic superiority. Hence, in October 1967, Algiers hosted the meeting of the "Group of 77", which united 77 developing countries on major revendications: a global reform of the terms of trade and a greater collaboration between Third World countries to set the prices for their raw materials. Furthermore, the main points of Boumediene's address to the United Nations General Assembly in 1974 – reparations for colonization and a transfer of resources from North to South – were adopted by UN. The notion of a "new international economic order" emerged as a way to reshape the world economy to the benefit of developing countries, based on the principle of sovereign equality between states.

A careful equilibrium between Cold War powers

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Boumediene took pride in Algeria's non-aligned status, by claiming its distance from both Soviet-style socialism and Western capitalism, while the country enjoyed an increasing prosperity. However, support from the Communist bloc did not halt. Indeed, because of their dependence on raw materials and their lack of hard currencies, commerce between Third World countries was negligible. The USSR, on the contrary, was able to deliver military equipment, industrial expertise, and trade outputs: the Soviets replaced France as the first destination for Algerian wine, and provided 200,000 tons of wheat when a drought hit the country in 1966.

Once again, the support Algeria received from the Soviet bloc was not exclusive to that of the Western bloc. Even though Boumediene took strong public stands, as when he claimed in 1969 after a summer of violence against Algerians living in France that if the French government could not insure the security of Algerian immigrants, he would repatriate them regardless of the cost,Algerian-French relations were progressively normalized during the 1970 decade. This posturing, like the nationalization of oil in 1971, served to increase his popularity in internal politics. However, France remained a model of prosperity, Algeria was still heavily dependent on France economically, and in 1975, French PresidentValéry Giscard d'Estaing made the first presidential visit since independence. More generally, Algeria continued to do business with the West, and avoided to be overly dependent on Soviet support. Indeed, despite the break of relations with the United States after theSix-Day War in 1967, the Americans had almost replaced France as Algeria's primary trade partner by the early 1970s. Therefore, the competition between the West and the USSR gave Algeria opportunities to diversify its economic partnerships.

During Bouteflika's presidency (1999 - 2019)

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Since his inauguration in 1999, PresidentAbdelaziz Bouteflika sought to extend Algeria's international influence, traveling extensively throughout the world. In July 2001, he became the first Algerian President to visit theUS White House in 16 years.[1]

He made official visits, among others, toFrance,South Africa,Italy,Spain,Germany,China,Japan,South Korea andRussia.

After Bouteflika (2019-)

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On 24 August 2021, Algeria cut diplomatic relations with neighbouring Morocco, accusing Morocco of supporting a separatist group and hostile actions against Algeria. Morocco called the decision unjustified.[2]

After the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Algeria has tried to keep good relations with both Russia and the West by remaining neutral at theUN on other votes.[3]

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Algeria maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1North Korea25 September 1958[4]
2China20 December 1958[5]
3Mongolia25 June 1961[6]
4Russia19 March 1962[7]
5Czech Republic23 March 1962[8]
6Hungary7 April 1962[9]
7Romania16 April 1962[10]
8Poland2 May 1962[11]
9Serbia2 July 1962[12]
10Germany3 July 1962[13]
11France5 July 1962[14]
12IndiaJuly 1962[15]
13Syria27 August 1962[16]
14United States29 September 1962[17]
15Italy1 October 1962[18]
—Morocco (suspended)1 October 1962[19]
16Cuba7 October 1962[20]
17Bulgaria10 October 1962[21]
18Netherlands17 October 1962[22]
19Norway27 October 1962[23]
20Vietnam28 October 1962[24]
21Egypt8 November 1962[25]
22  Switzerland13 November 1962[26]
23Tunisia13 November 1962[27]
24United Kingdom1962[28][better source needed]
25Brazil28 November 1962[29]
26Japan28 November 1962[30]
27Belgium11 December 1962[31]
28Lebanon18 December 1962[32]
29Spain18 December 1962[33]
30JordanDecember 1962[32]
31Sri Lanka1962[34]
32Finland18 January 1963[35]
33Austria25 January 1963[36]
34Albania12 February 1963[27]
35Sweden20 April 1963[37]
36Ghana2 May 1963[27]
37Chile4 June 1963[38]
38Turkey30 June 1963[39]
39Mali22 July 1963[27]
40Pakistan16 August 1963[40]
41Libya24 August 1963[27]
42Democratic Republic of the CongoAugust 1963[27]
43Saudi ArabiaAugust 1963[27]
44Denmark3 September 1963[41]
45Indonesia20 December 1963[42]
46Cameroon1 January 1964[43]
47Republic of the Congo4 January 1964[43]
48Luxembourg21 January 1964[44]
49Guinea24 January 1964[45]
50Tanzania21 February 1964[46]
51Mauritania9 April 1964[47]
52Senegal9 April 1964[27]
53Madagascar15 June 1964[43]
54Argentina18 June 1964[48]
55Kenya23 June 1964[49]
56Uruguay21 August 1964[50]
57Iran23 September 1964[51]
58Mexico21 October 1964[52]
59Benin7 November 1964[53]
60Kuwait23 November 1964[54]
61Malaysia26 November 1964[55]
62Yemen22 December 1964[56]
63Niger12 March 1965[57]
64Ivory Coast21 July 1965[58]
65Canada12 November 1965[59]
66Sudan22 December 1965[60]
67Uganda1965[61]
68Trinidad and Tobago1965[62]
69Greece15 April 1966[63]
70Cambodia2 December 1966[64]
71Burkina Faso10 January 1967[43]
72   Nepal29 April 1968[65]
73Nigeria2 September 1968[43]
74Myanmar15 November 1968[66]
75AfghanistanDecember 1969[67]
76Central African Republic9 October 1970[68]
77Venezuela23 March 1971[69]
78Iraq15 July 1971[70]
79Liberia31 December 1971[71]
—Holy See6 March 1972[72]
80Peru10 March 1972[73]
81Sierra Leone7 April 1972[74]
82BurundiApril 1972[75]
83Gambia22 May 1972[76]
84Zambia15 January 1973[77]
85Panama9 February 1973[78]
86Laos15 May 1973[79]
87Ecuador2 July 1973[80]
88United Arab Emirates6 July 1973[81]
89Qatar18 July 1973[82]
90Bangladesh30 July 1973[83]
91Gabon8 September 1973[43]
92Oman1973[84]
93Somalia17 March 1974[85]
94Guinea-Bissau13 May 1974[86]
95Australia8 July 1974[87]
96Malta22 January 1975[88]
97Jamaica30 January 1975[89]
98IrelandJanuary 1975[90]
99Portugal7 March 1975[91]
100Philippines10 April 1975[92]
101Chad18 August 1975[93]
102Rwanda25 November 1975[43]
103Thailand6 December 1975[94]
104Mauritius12 February 1976[95]
—Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic6 March 1976[96]
105Guyana20 September 1976[97]
106SeychellesSeptember 1976[98]
107Angola19 October 1977[99]
108Cape Verde19 October 1977[100]
109Djibouti10 October 1978[101]
110Cyprus9 November 1978[102]
111Equatorial Guinea9 November 1978[103]
112Colombia1 January 1979[104]
113São Tomé and Príncipe7 January 1979[101]
114Comoros27 February 1979[101]
115Barbados18 April 1979[105]
116Mozambique16 September 1979[106]
117Grenada18 September 1979[105]
118Botswana30 November 1979[107]
119Bolivia2 February 1980[108]
120Zimbabwe31 August 1980[109]
121Malawi19 June 1981[110]
122NicaraguaSeptember 1981[111]
123Suriname30 March 1982[105]
124Ethiopia6 November 1982[112]
125Singapore12 May 1983[113]
126Iceland17 May 1983[114]
127Bahrain19 November 1983[115]
128Lesotho1983[116]
129New Zealand29 October 1985[117]
130Vanuatu15 July 1986[105]
131Togo2 July 1987[118]
132Maldives8 March 1988[105]
—State of Palestine16 December 1988[119]
133Antigua and Barbuda1 November 1989[105]
134South Korea15 January 1990[105]
135Guatemala31 January 1990[105]
136Costa Rica13 March 1990[105]
137Namibia21 March 1990[120]
138Uzbekistan30 June 1992[121]
139Ukraine10 August 1992[122]
140Slovenia12 October 1992[123]
141Croatia15 October 1992[124]
142Armenia30 December 1992[125]
143Slovakia1 January 1993[126]
144Bosnia and Herzegovina20 January 1993[127]
145Georgia27 May 1993[128]
146Eritrea25 March 1994[129]
147Moldova12 April 1994[130]
148Lithuania15 April 1994[131]
149Azerbaijan22 April 1994[132]
150South Africa10 May 1994[133]
151Turkmenistan21 September 1994[134]
152Honduras21 October 1994[105]
153Eswatini1994[135]
154Brunei24 January 1995[136]
155Paraguay3 February 1995[105]
156Belarus24 October 1995[137]
157Kazakhstan15 March 1996[138]
158Kyrgyzstan21 December 1996[139]
159Estonia19 March 1997[140]
160Tajikistan10 June 1997[141]
161Latvia29 April 1998[142]
162Belize28 November 2001[105]
163North Macedonia21 March 2002[143]
164Timor-Leste20 May 2002[144]
165San Marino13 February 2003[145]
166Andorra29 March 2005[105]
167Liechtenstein21 October 2005[146]
168Dominica22 June 2006[105]
169El Salvador20 December 2006[105]
170Monaco31 January 2007[105]
171Saint Vincent and the Grenadines7 February 2007[105]
172Montenegro24 September 2007[105]
173Dominican Republic26 September 2007[105]
174Saint Kitts and Nevis1 October 2007[147]
175Fiji2 June 2010[105]
176Tuvalu6 June 2012[105]
177Solomon Islands7 June 2012[105]
178South Sudan9 September 2015[105]
179Marshall Islands26 September 2019[105]
180Kiribati21 October 2019[148]
181Saint Lucia19 December 2022[105]
182Bahamas1 May 2024[105]

Africa

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Algeria has friendly relations with other countries in theMaghreb,Tunisia andLibya, and with Sub-Saharan countriesMali andNiger. Algeria has taken the lead in working on issues related to the African continent. Host of theOrganisation of African Unity Conference in 2000, Algeria also was key in bringingEthiopia andEritrea to the peace table in 2000. It has worked closely with other African countries to establish theNew Partnership for Africa's Development. Algeria has taken a lead in reviving theArab Maghreb Union with other regional Arab countries.

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
EgyptSeeAlgeria–Egypt relations
  • Algeria has an embassy inCairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy in Algiers.
Ethiopia1968
  • Algeria has an embassy inAddis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia closed its embassy in Algiers in 2021.
Ghana1962
  • Algeria has an embassy inAccra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Algiers.
Kenya23 June 1964SeeAlgeria–Kenya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1964 when the Algerian ambassador to Kenya, Mr. Nouredien Djoudi, presented his credentials to the Governor-General.[49]

  • Algeria has an embassy inNairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Algiers.
Libya24 August 1963SeeAlgeria–Libya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1963.[27]

Algeria–Libya relations have generally been amicable.[149] Libyan support for thePolisario in theWestern Sahara facilitated early post independence Algerian relations with Libya.[149] Libyan inclinations for full-scale political union, however, have obstructed formal political collaboration becauseAlgeria has consistently backed away from such cooperation with its unpredictable neighbour.[149] (A vote by the CCN (Algeria) on June 30, 1987, actually supported union betweenLibya andAlgeria, but the proposal was later retracted by theFLN Central Committee after the heads of state failed to agree.[149]) The Treaty of Oujda between Libya and Morocco, which represented a response to Algeria's Treaty of Fraternity and Concord withTunisia, temporarily aggravated Algerian-Libyan relations by establishing a political divide in the region--Libya andMorocco on one side; Algeria, Tunisia, andMauritania on the other.[149] Finally, in 1988 Libya was invited to participate in the Inter-Maghrib commission that was responsible for developing the North African Union.[149] The establishment of theUMA in February 1989 marked the first formal political or economic collaboration between the two neighbours.[149]

  • Algeria has an embassy inTripoli and a consulate inSabha.
  • Libya has an embassy in Algiers.
Madagascar15 June 1964Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1964[150]
  • Algeria has an embassy inAntananarivo.
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Algiers.
Mali22 July 1963SeeAlgeria–Mali relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 July 1963.[45]

  • Algeria has an embassy inBamako and a consulate inGao.
  • Mali has an embassy in Algiers and a consulate inTamanrasset.
Mauritania1964SeeAlgeria–Mauritania relations
  • Algeria has an embassy inNouakchott.
  • Mauritania has an embassy in Algiers.
Morocco1 October 1962SeeAlgeria–Morocco relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1962.[151]

Severed diplomatic relations 27 February 1976, restored 16 May 1988, cuts diplomatic relations 24 August 2021.[152]

Algeria–Morocco relations have been dominated by the issue of self-determination for theWestern Sahara since their independence. The national integrity of this former colonial territory has caused a deep-seated antagonism and general mistrust between the two nations that has permeated all aspects of Moroccan-Algerian relations. Algeria's interest in the region dates back to the 1960s and 1970s when it joined Morocco, Mauritania &Libya in efforts to remove the Spanish from the territory. AfterSpain announced its intention to abandon the province, then known asSpanish Sahara, in 1975, the united front presented by theMaghreb nations quickly disintegrated, as a result of Morocco, and subsequentlyMauritania, staking claims to the territory. Algeria, although not asserting any territorial ambitions of its own, was averse to the absorption of the territory by any of its neighbors and called for self-determination for theSaharawi people. Before the Spanish evacuation, Spain, Morocco, and Mauritania agreed to divide the territory and transfer the major part to Morocco and the remaining southern portion to Mauritania. This agreement violated aUnited Nations (UN) resolution that declared all historical claims on the part of Mauritania or Morocco to be insufficient to justify territorial absorption and drew heavy Algerian criticism.[149]

Niger12 March 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 March 1965 when the government of Niger has agreed to the nomination of M. Ali Abdellaoui as Algeria's Ambassador in Niamey with residence in Abidjan[57]
  • Algeria has an embassy inNiamey and a consulate inAgadez.
  • Niger has an embassy in Algiers and a consulate inTamanrasset.

In August 2023, Algeria proposed a six-month civilian-led transition to resolve Niger's political crisis, diverging from potential military intervention discussed byECOWAS, emphasizing diplomacy and seeking UN involvement while hosting a conference on Sahel region development. Algeria also denied France's alleged request for military operations in Niger.[153]

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic6 March 1976SeeAlgeria–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations

Since 1976, Algeria has supported thePolisario Front, a group claiming to represent the population ofWestern Sahara, which is based among the 90,000 Sahrawirefugees who reside inrefugee camps in Algeria. Contending that theSahrawis have a right to self-determination under theUN Charter, Algeria has provided the Polisario with material, financial, and political support and sanctuary in southwestern Algeria'sTindouf Province. UN involvement in the Western Sahara includesMINURSO, a peacekeeping force, andUNHCR, forrefugee assistance and resettlement. Active diplomatic efforts to resolve the dispute under the auspices of the Special Representative of the Secretary General are on-going. Although the land border betweenMorocco and Algeria was closed in the wake of a terrorist attack, the two have worked at improving relations.

  • Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has an embassy in Algiers.[154]
South Africa10 May 1994SeeAlgeria–South Africa relations

Both countries established full diplomatic relations on 10 May 1994[155]

  • Algeria has an embassy inPretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Algiers.
Sudan22 December 1965SeeAlgeria–Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1965.[60]

  • Algeria has an embassy inKhartoum.
  • Sudan has an embassy in Algiers.
Tunisia13 November 1962SeeAlgeria–Tunisia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1962.[156]

Smaller and in a more precarious position vis-à-visLibya, Tunisia has consistently made efforts to align withAlgeria.[149] In the 1970s, Tunisia reversed its position on theWestern Sahara so as not to antagonize Algerian authorities.[149] Tunisia was the first nation to sign the Treaty of Fraternity and Concord with Algeria, in 1983.[149] Throughout Algeria's independent history, it has joined in a number of economic ventures with Tunisia, including the transnational pipeline running from Algeria through Tunisia to Italy.[149] In 1987 the departure from power in Tunisia of PresidentHabib Bourguiba and his replacement by the more diplomaticZine el Abidine Ben Ali brought the two nations closer again.[149]

  • Algeria has an embassy inTunis and consulates inEl Kef andGafsa.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Algiers, a consulate-general inAnnaba and a consulate inTébessa.

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Argentina18 June 1964SeeAlgeria–Argentina relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1964[48]

On November 18, 2008, thePresident of ArgentinaCristina Fernández de Kirchner made an official visit toAlgiers and met her counterpart, thePresident of Algeria,Abdelaziz Bouteflika.

BrazilDecember 1962SeeAlgeria–Brazil relations
  • Algeria has an embassy inBrasília.
  • Brazil has an embassy in Algiers.
Canada29 May 1964SeeAlgeria–Canada relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 May 1964.[157]

  • Algeria has an embassy inOttawa and a consulate-general inMontreal.
  • Canada has an embassy in Algiers.[158]
Cuba17 October 1962

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 October 1962[159]

Cuba and Algeria formed strong diplomatic links due to their historical and ideological proximity. Indeed, despite their geographical distance, the two countries saw themselves as the models of a successful socialist revolution against imperialist forces. Moreover, they more pragmatically believed that to defend themselves fromAmerican hostility, they ought to encourage revolutions elsewhere in Latin America and in Africa as to distract the United States and create new allies. Hence, guerrilla heroErnesto "Che" Guevara visited Algeria twice, from October 1963 to February 1964, and in February 1965, andCuban President Fidel Castro made a grand official visit to Algeria in 1972. Cuba also sent large quantities of military equipment (two ships, a unity of tanks and 700 soldiers) to Algeria in 1963 during theSand War with Morocco. Indeed, once again, Algeria was a point of contact between African rebels and potential supporting countries such as Cuba. This relationship was mutually beneficial: Algeria received Argentinian training guerrilleros, a delegation of the Venezuelan National Liberation Front, and even sent armaments to the latter (in an Algerian ship, as to avoid American control) at Cuba's request.[160][161]

  • Algeria has an embassy inHavana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Algiers.
Mexico21 October 1964SeeAlgeria–Mexico relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 1964[162]

Peru10 March 1972Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 March 1972.[165]
  • Algeria has an embassy inLima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Algiers.
United States29 September 1962SeeAlgeria–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1962[166]

Military cooperation between the United States and Algeria were less sensible than that with the Soviet Union, and Algerian purchases in the early years of independence were mostly restrained to American planes. However, the intermediary role played by Algeria during theIranian hostage crisis generated the purchase of general military equipment in 1985 through theForeign Military Sales program.[167]

Even though the United States were initially positively inclined to develop strong diplomatic links with the newly independent Algerian state, their relations declined rapidly. Indeed, the Algerian official declarations against American interventionism in Africa and as far asNorth Vietnam, and their support to left-wing revolutionary groups against American-supported regimes (notably inAngola, but also in Latin America through their close connections withCuba) increased the hostility against Algeria in American opinion. The United States feared that Algeria was more favorable to the communist bloc and risked threatening their interests. Moreover, the Algerians resented the American failure to deliver the kind of assistance they requested: although the PL-480 food program provided food to millions of Algerians, the government sought to develop its economy through wider and long-term industrial programs. As Foreign Affairs MinisterBouteflika stated in 1965, "The US gives us bread; what we need is work. We need factories that create things and give work to our people". However, despite the break of diplomatic relations with the United States in 1967 following theSix-Day War, their economic exchanges did not stop. Indeed, the United States had nearly replaced France as Algeria's first trade partner by the beginning of the 1970s.[160]

In July 2001, PresidentAbdelaziz Bouteflika became the firstAlgerian President to visit theWhite House since 1985. This visit, followed by a second meeting in November 2001, a meeting in New York in September 2003, and President Bouteflika's participation at the June 2004G8 Sea Island Summit, is indicative of the growing relationship between theUnited States andAlgeria. Since theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, contacts in key areas of mutual concern, including law enforcement andcounter-terrorism cooperation, have intensified. Algeria publicly condemned the terrorist attacks on the United States and has been strongly supportive of the internationalwar against terrorism. The United States and Algeria consult closely on key international and regional issues. The pace and scope of senior-level visits has accelerated. In April 2006, then-Foreign Minister Bedjaoui met withSecretary of StateCondoleezza Rice.

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Bangladesh30 July 1973SeeAlgeria–Bangladesh relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 July 1973[83]

  • Algeria has an embassy inDhaka.
  • Bangladesh has an embassy in Algiers.
China20 December 1958[168]SeeAlgeria–China relations
  • Algeria has an embassy inBeijing.
  • China has an embassy in Algiers.
India2 July 1962SeeAlgeria–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 July 1962[169]

  • Algeria has an embassy inNew Delhi.
  • India has an embassy in Algiers.
Indonesia1963SeeAlgeria–Indonesia relations
  • Algeria has an embassy inJakarta.
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Algiers.
Iran1964, severed diplomatic relations 27 March 1993, restored 8 September 2001SeeAlgeria–Iran relations
  • Algeria has an embassy inTehran.
  • Iran has an embassy in Algiers.
Iraq1962, severed diplomatic relations 1979, restored September 2001
IsraelSeeAlgeria–Israel relations

Algeria has never had official diplomatic relations with Israel. In the mid 90s, while Israel and north African states slowly started diplomatic relations, Algeria remained one of the last countries to consider such a move. It was only when Israeli's PresidentShimon Peres and Prime MinisterEhud Barak met Algerian President Abdalziz Bouteflika at the funeral ofMoroccan King Hassan ll on July 25, 1999, that comments about rapprochement were made.[170]

Japan28 November 1962SeeAlgeria–Japan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1962.[171]

The Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) opened a representative office in Tokyo in 1958. A Japanese embassy was opened in Algiers in 1964, and an Algerian embassy was opened in Tokyo the same year. Japan has extended extensive technological assistance to Algeria and cultural exchange programs are numerous[172]

  • Algeria has an embassy inTokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Algiers.
Malaysia26 November 1964SeeAlgeria–Malaysia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 November 1964[173]

Algeria has an embassy inKuala Lumpur.

Maldives8 March 1988Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1988[174]
  • Algeria is represented in Maldives via its embassy inNew Delhi
  • Maldives is represented in Algeria through a non-resident ambassador based, presumably, inLondon.[a]
Pakistan16 August 1963SeeAlgeria-Pakistan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1963.[40]

Algeria enjoys friendly relations with Pakistan, which offered support during Algeria's struggle for independence. Pakistan was the first country to recognize the "Provisional Government of the Republic of Algeria" in exile on 19 September 1958 and facilitating the opening of an official mission in Karachi (Pakistan), even before Algeria's independence was formally declared.

  • Algeria has an embassy inIslamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Algiers.
Palestine16 December 1988SeeAlgeria-Palestine relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1988[119]

Algeria has been a strong proponent of the rights of thePalestinian people, calling publicly for an end to violence in theOccupied Palestinian Territories.

Qatar18 July 1973SeeAlgeria–Qatar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1973[82]

  • Algeria has an embassy inDoha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Algiers.
Saudi Arabia1962SeeAlgeria–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Algeria has an embassy inRiyadh and a consulate-general inJeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Algiers.
Singapore12 May 1983Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1983[175]
Syria27 August 1962SeeAlgeria–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1962[16]
  • Algeria has an embassy inDamascus.[176]
  • Syria has an embassy in Algiers.
  • Both countries are members ofArab League.
Turkey1962[177]See alsoAlgeria–Turkey relations
United Arab Emirates6 July 1973SeeAlgeria–United Arab Emirates relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1973 when UAE officially opened an embassy in Algiers[81]

Vietnam28 October 1962SeeAlgeria–Vietnam relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 October 1962.[183]

  • Algeria has an embassy inHanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Algiers.

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Cyprus3 April 1979SeeAlgeria–Cyprus relations

Cyprus and Algeria have concluded various agreements. For example, in November 1997, Algeria and Cyprus agreed on a framework for maritime exchanges between the two countries, lifting obstacles on the free movement of ships and offering preferential treatment at the ports in both countries.[184] In December 1999 Algeria and Cyprus signed an air transport agreement to introduce a legal framework governing air routes between Algeria and Cyprus.[185] In July 2000, Algerian news agency APS signed a cooperation agreement with the Cypriot news agency[186] that covers exchange of English news items and photographs.[187]

In December 2001, the Algerian firmSonatrach and Cyprus oil company Medex Petroleum signed an exploration deal covering the north of Bordj Omar Idriss in theIllizi basin in south-eastern Algeria.[188] Cyprus is considering Algeria as a potential partner to assist with extracting untapped oil and gas from the island's exclusive economic zone. Other partners being considered are Libya, Russian and Algeria – full details of the negotiations have not yet been released to the public domain.[189]

France3 July 1962SeeAlgeria–France relations

In the early 1990s, nearly 20 percent of all Algerian exports and imports were destined for or originated from France. More than 1 million Algerians resided in France and there were numerous francophones in Algeria, creating a tremendous cultural overlap. French remained the language of instruction in most schools and the language used in more than two-thirds of all newspapers and periodicals and on numerous television programs. Algeria and France share a cultural background that transcends diplomatic maneuvers and has persisted throughout periods of "disenchantment" and strained relations. Over time, however, the arabization of Algeria and the increasing polarization of society between the francophone elite and the Arab masses have mobilized anti-French sentiment. Support for the arabization of Algerian society—including the elimination of French as the second national language and emphasis on an arabized education curriculum—and the recent success of the FIS indicate a growing fervor in Algeria for asserting an independent national identity. Such an identity emphasizes its Arab and Islamic cultural tradition rather than its French colonial past. However, France's support for the military regime that assumed power in early 1992 indicates that the cooperative relations between the two countries remain strong.[149]

  • Algeria has an embassy inParis and several consulates-general throughout the country.
  • France has an embassy in Algiers and consulates-general inAnnaba andOran.
Germany1 October 1962

SeeAlgeria–Germany relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1962.[190]

  • Algeria has an embassy inBerlin and a consulate-general inFrankfurt.
  • Germany has an embassy in Algiers.
Greece1962SeeAlgeria–Greece relations

Relations between the two countries have been traditionally friendly since Algeria's first years of independence. Both countries are members of theUnion for the Mediterranean. Greece was among the early countries to establish diplomatic relations with Algeria after its independence in 1962, by upgrading the then Greek Consulate General in Algiers to an embassy in 1963.[191] As of 2009, the two countries had in place three bilateral agreements:

  • Agreement on Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation (1982).
  • Agreement on Educational Cooperation (1988).
  • Agreement on Mutual Protection and Promotion of Investments (2000).[191]

The Algerian Minister of Foreign Affairs visited Greece in February 2001, returning a previous visit paid by the Foreign Minister of Greece to Algeria.[191][192] In 2003, Greek [National] Defence Minister Ioannos Papandoniou visited Algeria to discuss ways to consolidate military cooperation between Algeria and Greece.[193]

Since 2000, Algeria has supplied Greece with natural gas by virtue of a long-term Agreement between the two countries. Theliquefied natural gas is transported by special vessels before eventually reaching the appropriate plant located in Megara, Attica.[194] The exports of Algerian products to Greece amounted to $89 million in 2001, including mainly oil and oil derivatives, natural gas, inorganic chemicals, iron and steel. In the same year, Greek exports to Algeria amounted to $50.78 million, consisting mainly of cereals and related derivatives, tobacco products, pharmaceuticals, medical and non-ferrous minerals.[191]

In 2007, Algeria was ranked 6th among Greece's Arab trade partners.[195]

  • Algeria has an embassy inAthens.
  • Greece has an embassy in Algiers.
Holy See6 March 1972SeeAlgeria–Holy See relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1972.[196]

  • Algeria is accredited to the Holy See from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Algiers.
Italy1 October 1962SeeAlgeria–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1962.[197]

Two countries have a strong connection, as northern part of Algeria's today was formerly territory of theRoman Empire which was originally from modern-day Italy. Italy and Algeria's relations is viewed as important for stability in the region.[198]

Italy is also Algeria's top commercial partner, with an exchange worth 8.67 billion dollars and a volume of imports of 4.41 billion, or 17.24% of global Algerian exports.[199]

Poland2 May 1962SeeAlgeria–Poland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 May 1962.[200]

  • Algeria has an embassy inWarsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Algiers.
Portugal7 March 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 March 1975.[201]
  • Algeria has an embassy inLisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Algiers.
Romania16 April 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1962.[202]
Russia23 March 1962SeeAlgeria–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 March 1962.[205]

Algeria and Russia have had a strong military cooperation since the Algerian independence, as Algiers turned towards the USSR for purchasing armaments. Indeed, from 1962 to 1989, Algeria spent approximately 11 billion dollars for Soviet weapons: planes (MiG-21, MiG-23 et Su-24), tanks (T-55 et T-72), armored vehicles, several ships (including submarines), light weapons and ammunition.[167]

Serbia5 July 1962SeeAlgeria–Serbia relations

Algeria and Serbia (formerlyYugoslavia) formed a strong diplomatic relation shortly after theAlgerian independence, marked by economic, military but also ideological cooperation. Indeed, the Yugoslavian economic system constituted a model for the Algerian-style autogestion experimented in the early Ben Bella years. Henceforth, the Yugoslavian government sent technical advisers and agricultural material to Algeria. Moreover, Yugoslavia and Algeria shared similar views on international matters, such as the necessity for the extension of theNon-Aligned Movement. Indeed,Tito saw in Algeria a way to legitimate the possibility of diversity insocialism, rather than the imposed and monolithicSoviet-model. Their alliance was also geopolitically strategic: Algeria constituted a gate into the African and Arab worlds for Yugoslavia, who intended to create stronger links with this continent. Therefore, while Yugoslavia benefited from Algerian close relations with African countries, Algeria could use Yugoslavian greater military and logistical resources to pursue its program of exporting revolution in the continent.[161][206]

Spain18 December 1962SeeAlgeria–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 1962.[209]

  • Algeria has an embassy inMadrid and consulates-general inAlicante andBarcelona.
  • Spain has an embassy in Algiers and a consulate-general inOran.
Ukraine20 August 1992SeeAlgeria–Ukraine relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1992.[210]

  • Algeria has an embassy inKyiv.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Algiers.
 United Kingdom1962SeeAlgeria–United Kingdom relations
British Prime MinisterDavid Cameron withAlgerian Prime MinisterAbdelmalek Sellal in Algeria, January 2013.

Algeria establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 16 November 1962.[28][failed verification]

  • Algeria maintains anembassy inLondon.[211]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Algeria through its embassy in Algiers.[212]

Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Tax Convention,[213] and a Strategic Partnership.[214]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Since Maldives High Commissioner/Ambassador to U.K. also serves as non-resident ambassador to France, therefore there's probability that Maldives High Commissioner/Ambassador to U.K also serves as Maldives non-resident ambassador to Algeria. This can be explained by close relations between Algeria and France

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Public Domain This article incorporatespublic domain material fromThe World Factbook.CIA.

Public Domain This article incorporatespublic domain material fromU.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets.United States Department of State.

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