Foreign-born (alsonon-native) people are those born outside of theircountry of residence. Foreign born are often non-citizens, but many arenaturalized citizens of the country in which they live, and others are citizens by descent, typically through a parent.

The termforeign born encompasses bothimmigrants andexpatriates but is not synonymous with either. Foreign born may, like immigrants, have committed to living in a country permanently or, like expatriates, live abroad for a significant period with the plan to return to their birth-country eventually.

The status of foreign born — particularly their access tocitizenship — differs globally. The large groups of foreign-born guest workers in theGulf Cooperation Council states, for example, have no right to citizenship no matter the length of their residence. InAustralia,Canada, theUnited Kingdom, and theUnited States, by contrast, foreign born are often citizens or in the process of becoming citizens. Certain countries have intermediary rules: inGermany andJapan it is often difficult but not impossible for the foreign born to become citizens.

The adjectiveforeign-born has two potential meanings:

• "born in a country other than that in which one resides."^[1]
• "foreign by birth."^[2]

TheUnited Nations uses the first definition to estimate the international migrant stock, whenever this information is available. In countries lacking data on place of birth, the UN uses the country of citizenship instead.^[3]

On the other hand, theUnited States Census Bureau defines foreign-born as "anyone who is not a U.S. citizen at birth", which includes persons who have become U.S. citizens through naturalization but excludes persons born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents.

According to the UN: "Equating international migrants with foreign citizens when estimating the migrant stock has important shortcomings. In countries where citizenship is conferred on the basis ofjus sanguinis, people who were born in the country of residence may be included in the number of international migrants even though they may have never lived abroad. Conversely, persons who were born abroad and who naturalized in their country of residence are excluded from the stock of international migrants when using citizenship as the criterion to define international migrants."^[3]

The percentage of foreign born in a country is the product mostly of immigration rates, but is also affected by emigration rates andbirth and death rates in the destination country. For example, the United Kingdom and Ireland are destination countries for migrants from Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia, but are themselves source countries for immigration to otherEnglish-speaking countries.

TheHoly See is unique in having 100% of its population foreign-born, whileCuba is unique in having 0% of its population foreign-born. The region with the highest rate isOceania, with 21%, whileAsia has less than 1%.

Countries with immigration rates above 25% tend to be wealthy countries with relatively open migration or labour laws, includingSingapore,Australia,New Zealand,Switzerland and the Persian Gulf states.

The largest foreign-born population in the world is in the United States, which was home to 39 million foreign-born residents in 2012, or 12.6% of the population.^[4]

Direct figures on Pakistan's total foreign-born population are unavailable. However, estimates for specific immigrant communities can be found, which are as follows: 8.4% - 10% Indians (i.e.,Muhajirs from India and their descendants),^[18] 1.6% - 2% Afghans,^[19] 1% Bengalis,^[20] 0.1 - 0.2% Burmese^[21][22]

1. Data for the cities listed below is from numerous sources.

• Alien (law)
• Expatriate
• Immigration
• Naturalization
• Finishing school
• Foreign-born Japanese
• Immigrant generations

• ForeignBorn - a resource for entering and living in the US
• US Census Bureau on foreign born population
• Luxembourg – Country Summary
• Migration article from U.C. Davis

• Human migration
• Employment of foreign-born people

• CS1 errors: archive-url
• CS1 French-language sources (fr)
• CS1: long volume value
• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
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• Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025
• Articles with unsourced statements from May 2025