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Insound design,Foley[a] is the reproduction of everydaysound effects that are added to films, videos, and other media inpost-production to enhance audio quality.[1] It is named after sound-effects artistJack Foley.[2] Foley sounds are used to enhance the auditory experience of viewers across film, audio dramas, and video games. They can be anything from the swishing of clothing and footsteps to squeaky doors and breaking glass. Foley can also be used to cover up unwanted sounds captured on the set of a movie during filming, such as overflying airplanes or passing traffic.[3]
Places where the Foley process takes place are often referred to as a Foley stage or Foley studio. A Foley artist recreates the realisticambient sounds that are portrayed in the film. The props and sets of a film often do not react the same way acoustically as their real-life counterparts, requiring filmmakers to Foley the sounds.[3] The best Foley art is so well integrated into afilm that it goes unnoticed by theaudience.[3] It helps to create a sense of reality within a scene. Without these crucialbackground noises, movies feel unnaturally quiet and uncomfortable.
What is now called Foley originated as adding sounds to live broadcasts of radio drama from radio studios around the world in the early 1920s. Phonograph recordings of the era were not of sufficient quality or flexibility to faithfully reproduce most sound effects on cue, so a sound effects person had to create all sounds for radio plays live.
Jack Donovan Foley[4] started working withUniversal Studios in 1914 during the silent movie era. When Warner Studios releasedThe Jazz Singer, its first film to include sound, Universal knew it needed to stay competitive and called for any employees who had radio experience to come forward.[4] Foley became part of the sound crew that turned Universal's then-upcoming "silent" musicalShow Boat into a musical.
Becausemicrophones of the time could not pick up more thandialogue, other sounds had to be added in after the film was shot.[4] Foley and his small crew projected the film on a screen while recording a single track of audio that captured their livesound effects.[4] Their timing had to be perfect, so that footsteps and closing doors synchronized with the actors' motions in the film. Jack Foley created sounds for films until his death in 1967.[4] His basic methods are still used today.
WhenWarner Brothers introduced theVitaphone, allowing for sound to be synchronized to the moving picture, it included a musical score and sound effects in its 1926 filmDon Juan.[5]
Modern Foley art has progressed as recording technology has progressed. Today, sounds do not have to be recorded live on a single track of audio. They can be captured separately on individual tracks and carefully synchronized with their visual counterpart.[6] Foley studios employ hundreds of props and digital effects to recreate the ambient sounds of their films.
Foley complements or replaces sound recorded on set at the time of the filming, known asfield recording. Thesoundscape of most films uses a combination of both. A Foley artist is the person who creates this sound art. Foley artists use creativity to make viewers believe that the sound effects are actually real. The viewers should not be able to realize that the sound was not actually part of the filming process itself.
Foley sounds are added to the film inpost-production after the film has been shot.[7] The need for replacing or enhancing sounds in a film production arises from the fact that, very often, the original sounds captured during shooting are obstructed by noise or are not convincing enough to underscore the visual effect or action. For example, fist-fighting scenes in an action movie are usually staged by the stunt actors and therefore do not have the actual sounds of blows landing. Props, sets, and costumes are often constructed of relatively cheap and lightweight materials that visually resemble but do not actually sound like the materials their real counterparts are made of. Crashes and explosions are often added or enhanced at the post-production stage. The desired effect is to add back to the original soundtrack the sounds that were excluded during recording. By excluding these sounds during field recording, and then adding them back into the soundtrack during post-production, the editors have complete control over how each noise sounds, its quality, and the relative volume.[8] Foley effects add depth and realism to the audio quality for multimedia sources.[1]
Foley artists review the film as it runs to figure out what sounds they need to achieve the desired sound and results. Once they gather the material and prepare for use, they practice the sounds. When they accomplish the desired sound, they watch the film and add in the sound effects at the same time. This is similar to the way actors re-record dialogue, lip-syncing to the video or film image.
Scenes where dialogue is replaced usingdubbing also feature Foley sounds.Automatic dialogue replacement (ADR) is the process in which voice sounds are recorded in post production. This is done by a machine that runs the voice sounds with the film forward and backward to get the sound to run with the film.[citation needed][9]The objective of the ADR technique is to add sound effects into the film after filming, so the voice sounds are synchronized. Many sounds are not added at the time of filming, and microphones might not capture a sound the way the audience expects to hear it.[10]
The need for Foley rose dramatically when studios began to distribute films internationally in countries that mandated dialogue to be dubbed in their respective language. As the actor's voices are muted in order to make way for the voice actors, all incidental sounds recorded on-location are lost as a result of them being captured with the same equipment as the dialogue.
Foley is created by the sound artist mimicking the actual sound source in arecording studio.[3] Often there are many little sound effects that happen within any given scene of a movie. The process of recording them all can be time-consuming.
Foley art can be broken down into three main categories — feet, moves, and specifics.[3]
This category entails the sound of footsteps.[3] To make the sound of walking down a staircase, Foley artists stomp their feet on the floor or a much smaller staircase while watching the footage to remain in sync with the actor. Foley studios carry many different types of shoes and several different types of floors to create footstep sounds.[6] These floors, known as Foley Pits,[11] vary from marble squares to gravel and rock pits. Creating just the right sound of footsteps can greatly enhance the feel of a scene. Foley Artists are often referred to as "Foley Walkers" or "Steppers" when working in the "feet" subset of Foley.[12]
The "moves" category makes up many of the more subtle sounds heard in films, such as the swishing of clothing when two actors walk past each other, for example.[3] This sound is created by rubbing two pieces of the same material together near the microphone at the same rate that the actor's legs cross.[6] Cloth is not always used and tends to be recorded at the discretion of the dubbing mixer who ultimately controls the final outcome of the audio post-production process.
Foley can also include other sounds, such as doors closing and doorbells ringing; however, these tend to be done more efficiently using stock sound effects, arranged by sound editors.
Foley effects help the viewer judge the size of a space. For example, a large hall has strong reverberation, while a small room may have only slight reverberation.[3]
InStar Wars,Ben Burtt introduced a number of custom effects used for the franchise. Thelight saber buzz was a film projector motor mixed with televisionpicture tube hum and further mixed.Blasters were based on the sound of taut radio towerguy-wires being struck with items such as small wrenches,Darth Vader's breathing on adiving regulator. TheTIE fighter swoosh is a mix of slowed-down elephant herd noises and cars driving through water,Chewbacca's voice includes the moaning of a walrus stranded in a dry pool along with other animal vocalization, andR2-D2's booping talk includes Burtt's own voice mixed in with the synthesized sounds to humanize its robotic affect.[13]
The Firesign Theatre, a comedicradio play troupe, occasionally broke thefourth wall to poke fun at these conventions ("It had been snowing in Santa Barbara ever since the top of the page and I had to shake the cornstarch off my mukluks"),[14] as did comedy playersMonty Python in their filmMonty Python and the Holy Grail, which included a running joke of knights pretending to ride horses as squires followed behind, clapping coconut halves.[15]
The art remained in the shadows for many years. A function of history and tradition, Foley artists, as they came to be named, never received screen credit. Around the 1970s, sound editors were doing their own syncing (as it was called before becoming officially known as Foley), and realized they could hire outsiders to do this time-consuming and specialized work.