| Flying Division, Air Training Command | |
|---|---|
 Postwar T-33A Shooting Star jet fighter training | |
| Active | 1926–1949 |
| Disbanded | 14 November 1949 |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  U.S. Army Air Forces United States Air Force |
| Type | Command and Control |
| Role | Training |
| Size | Command |
| Part of | AAF Training Command Air Training Command |
| Motto | Ut Viri Volent |
| Colors | Ultramarine blue andgolden orange |
| Engagements | .png) World War II – American Campaign |
| Insignia | |
| Shoulder sleeve insignia |  |
| Distinctive unit insignia |  |
TheFlying Division, Air Training Command, was atraining formation of theUnited States Air Force. The unit was established in 1926 as the Air Corps Training Center to be the primary pilot training center for theAir Corps. It was reorganized into one of three training commands created by the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps in 1940 to accommodate the large number ofair cadets being recruited as a result of the expansion of the corps after thefall of France. DuringWorld War II, thousands of cadets attended various flight schools throughout theCentral United States being trained as pilots for fighters, bombers and transports. It also trained the navigators, bombardiers and gunners necessary for the bombers to attack enemy targets in the combat areas overseas. After World War II, it became the primary pilot and aircrew training unit of the United States Air ForceAir Training Command.
With the demobilization of the Air Service afterWorld War I, the Army's air arm remained quite small during most of the interwar period.[1]
Primary flight training was held only atMarch Field in California andCarlstrom Field in Florida. The pilot school course combined ground school and elementary flight training. Cadets flew training flights in wartime surplusCurtiss JN-4D Jennies and alsodeHavilland DH-4s. The first class of cadets at both March and Carlstrom were enlisted men from various Air Service units. Civilians constituted most of the second class. Advanced training was held at Post Field, Fort Sill, Oklahoma for observers and pilots. Pursuit and bombardment training took place at Kelly Field.[2]
On 4 June 1920, theNational Defense Act of 1920 took effect and theUnited States Army Air Service was statutorily recognized as the combatant air arm of the United States Army. At the time, the Air Service had 1,155 Regular officers; by year’s end, there were 975. Of that number, only 642 were pilots.[2]
The Training and Operations Group of the Air Service had hoped to graduate thirty men per month, but in the last six months of 1920, Carlstrom had graduated thirty-six officers and fifty-six cadets; March had graduated twenty-five officers and sixty-seven cadets. A number of the students in the early class, especially at Carlstrom Field, were naval officers not destined for Army squadrons. However, neither of the primary pilot schools had executive officers and that Carlstrom did not even have an Officer in Charge of Flying. The schools keenly felt the critical shortage of manpower. They did not have enough enlisted mechanics to keep the airplanes fully operational. Too few instructors remained in the service to teach students, assuming that students could be recruited in reasonable numbers.[2]
For a time after the war, the commissioned grades of the Air Service held no vacancies. Furthermore, Congress forbade new Army enlistments in early 1921, which effectively curtailed the training new cadets.
It was decided to close March and Carlstrom and consolidate all flight training at Brooks and Kelly Fields. By 1 September 1922, the Air Service Primary Flying School11th School Group was operational at Brooks; the Advanced Flying School10th School Group was operational at Kelly Field. Students graduating the primary flying school at Brooks Field went on to the Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field.[2]
To be eligible to enter flight training, a candidate had to be an unmarried male citizen of the United States between the ages of twenty and twenty-seven and have a high school diploma or its equivalent. Applicants took a physical and educational examination, and those accepted were assigned to a primary flight school class at Brooks Field. Until 1926, most students learned to fly on the JN-6H. The Advanced Flying School divided its system of instruction into basic and advanced phases. Basic training continued the staged instructionof primary training in which all students worked through increasingly difficult maneuvers. Advanced students spent approximately twelve weeks performing, figure-eights, 180- and 360-degree turns, performance flights, formations, and cross-country and night flying. The students were then moved into specialized flying of observation, bombing, pursuit, or attack aircraft.[2]
Flying Division, Air Training Command's origins begin in 1922 when theArmy Air Service consolidated its center for primary training atBrooks Field, Texas, and its advanced center at Kelly Field, Texas. In the era after World War I, each phase of instruction lasted about six months, with the school at Kelly being divided into three months of basic and advanced instruction. With the decision by theCoolidge Administration to expand the Air Service, the Army established theAir Corps Training Center in San Antonio, with the two fight schools, and adding the School of Aviation Medicine at Brooks Field.[1]
As the new center began to carry out its mission of improving the supervision of flying training, it discovered that the facilities in the San Antonio area were insufficient to accommodate the expanded number of cadets entering primary training. Hence, primary pilot training resumed at March Field, California, from 1927 to 1931.[1]
The decision in 1927 to continue the system of a hierarchy of training schools led to the search for another primary flying field close to the hub of activity and the good weather in Texas. The investigation resulted in the selection of an area seventeen miles northeast of San Antonio. Opened on 1 January 1931, Randolph Field wastrumpeted as the "West Point of the Air".[3]
With the opening of Randolph Field primary flight training was transferred from March to the new facility there. The Air Corps Training Center at Randolph Field was in charge of the entire Army pilot training program in the United States from 1931 to 1939. The Center developed an efficient, well-coordinated flying training program that focused on the quality of its pilots. It was not only critical to the development of military flight training, but also to the training of American pilots, who after graduation spread out over the world, some to commercial airline jobs in Latin America and the Philippines, others to the government or industry occupations that took them to Europe and Asia. However, the program only produced about 200 pilots a year.[4]
The size of its aircraft inventory and the number of airmen who trained at Randolph Field failed to equal the compound’s magnificence. By 1934 the school could graduate 150 cadets a year, although it had increased the number of flying hours by thirty-five and expanded the syllabus. Between the time in October 1931, when the first school troops reported to Randolph from the old primary schools at Brooks and March Fields, and 1 March 1935, when GHQ Air Force took form, slightly more than 2,000 would-be pilots reported to the Primary Flying School. Cadets constituted approximately 75 percent of the students reporting, and nearly 47 percent graduated.[5]
The creation of the GHQ Air Force made 1935 a banner year, as the air arm moved a step closer to that longed-for reality. GHQAF gave the Chief of the Air Corps responsibility for overseeing individual training at the flying schools. The Training Section reviewed the programs of instruction at the Primary and Advanced Flying Schools, the Air Corps Tactical School, and the Air Corps Technical School; reviewed training programs submitted by the War Department; supervised preparation and revision of pertinent training materials including manuals, regulations, circulars, and films; maintained various types of training recordsand statistics; and reviewed and recommended matters concerning the training of the National Guard and Air Reserve.[6]
In late 1937 Chief of the Air Corps Maj. Gen. Oscar Westover submitted to the General Staff a statement of Air Corps objectives that ratified pilot specialization and pinpointed desired stops in the now-established professional educational system along an upward path toward promotion and leadership. Following graduation from the Training Center, all officers would join a tactical unit for at least two years. Thereafter individuals might compete for additional education and training.[7]
In 1939 only two Air Corps flying schools were operating,Randolph Field and, for advanced training, Kelly Field with Brooks as a subpost.[1][8] Beginning in 1939, the Air Corps contracted primary flight training to civilian schools, and Randolph Field's mission shifted to basic pilot training. It was General Arnold's belief that by turning over the responsibility for primary training to other agencies, he could free the Air Corps to concentrate its full resources on later phases of training, and thus in effect expand the capacity.[9]
On 24 May 1940, GeneralHenry H. Arnold submitted a plan to theWar Department for 3 training centers.[10]: 131 When the new centers for theWest Coast (HQ atMoffett Field CA) andSoutheast (Maxwell Field AL) were established[11] on 22 August 1940; the existing "Air Corps Training Center" was redesignated theGulf Coast Air Corps Training Center.[12]Funding of a 30,000-pilot training program was approved on 5 April 1941, and included new GCACTC bases at "Enid, Okla.; Perrin Field, Sherman, Tex.; Waco, Tex.; Moore Field, Mission, Tex.;Lubbock, Tex.; Midland, Tex.; andLake Charles, La."[10] In 1941, "thirty-two major flying fields comprise[d] the Gulf Coast Air Corps Training Center" for basic and advanced flying training[13] plus 16civilian flight schools by October (a bombing range was also part of the center).[8]
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TheCentral Instructors School began at Randolph in January 1942, and the first "flying sergeants" graduated as combat pilots in May 1942 "at acivil contract flying school in the Gulf Coast Air Corps Training Center"[1]
On 26 September 1942, the GCACTC's Advanced Twin Engine and Bombardier Training Center atMidland, Texas, was redesignatedMidland Army Airfield'sArmy Air Forces Bombardier School (colloq.Bombardier College) which operated 23 bombing ranges inWest Texas[14] (the school had moved toAlbuquerque Army Air Base by 28 February 1945).[15][16]
In conjunction with the USAAF Flying Training Command merging with the Technical Training Command;[17] on 31 July 1943, the Gulf Coast Air Corps Training Center was redesignated as the Central Flying Training Command when the GCACTC schools were consolidated with the separate navigator training (4 schools including 1 atEllington Field that had been a bombardier school) and[18] The consolidation supported January 1943Casablanca Conference decision regarding airpower in the European Theatre and the resulting "Combined Bomber Offensive from the United Kingdom" plan, which required aircrews for 4 development phases (944, 1192, 1746, & 2702 bombers) through 31 March 1944.[19]: 15
By 1944,Central Flying Training Command (CFTC) controlled a large number of training schools in the Southwestern United States and established severalWings to provide organizational command and control over them, based on both training types and geography. The schools operated by CFTC part of theAviation Cadet Training Program. These were:[1]
In addition to the American Air Cadets, Cadets from the BritishRoyal Air Force andFree French Air Force were trained in flying skills. CFTC also operated aircrew schools forNavigators,Bombardiers andflexible aerial gunners.Radio operators were centrally trained atScott Field, Illinois. Other aircrew positions, such as B-29 flight engineers and RADAR operators were also trained later in the war as training requirements presented themselves. This included the first jet pilots in 1945.[1]
Shortly after the end of World War II on 15 December 1945, Central Flying Training Command consolidated with Western Flying Training Command on 1 November 1945 and was re-designated Western Flying Training Command. This reflected the massive demobilization after the end of the war and the closure of the majority of the wartime training bases.[1]
On 15 December 1945 Western Flying Training Command consolidated with the Eastern Flying Training Command. The single entity became Army Air Forces Flying Training Command on 1 January 1946, with its headquarters at Randolph Field, Texas. On 1 November 1946, the Flying Training Command was re-designated as the Flying Training Division of the newAir Training Command, established as part of the postwar reorganization of the Army Air Forces.[1]
By 1946, all the wartime Flying Training Wings were disbanded, and command and control were consolidated into the Flying Training Division. The flight schools at the bases which remained open were consolidated into the Army Air Forces (later Air Force) base units. After the establishment of the United States Air Force in September 1947 and the implementation of theHobson Wing-Base plan in 1948, the Base Units were discontinued, and ATC established new Pilot Training Wings at each base. This new plan made the training organizations uniform with the other major commands throughout the Air Force.[1]
In addition, the pilot training program was consolidated into two classes, Basic and Advanced. Also, the wide variety of training aircraft was reduced to streamline the training program. Jet training aircraft and courses were also added, along with helicopter training as the new wartime technologies were added into the postwar Air Force inventory as fully operational weapons systems.[1]
Austere postwar military budgets led to additional consolidations and all of the flying programs suffered from shortages of aircraft replacement parts, qualified maintenance personnel, and instructors—problems that existed been with the schools throughout the postwar era. The last half of 1949 was an exercise in austerity. President Harry S. Truman decided that the country could only afford a 48-group Air Force. With only a minimum of operating funds available, the Secretary of Defense directed major spending cuts throughout the Department of Defense (DOD). In a re-organization, Flying Division, Air Training Command was inactivated on 14 November 1949 when Air Training Command absorbed its subordinate Divisions into its command organization to comply with the budget reduction directive.[1]
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*All primary flying school units consolidated at Randolph Field, 31 December 1931
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This article incorporatespublic domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
In August 1943 the AAF Central Bombardier Instructor School was transferred from Carlsbad, New Mexico, to Midland ... the "West Texas Bombardier Triangle" of bases at Big Spring (1942), San Angelo (1942), and Childress (1943), and were instrumental in developing photographic and sonic methods of scoring bomb hits and analyzing bombing proficiency
This article incorporatespublic domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency[verification needed]by May 1943 there werefifty-six contract primary schools in operation. At each school, the AAF maintained a small military contingent whose services were gradually expanded, but the military element in the activity of these schools was subordinated to the task of learning to fly.
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)| Flying training |
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