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Floriano Peixoto | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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.jpg) Official portrait, 1891 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd President of Brazil | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 23 November 1891 – 15 November 1894 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice President | None | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Deodoro da Fonseca | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Prudente de Morais | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1stVice President of Brazil | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 26 February 1891 – 23 November 1891 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Deodoro da Fonseca | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Office established | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Manuel Vitorino | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | Floriano Vieira Peixoto (1839-04-30)30 April 1839 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 29 June 1895(1895-06-29) (aged 56) Barra Mansa,Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Independent | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Parents |
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| Alma mater | Military School of Praia Vermelha | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Signature |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nickname | "The Iron Marshal" | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Military service | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allegiance | Empire of Brazil First Brazilian Republic | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Branch/service | Imperial Brazilian Army Brazilian Army | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years of service | 1857–1884 1885–1891 1894–1895 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rank | Marshal | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commands | See list
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| Battles/wars | Federalist Revolution Brazilian Naval Revolt | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Floriano Vieira Peixoto (Brazilian Portuguese:[floɾiˈɐ̃nuviˈe(j)ɾɐpe(j)ˈʃotu]; 30 April 1839 – 29 June 1895) was a Brazilian military officer and politician. A veteran of theParaguayan War and several other conflicts inBrazil, he served as thepresident of Brazil from 1891 to 1894, and previously asvice president in 1891.[1] Born inIpioca [pt] (a district in the city ofMaceió in the state ofAlagoas) and nicknamed theIron Marshal (Portuguese:Marechal de Ferro),[2] he was the first vice president of Brazil to have succeeded the president mid-term.
Floriano Peixoto was an army marshal (he was promoted to this rank in 1874) whenelected vice president in February 1891, he gained notoriety throughout his life for his strongabolitionist,anti-racist, andanti-corruption stance. In November 1891, he rose to the presidency after the resignation ofgeneralissimoDeodoro da Fonseca, the first president of Brazil. Floriano Peixoto came to the presidency in a difficult period of the new Brazilian Republic, which was in the midst of a general political and economic crisis made worse by the effects of the bursting of theEncilhamentoeconomic bubble, but his policies successfully put an end to the successive economic crises that had plagued the country since 1889 and in a short period of time the economy stabilized and grew again. As vice president, he had also served as thePresident of the Senate.[3]
His government was marked by several revolutions and immense popular support. Floriano Peixoto defeated anaval officers' rebellion against him in 1893–1894 and theFederalist Revolution in the States ofRio Grande do Sul,Santa Catarina andParaná, with the use of strength during the same year to maintain territorial integrity.
His government was marked by an increased centralization of power,personalismo,republicanism,patriotism,nationalism, and for the ferventcriticism of monarchy, with the "Florianista" ("Florianismo")cult of personality being the first phenomenon of a favorable political expression towards a republican politician in Brazil.[4]
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He is often referred to as "The Consolidator of the Republic", "The Iron Marshal". He left the presidency on 15 November 1894.
Despite the radically different views on his presidency at the time, later generations of Brazilians would eventually regard his dictatorial rule as necessary and more preferable than a never ending cycle of civil war and unrest.[5]
Nossa Senhora do Desterro, the capital of the state ofSanta Catarina, was renamedFlorianópolis after the defeat of thefederalist rebels in the city by the troops of Marshal Floriano Peixoto at the end of theFederalist Revolution.
Netto, João Natale (2008).Floriano, o marechal implacável: a história de Floriano Peixoto, soldado por vocação, herói da Guerra do Paraguai e Presidente da República aos 52 anos (in Brazilian Portuguese). Novo Século.ISBN 978-85-7679-190-4.
Media related toFloriano Peixoto at Wikimedia Commons
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | President of the Mato Grosso Province 1884–1885 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Minister of War 1890–1891 | Succeeded by |
| New office | Vice President of Brazil 1891 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | President of Brazil 1891–1894 | Succeeded by |
| Legal offices | ||
| Preceded by | Minister of the Superior Military Court 1891–1895 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | President of the Superior Military Court 1891–1893 | Succeeded by |
| Old Republic (1889–1930) | |
|---|---|
| Populist Republic (1946–64) | |
| Military dictatorship (1964–85) | |
| New Republic (1985–present) | |
