| Flier | |
|---|---|
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| InVirginia | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Centrarchiformes |
| Family: | Centrarchidae |
| Subfamily: | Centrarchinae |
| Genus: | Centrarchus Cuvier, 1829[2] |
| Species: | C. macropterus |
| Binomial name | |
| Centrarchus macropterus (Lacépède, 1801) | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
Labrus macropterusLacépède, 1801 | |
Theflier (Centrarchus macropterus) is a species of freshwaterray-finned fish, a sunfish from thefamilyCentrarchidae which isendemic to the southern United States of America. It is the only species in themonospecific genusCentrarchus. ASecond World WarUnited States Navy submarine was named theUSSFlier after this fish.
The flier is a small, strongly compressed species of sunfish which has a moderately sized, oblique mouth. Thedorsal fin has 11–13 spines and 12–14 soft rays while theanal fin has 7–8 spines and 13–15 soft rays. It has alateral line and the scales arectenoid. The flanks have a scattering of dark spots, the underside is pale, and the upperparts are olive in color. There is a vertical dark line through the eye which continues below the eye in what has been described as a "teardrop". Fish of astandard length less than around 45 millimeters (1.8 in) have an obvious dark eyespot, orocellus, which has a reddish margin on the soft part of the dorsal fin. Thepectoral andpelvic fins are dusky with paler reticulations.[4] The maximumtotal length recorded is 29.2 centimeters (11.5 in) but they are more commonly around 13 centimeters (5.1 in) and the maximum published weight is 1.35 pounds.[3]
The flier is found in the southern part of the United States along the Atlantic seaboard from thePotomac River drainage inMaryland, where it was most likely introduced to central Florida. It is then found along theGulf of Mexico drainages as far west as theTrinity River,Texas, and then north inMississippi River system to above thefall line in southernIllinois and southernIndiana.[5]
The flier is found in clear, acidic waters including ponds in swamps,sloughs,oxbows, slow-flowing creeks and steams. These habitats should be heavily vegetated and have an average water temperature of 23 to 29 °C (73 to 84 °F). They feed largely on invertebrates including insects,snails, worms andleeches although they will also eat smaller fishes and somephytoplankton.[6] Breeding normally occurs March to May when the water temperature reaches 14–17 °C (57–63 °F) but it has been recorded as early as February. The gravid females have been collected from a variety of habitat including debris filled ditches with soft bottoms as well as gravel bottomed streams and heavily vegetated sand and gravel pits. They will spawn in a variety of water conditions ranging from free-flowing clear or turbid water through stagnant water in ditches and pools. Fliers create nests in rocks or gravel and surround their eggs with a round adhesive egg envelope. They are colonial nesters, nesting in aggregations with the nests quite closely spaced. Sexual maturity is attained at one year old and when they are 70 millimeters (2.8 in) long.[4] The male parent guards the eggs and newly hatched fry. If they are frightened or alarmed, these fish will look for shelter among aquatic vegetation, submerged tree roots or mats of floating vegetation.[6]
The flier was first formallydescribed by theFrenchnaturalistBernard Germain de Lacépède (1756–1825) in 1801 asLabrus macropterus with thetype locality given as South Carolina.[7] In 1829Georges Cuvier placed it in thegenusCentrarchus.[8] The genusCentrarchus is thesister taxon to theArchoplites and in turn these two are sister toPomoxis.[4] The generic name is a compound of theGreekkentron meaning "sting" andarchos meaning "anus", a reference to the long spines in the anal fin. Thespecific namemacropterus is also Greek and means "long fin".[3]
AGato-classsubmarine,USSFlier, built in 1943, was named for this species.[9]
"Flier (Centrarchus Macropterus)." RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. <http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/flier/>.
Page, L. M., H. Espinosa-Perez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, R. L. Mayden, and J. S. Nelson. 2013. Common and scientific names of the fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico, 7th Edition. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 34, Bethesda Maryland.
"Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries." Flier (Centrarchus Macropterus). N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. <https://web.archive.org/web/20140501143348/http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/fish/details.asp?fish=010176>.
