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Flat design is aminimalistdesign language ordesign style commonly used ingraphical user interfaces (GUI) (such asweb applications andmobile apps), and also in graphical materials such asposters, arts, guide documents and publishing products.
Flat design is a style of interface design emphasizing minimalist use of simple elements,typography, and flat colors.[1]
Designers may prefer flat design because it allows interface designs to be more streamlined and efficient. It is easier to quickly convey information while still looking visually appealing and approachable.[2][3] Additionally, it makes it easier to design an interface that isresponsive to changes in browser size across different devices. With minimal design elements, webpages can bedownloaded faster and resize easily, and still look sharp on high-definition screens.[2] As a design approach, it is often contrasted toskeuomorphism[4] andrich design.[2]
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Flat design is primarily influenced by theInternational Typographic Style (also known asSwiss Style),text user interfaces,modernism, and the styles emerging fromBauhaus.[2][5][6][7] The International Typographic style is often considered the most substantial influence on flat design, and its emergence and popularization during the 1950s and 1960s is regarded as the starting point of flat design, although it would not make an appearance in the digital world for some time thereafter.[8]
In 2002,Microsoft releasedWindows Media Center, and in 2006, theZune MP3 player, both of which contained elements of flat design. The design of the Zune was clean and simple, with a focus on largelower case typography, silhouette-style logos, and monochromatic font colors.[8] Microsoft continued this style of design with the 2010 release ofWindows Phone 7, which built on the flat design elements introduced with the Zune, formalized as the "Metro design language". The design was dominated by large and bright shapes accompanied bysans-serif typography from theSegoe font family, flat images, and a menu with a grid-like pattern. Metro was subsequently adopted by all Microsoft software lines, including theWindows 8PCoperating system.[2]
Android began to adopt flat design trends with4.0 "Ice Cream Sandwich" in 2011;Matias Duarte,Google's vice president of design, felt thatApple'siOS was tooskeuomorphic,Windows Phone looked like "airport lavatory signage", and that both interfaces were too rigidly standardized with limited flexibility for designers. The platform's new "Holo" interface was designed to appear more simplistic than past Android versions, with neon-blue accents, hard edges, anddrop shadows for depth.[9][10][11][12]
In 2013, Apple unveilediOS 7, which shifted to a flat UI design with use of brighter colors, typography, as well as blurred,translucent overlays.[13][14][15] The following year,OS X Yosemite introduced the iOS 7-styled user interface to Apple'sMac OS X operating system.[16] Google began to introduce its own flat design language known as "Material Design" for Android (beginning onAndroid 5.0 "Lollipop") and its other platforms, which is based onindex card-like sheets and the use of shadows to promote depth and hierarchy, as well as smoothanimations and transitions.[17][18][19][20]
In 2017, Microsoft unveiled theFluent Design System, a new flat user interface. This new interface departs from its predecessor, Metro, through the use of depth,[21] interfacefeedback, and a new translucency effect Microsoft dubbed "Acrylic".
Flat design has been criticized for making user interfaces unintuitive and less usable. By making all design elements (menus, buttons, links, etc.) flat, distinguishing what function an element serves may become more difficult, for example, determining whether an element is a button or an indicator.[22][23] Research has shown that flat design is more popular with young adults than older adults. Research also showed that, while young people seem faster at navigating flat designs, they also have trouble with understanding the user interface.[24] In 2013Jakob Nielsen, an expert in user interface design and usability, dubbed flat design as a "threat to tablet usability". Nielsen also proposed an alternative, namely a middle-ground betweenskeuomorphism and flat design.[25] Nielsen group conducted research in 2017 according to which the use of interfaces using flat design was 22% slower on average.[26]