| Rumba flamenca | |
|---|---|
| Stylistic origins | Flamenco,guaracha,Cuban rumba |
| Cultural origins | Andalusia, late 19th century |
| Typical instruments | Vocals, flamenco guitar, castanets, hand clapping, cajón |
| Derivative forms | Rumba catalana |
Rumba flamenca, also known asflamenco rumba or simplyrumba (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈrumba]), is apalo (style) offlamenco music developed inAndalusia,Spain. It is known as one of thecantes de ida y vuelta (roundtrip songs), music which diverged in the new world, then returned to Spain in a new form. The genre originated in the 19th century in Andalusia, southern Spain, where Cuban music first reached the country.
Rumba flamenca was primarily influenced byguaracha, an uptempo style of vocal music which originated inHavana's musical theatre.[1][2] Some elements fromCuban rumba were also incorporated, although minor, despite the name.[3] Although unlikely, both guaracha and Cuban rumba might have been influenced by flamenco earlier in the 19th century. Guarachas can be traced back to the Spanishjácaras, thus justifying the classification of rumba flamenca as acante de ida y vuelta.[1]
The first rumba flamenca recordings were made byLa Niña de los Peines in the 1910s. During the late 20th century,Paco de Lucía, together with percussionistRubem Dantas, incorporated Afro-Peruvian musical elements such as thecajón (wooden box) and certain rhythms.[4]
In term rumba as applied to the flamenco style stems from its use in Cuba to refer toCuban rumba (originally, "rumba" meant "party"). Within flamenco circles, the genre is simply called "rumba", and other terms have been used to distinguish it from Cuban rumba, includinggypsy rumba (rumba gitana) andSpanish rumba, which are nonetheless ambiguous since they may also be used to meanCatalan rumba or other contemporary styles such as tecno-rumba.
The rumba flamenca instrumentation consists offlamenco guitars,hand clapping, occasional body slapping,castanets and the cajón.[5] As a result, it bears little resemblance to Cuban rumba, whose instrumentation is based on thecongas andclaves. Nonetheless, some artists such as Paco de Lucía andTomatito have included congas alongside their cajones in their ensembles, although with a minor role.
In Cuba, the rumba is performed with multiple percussion instruments, playing induple meter.[5] The flamenco version of it uses palmas, guitar, andgolpes (slapping the guitar).[5] In addition, rumba flamenca has a particular guitar strumming pattern absent in other flamenco styles.[6]
The rhythm is a modifiedtresillo rhythm with eight beats grouped into a repeating pattern of 3+3+2.[5] Unlike traditional flamenco, rumbas may be played in any key, major, minor andmodal.[5] At approx. 100-120bpm, the tempo of rumba flamenca is slower than other more traditional flamenco styles such asbulerías andfandangos. There are 4 beats per bar with an accent on the 2nd and 4th beats.
The rumba flamenca dance has some origins inCatalonia, specifically in the downtown areas ofBarcelona, where gypsies performedrumba catalana at the times of this genre's flowering popularity. The dance that it accompanied was improvised with prominent hip and shoulder movements, more overtly sexual than other styles of flamenco dances.[5]
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