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Thenational flag ofHungary (Magyarország zászlaja) is a equal horizontaltricolour of red, white and green. In this exact form, it has been the official flag of Hungary since 23 May 1957. The flag's form originates from national republican movements of the 18th and 19th centuries, while its colours are from theMiddle Ages.[6][7] The current Hungarian tricolour flag is the same as therepublican movement flag of the United Kingdom (used since 1816) and the colours in that form were already used at least since the coronation ofLeopold II in 1790, predating the first use of theCispadane Republic's tricolour in 1797.
According tomedieval Hungarian chronicles, early Hungarian warriors fought under red banners adorned with a blackTurul bird, a mythological creature associated with Hungarian origin legends. These early military standards were later replaced by flags embroidered with images of Christian saints. For instance, KingSaint Stephen of Hungary is said to have gone into battle "under the banner of Saint George and Saint Martin." In the later medieval period, the flag of the Hungarian royalHouse of Árpád, theÁrpád stripes, the red and silver striped flag became increasingly common, occasionally supplemented by the dynastic colors of the reigning royal house.[8]
From the 15th century onwards, the combination of red, white, and green began to appear more frequently, particularly as twisted silk cords on official document seals, and sometimes as decorative elements on the edges of military banners. However, it was not until 1806 that the red-white-green color scheme was formally described in the order recognized today. The official adoption of these colors was established by Act XXI of 1848, which for the first time mandated the use of the "red-white-green"tricolor flag as anational symbol ofHungary.[8]
The modern flag of Hungary originated from the national freedom movement from before 1848, which culminated in theHungarian Revolution of 1848. The revolution was not only in opposition against the monarchy but also theHabsburg Empire, as well as to form an independent republic. Accordingly, the flag of Hungary features atricolour element which is based on theflag of France as a reflection of the ideas of theFrench Revolution of 1848; while the red, white, and green colours are derived from the historicalHungarian coat of arms, which have essentially remained in the same form since the mid-15th century, with exception to some minor differences, and weremarshalled from arms that first appeared in the late 12th and early 13th century as arms of theÁrpáds, Hungary's founding dynasty. The stripes are horizontal rather than vertical to prevent confusion with theItalian flag despite the banner in that form predating the Italian tricolour by at least 7 years but unlike in Italy, the Italians adopted it as the flag of an Italian state in 1797. According to other data, but no evidence of, the recent form of the Hungarian tricolour had been already used from 1608 at the coronation ofMathias II of Hungary and following coronations.[citation needed]Folklore of the romantic period attributed the colours to virtues: red for strength, white for faithfulness and green for hope. Alternatively, red for the blood spilled for the fatherland, white for freedom and green for the land, for the pastures of Hungary. The new constitution, which took effect on 1 January 2012, makes theex-post interpretation mentioned first official (in the semi-official translation: strength (erő), fidelity (hűség) and hope (remény)).
Hungarian national colours on the wall, Hungarian coronation ofLeopold II in Pressburg (Pozsony, today'sBratislava) in 1790, 58 years before the 1848 Hungarian revolution
As described above, the red, white and green tricolour clearly emerged as a sign of national sovereignty during the 1848–1849 revolution against the Habsburgs. Hungarian volunteers and Émigrés fought for the social movement and wars of Italian unification under the banner for Garibaldi.[9] After the revolution in Hungary was defeated, the tricolour flag was prohibited by the Austrian Emperor. After theCompromise of 1867, however, the tricolour became not only legal, but also the official flag of Hungary. The flag had the so-calledminor arms (also known as theKossuthcoat of arms) of Hungary with archangels as supporters were used as abadge on the flag. This configuration was used until the end of the Habsburg Empire in 1918.
After the fall of the Habsburg Empire, the years 1918 to 1920 were highly turbulent, and several hard-to-trace minor changes took place. The red-white-green tricolour stayed the same, but small differences emerged in terms of the badge. A short interlude and exception was the 1919Hungarian Soviet Republic, which lasted for four-and-a-half months; it used a solid red banner.
It seems that from 1920 to 1944–1945 the tricolour displayed theminor arms of Hungary, but the version without them was also used.
Between 1946 and 1949 the crown was removed from the top of the arms serving as the badge.
With the onset of Communist rule in 1949, a new coat of arms featuring a Communistred star was placed on the flag as the badge.
During theanti-Soviet uprising in 1956, revolutionaries cut out the Hammer and Wheat emblem and used the resulting tricolour with a hole in the middle as the symbol of the revolution. For some months the new government changed the flag to bear theminor arms without the crown as the badge again.
In 1957, after the revolution was defeated by the Soviet Red Army, the new government created a "new" coat of arms, which however was never officially put onto the flag. Therefore, the official flag of Hungary has been a pure red-white-green tricolour since 1957.
After the fall ofcommunism in 1989 there was no need to change the flag, as like the flags of Poland and Czechoslovakia, it did not bear any communist insignia.
There was a recommendation of the Committee of Symbols in the 2000s, that the coat of arms should be part of the state flag, while the national flag should remain plain (as is the status quo).[10] This has not been implemented in law, though in case of most state use the arms are legally permitted on the flag (see below).
TheHungarian Constitution does not explicitly state anything about the width:length ratio of the flag;[11][12][13] but, there is a law from 1957 that is in force stating that seagoing merchant vessels shall hoist the red, white and green tricolour in 2:3 ratio.[citation needed]
By a government decree from 2000, the ratio (which is neither defined in the Constitution nor in 1995[14] or 2000[15] legislation) of flags used on government building is 1:2.
A red–white–green tricolour. Actually many variations might be used though according to 1995/LXXXIII §11 (3) "(3) In cases specified in paragraphs (1) and (2), the arms and the flag can be used also in their historical forms.", as (1) reads as: 1995/LXXXIII §11 (1) "(1) For the purpose of declaring their belonging to the nation, private persons can use the arms and the flag, subject to the limitations in this law."
red–white–green tricolour, ratio 1:2 (by decree from 2000). According to 1995/LXXXIII §11 (4), the official coat of arms of Hungary might be placed onto it as a badge.
White background with green red alternatedflammulette ("flame tongues", triangles with wavy edge) border, coat of arms in the center, embraced by oak branches from the left, olive branches from the right. Ratio not defined. ( 1995/LXXXIII §8 (1) )
2:3 (ratio defined by 1957 law) red-white-green tricolour (there is a merchant fleet)[16]
Unknown or unspecified;
White background with green red alternatedtriangle border, coat of arms at 1/3 of the flag, nearer to the pole. Ratio not defined. ( 1995/LXXXIII §8 (2) )
^The official Hungarian state flag does not contain the Hungarian coat of arms, but the variantdefaced with the coat of arms is often used during solemn occasions.
^ab"A Magyar Honvédség új felségjelzése és hadilobogói" [The new insignia and war ensigns of the Hungarian Defence Forces].Haditechnika.25 (3): 3–4. 1991.
^Examples of original surviving medieval charters of the Kingdom of Hungary where the seal was attached to the charter using braided cords of red, white and green silk:
^ab"A nemzeti zászló történelme" [History of the national flag].Magyar Nemzeti és Történelmi Jelképek [Hungarian National and Historical Symbols] (NISZ National Infocommunications Services) (in Hungarian).
^abcHorváth, Zoltán (1995).A zászlók kialakulása és fejlődése a kezdetektől napjainkig [The formation and development of flags from the beginning to the present day] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Zászlókutató Intézet. pp. 13–14.
^abCsákváriné Kottra, Györgyi (2011).Magyar zászlók a honfoglalástól napjainkig (in Hungarian). Budapest: Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum. pp. 18–19.ISBN978-963-09-6494-4.
^Csákváriné Kottra, Györgyi (2011).Magyar zászlók a honfoglalástól napjainkig (in Hungarian). Budapbaiest: Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum. pp. 19–21.ISBN978-963-09-6494-4.
^Somogyi, Győző (2011).Magyar hadizászlók (in Hungarian). Budapest: Cser Kiadó. p. 22.ISBN978-963-278-194-5.
^Somogyi, Győző (2011).Magyar hadizászlók (in Hungarian). Budapest: Cser Kiadó. p. 25.ISBN978-963-278-194-5.
^abSomogyi, Győző (2011).Magyar hadizászlók (in Hungarian). Budapest: Cser Kiadó. pp. 27–28.ISBN978-963-278-194-5.
^Horváth, Zoltán (1995).A zászlók kialakulása és fejlődése a kezdetektől napjainkig (in Hungarian). Budapest: Zászlókutató Intézet. p. 14.
^Somogyi, Győző (2011).Magyar hadizászlók (in Hungarian). Budapest: Cser Kiadó. p. 38.ISBN978-963-278-194-5.
^Csákváriné Kottra, Györgyi (2011).Magyar zászlók a honfoglalástól napjainkig (in Hungarian). Budapest: Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum. p. 33.ISBN978-963-09-6494-4.
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