.svg) | |
| |
| Use | Civil andstate flag,state ensign |
|---|---|
| Proportion | 1:2 |
| Adopted | 29 July 1959 (earlier versions in 1871, 1876 and 1955) |
| Relinquished | 30 June 1997 |
| Design | ABlue Ensign with the coat of arms of Hong Kong on a white disk |
| Designed by | Geoffrey Cadzow Hamilton |
| Hong KongRed Ensign (unofficial) | |
.svg) | |
| Use | Civil ensign |
| Proportion | 1:2 |
| Adopted | 29 July 1959 (it has been widely used since the late 1980s) |
| Relinquished | 30 June 1997 |
| Design | ARed Ensign with the coat of arms of Hong Kong on a white disk |
| Flag of thegovernor of Hong Kong | |
.svg) | |
| Use | Other |
| Proportion | 1:2 |
| Adopted | 29 July 1959 (earlier versions in 1910 and 1955) |
| Relinquished | 30 June 1997 |
| Design | A Union Flagdefaced with the coat of arms. |
Theflag of Hong Kong from 1871 to 1997 was aBlue Ensign with thecoat of arms of Hong Kong on a white disk. In Hong Kong, it is known as theHong Kong flag (香港旗),British Hong Kong flag (英屬香港旗) or theDragon and Lion flag (龍獅旗).[1] In 1959, following a grant from theCollege of Arms and with the consent ofQueen Elizabeth II, it was adopted as the flag ofBritish Hong Kong.[2] While the flag lost its official status following the 1 July 1997transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, it resurfaced in the 2010s as a symbol of support for Hong Kong autonomy and protest against Chinese interference in Hong Kong.
Prior to Hong Kong's transfer of sovereignty, the flag of Hong Kong was a colonialBlue Ensign flag.[3] The flag ofcolonial Hong Kong underwent several changes from then until 1997.
In 1843, aseal representing Hong Kong was instituted. The design was based on a local waterfront scene; three local merchants with their commercial goods are shown on the foreground, a square-rigged ship and a junk occupy the middle ground, while the background consists of conical hills and clouds. In 1868, a Hong Kong flag was produced, a Blue Ensign flag with a badge based on this "local scene", but the design was rejected byHong Kong GovernorRichard Graves MacDonnell.[3]
On 3 July 1869, a new design for the Hong Kong flag was commissioned at a cost of £3 (equivalent to £350 in 2023), which featured a "gentleman in an evening coat who is purchasing tea on the beach at Kowloon". After a brief discussion in the executive council, it was determined that the new design was very problematic and it was not adopted.[4]
In 1870, a "white crown over HK" badge for the Blue Ensign flag was proposed by theColonial Secretary. The letters "HK" were omitted and the crown became full-colour three years later.[3] It is unclear exactly what the badge looked like during that period of time, but it was unlikely to be the "local scene". It should have been a crown of some sort, which may, or may not, have had the letters "HK" below it. In 1876, the "local scene" badge (Chinese:阿群帶路圖Picture of "Ar Kwan" Guiding the British soldier) was re-adopted to the Blue Ensign flag with theAdmiralty's approval.[3]
During a government meeting, held in 1911, it was suggested that the name of the colony appear on the flag in both Latin and Chinese scripts. However, this was dismissed as it would "look absurd" to both Chinese and Europeans.[5] The flag which was eventually adopted featured the Blue Ensign together with a "local scene" of traders in the foreground and both European-style andChinese-style trading ships in the background.
During theSecond World War, Hong Kong wasseized and occupied by theEmpire of Japan from 1941 to 1945. During the occupation, the Japanese military government used the flag of Japan in its official works in Hong Kong.[6]
The flag was similar in design to that previously used. It featured a British Blue Ensign with a local waterfront scene.[citation needed]
Acoat of arms for Hong Kong was granted on 21 January 1959 by theCollege of Arms in London. The Hong Kong flag was revised in the same year to featurethe coat of arms in the Blue Ensign flag. This design was used officially from 1959 until Hong Kong's transfer of sovereignty in 1997.[3] Since then, the colonial flag has been appropriated by protestors, such as on the annual1 July marches foruniversal suffrage, as a "symbol of antagonism towards the mainland",[7] along with a blue flag featuring the coat of arms, used by thoseadvocating independence. The flag features a British Blue Ensign with thecoat of arms of Hong Kong (1959–1997).
Flag used from 1843 to 1871.svg)
Flag used from 1871 to 1876.svg)
Flag used from 1876 to 1941 and 1945 to 1955.svg)
Flag used from 1941 to 1945.svg)
Flag used from 1955 to 1959 Flag used from 1959 to 1997 UnofficialRed Ensign used from 1959 to 1997, it has been widely used since the late 1980s..svg)
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The flag of theRegional Council represented the governmental body which oversaw matters related to the outlying areas of the territory during the colonial period. The flag itself featured a stylised dark green R at a 45-degree angle on white background.[citation needed]
The flag of theUrban Council represented the governmental body which was responsible for matters pertaining to the urban areas of the territory during the colonial period. The flag itself features a simplified whiteBauhinia blakeana on a magenta background.[citation needed]
Before theSecond World War, Hong Kong had no official flag and used a series of blue ensigns with different flag badges. Following the war, theGovernor of Hong KongRobert Black decided to gain an official grant of arms to use on Hong Kong's flag. Designed in 1958 by Geoffrey Cadzow Hamilton, managing officer of thecivil service, the flag was approved by theExecutive Council of Hong Kong, and then by the College of Arms with minor amendments.[2][8] The arms on the flag were designed withChinese junks, anaval crown, and alion and dragon as supporters, with a crowned lion crest on the helm holding a pearl; this was a reference to Hong Kong's nickname as the "Pearl of the Orient".[9] Queen Elizabeth II granted aRoyal Warrant for the coat of arms, which was presented to Governor Black byPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. The Queen'sCounsellors of State later gave permission on her behalf for the arms to be used on a blue ensign as the colony's flag.[2]
Ships registered in Hong Kong flew the Hong Kong blue ensign and were able to use the Britishred ensign as an identifier.[10] The flag was used to represent Hong Kong in sports, including at theOlympic Games, although the British national anthem, "God Save the Queen", was used for gold medalists.[11] The flag had no specific legal protections; there were no laws prohibitingdesecration of the flag during British rule.[12]
Following the planned transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, plans were drawn up in the 1990s for a new flag to replace the blue ensign. Following a public competition, a red flag with abauhinia was chosen as the new flag of Hong Kong. This new flag gained formal legal status replacing the blue ensign at thehandover on 1 July 1997.[9]
Following theHong Kong handover ceremony, when theUnion Jack and the Hong Kong blue ensign were lowered to symbolise the end of British rule in Hong Kong, the blue ensign lost its official status and was replaced by the currentflag of Hong Kong.[13][14] In the 2010s, the former flag of Hong Kong was used by protesters to represent the cultural differences between Hong Kong and mainland China; the flag was also used to protest against Chinese interference in Hong Kong, as well as perceived delays in implementinguniversal suffrage (promised by theSino-British Joint Declaration).[15][16] The first high-profile use of the old flag in protests came in 2011 duringpro-democracy protests.[17] Protesters often stated that they did not use the blue ensign to endorse Hong Kong independence or the return of Hong Kong to British control, but rather because they felt that Hong Kong had greater freedom under British rule.[16] The protesters also said that they used the flag to express the contrasting values of China and Hong Kong.[18] Advocates of theHong Kong Independence Movement and theHong Kong Autonomy Movement use a derivative of the blue ensign, without the BritishUnion Jack and with the Chinese characters for Hong Kong (香港) in the centre of the arms rather than the standard English "Hong Kong".[19] The right to display the old flag was protected under theHong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance and theHong Kong Basic Law as an expression of free speech.[20] Despite this, when the old flag began appearing in protests,pro-Beijing newspapers called for it to be banned.[1] The pro-Beijing camp views the flag as a symbol of colonialism and a reminder of China's losses during the era ofNew Imperialism.[21][22]
The thenChief Executive of Hong Kong,C.Y. Leung, requested that people not use the blue ensign as a symbol of protest against government, stating: "People unhappy with the government don't need to wave the British flag to express discontent".[23] China'sPolitburo Standing Committee member,Yu Zhengsheng, stated that "The Chinese people will not accept some Hongkongers waving the colonial flag" to protest against mainlanders going to Hong Kong to give birth.[24] Critics also stated that the usage of the blue ensign was based on a selective view of British rule in Hong Kong, instead referencingearly segregation and the imposition of martial law during the1967 Hong Kong riots.[19]
In early 2013, pro-democracy protestors calling for the resignation of Chief ExecutiveLeung Chun Ying flew the old colonial flag. The Chinese authorities expressed their disapproval of the flag's use and Leung requested that the protesters stop flying the flag.[25][26]
Despite being a popular protest flag, the leaders of theUmbrella Movement requested that participants of the movement not use the flag, as they intended to protest without intentionally provoking Chinese authorities or theHong Kong Police Force.[27] The flag has also been used outside of Hong Kong; in the United Kingdom, the blue ensign has been used as a symbol of protest to pressure thegovernment of the United Kingdom to ensure the Sino-British Joint Declaration is fulfilled.[28]
During the2019–20 Hong Kong protests, protesters broke into theLegislative Council Complex and draped the British Hong Kong flag over the desk of thePresident of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong at the head of the chamber.[29]
In the wake of the protests, and in the context of the passing of theHong Kong national security law in 2020, the flag's use may be interpreted as promoting separatism and foreign influence and result in investigation.[30] However, this is not always the case. After thedeath of Elizabeth II, a tribute outside theBritish consulate in Hong Kong used the colonial flag without formal punishment.[31][32] The flag has also continued to be displayed by some businesses and individuals without issue.[citation needed]
